Voltage-based maximum power point tracking control of PV system

Photovoltaic (PV) generators exhibit nonlinear v-i characteristics and maximum power (MP) points that vary with solar insulation. An intermediate converter can therefore increase efficiency by matching the PV system to the load and by operating the solar cell arrays (SCAs) at their maximum power point. An MP point tracking algorithm is developed using only SCA voltage information thus leading to current sensorless tracking control. The inadequacy of a boost converter for array voltage based MP point control is experimentally verified and an improved converter system is proposed. The proposed converter system results in low ripple content, which improves the array performance and hence a lower value of capacitance is sufficient on the solar array side. Simplified mathematical expressions for a PV source are derived. A signal flow graph is employed for modeling the converter system. Current sensorless peak power tracking effectiveness is demonstrated through simulation results. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed method     

Design and testing of spacecraft power systems using VTB

A study is presented on the design and testing of spacecraft power systems using the virtual test bed (VTB). The interdisciplinary components such as solar array and battery systems were first modeled in native VTB format and validated by experiment data. The shunt regulator and battery charge controller were designed in Simulink according to the system requirements and imported to VTB. Two spacecraft power systems were then designed and tested together with the control systems.     

一种低轨卫星应对月影干扰方法

针对2012年5月21日某低轨卫星受到月影干扰导致控制系统工作异常的问题,分析了月影现象产生原理,结合月影期间影响卫星安全的异常原因,系统分析了卫星平台能源预警机制与驱动控制系统中的太阳帆板控制方案,提出了某型号低轨卫星应对月影现象安全运行的处置方法和后续同类型卫星能源管理修改建议.该方法分别在2012年11月9日、2013年5月10日得到应用,在月影期,该卫星太阳阵输出电流从4.5A下降到2A,太阳帆板对日转动正常,能源管理系统未出现报警.应用结果说明,该方法能够有效地解决同类型卫星月影干扰的问题.     

Large-Signal Transient Responses of a Switching Regulator

Analytical and experimental considerations of the large-signal transient responses of the buck-type switching regulator are described. The dynamic behavior under the large-signal condition is different from the small-signal operation because of the saturation characteristics of the pulsewidth modulator feedback controller. The effect of this nonlinearity is analyzed by dividing its operation into three modes. As a result the peak values of the inrush current and output voltage are obtained analytically both for the start-up and for the step change of the load condition.     

MPPT of photovoltaic systems using extremum - seeking control

A stability analysis for a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme based on extremum-seeking control is developed for a photovoltaic (PV) array supplying a dc-to-dc switching converter. The global stability of the extremum-seeking algorithm is demonstrated by means of Lyapunov's approach. Subsequently, the algorithm is applied to an MPPT system based on the "perturb and observe" method. The steady-state behavior of the PV system with MPPT control is characterized by a stable oscillation around the maximum power point. The tracking algorithm leads the array coordinates to the maximum power point by increasing or decreasing linearly with time the array voltage. Off-line measurements are not required by the control law, which is implemented by means of an analog multiplier, standard operational amplifiers, a flip-flop circuit and a pulsewidth modulator. The effectiveness of the proposed MPPT scheme is demonstrated experimentally under different operating conditions.     

The stretched lens array (SLA) [spacecraft solar power]

At IECEC 2001, this team presented a paper on the new stretched lens array (SLA), including its evolution from the successful SCARLET array on the NASA/JPL Deep Space 1 spacecraft. Since that conference, the SLA team has made significant advances in SLA technology, including component-level improvements, array-level optimization, space environment exposure testing, and prototype hardware fabrication and evaluation. This paper describes the evolved version of the SLA, highlighting recent improvements in the lens, solar cell, photovoltaic receiver, rigid panel structure, and complete solar array wing. In addition to excellent durability in the space environment, the near-term SLA will provide outstanding wing-level performance parameters: 180 W/kg specific power; 300 W/m/sup 2/ power density; 300 V operational voltage; 85% savings in cell area (cm/sup 2//W) and cell-related cost ($/W) compared to planar arrays; 9 kW/m/sup 3/ stowed power at launch.     

同步发电机整流系统带恒功率负载的稳定性分析

 在现代飞行器电源系统负载中,功率变换器和电动机驱动装置大量增加,所表现出的负阻抗特性对系统稳定性产生十分重要的影响。采用状态空间平均法对同步发电机整流系统带恒功率负载(CPL)的稳定性进行了分析研究。建立了同步发电机整流系统同时带阻性负载和恒功率负载时的小信号数学模型,通过讨论负载参数对系统稳定性的影响,得到系统带恒功率负载时的极限值和稳定工作区域,所设计的串联校正环节在一定程度上改善系统响应快速性的同时,使系统的相角裕度增加了53°,有效地提高了系统的稳定性。     

Ultra-lightweight space power from hybrid thin-film solar cells

The development of hybrid inorganic/organic thin-film solar cells on flexible, lightweight, space-qualified, durable substrates provides an attractive solution for space power generation with high mass specific power (W/kg). The high-volume, low-cost fabrication potential of organic cells will allow for square miles of solar cell production at one-tenth the cost of conventional inorganic materials. Plastic solar cells take a minimum of storage space and can be inflated or unrolled for deployment. We explore a cross-section of NASA in-house and sponsored research efforts that aim to provide new hybrid technologies that include both inorganic and polymer materials as active and substrate materials. For NASA applications, any solar cell or array technology must not only meet weight and AMO efficiency goals, but also must be durable enough to survive launch and space environments. Also, balance of system technologies must be developed to take advantage of ultra-lightweight solar arrays in power generation systems.     

Direct drive options for electric propulsion systems

Power processing units (PPUs) in an electric propulsion system provide many challenging integration issues. The PPU must provide power to the electric thruster while maintaining compatibility with all of the spacecraft power and data systems. Inefficiencies in the power processor produce heat, which must be radiated to the environment in order to ensure reliable operation. Although PPU efficiencies are generally greater than 0.9, heat loads are often substantial. This heat must be rejected by thermal control systems which generally have specific masses of 15-30 kg/kW. PPUs also represent a large fraction of the electric propulsion system dry mass. Simplification or elimination of power processing in a propulsion system would reduce the electric propulsion system specific mass and improve the overall reliability and performance. A direct drive system would eliminate all or some of the power supplies required to operate a thruster by directly connecting the various thruster loads to the solar array. The development of concentrator solar arrays has enabled power bus voltages in excess of 300 V which is high enough for direct drive applications for Hall thrusters such as the Stationary Plasma Thruster (SPT). The option of solar array direct drive for SPTs is explored to provide a comparison between conventional and direct drive system mass     

Electrical power on a 30 kW space-based radar satellite

An electrical power system for a space-based radar satellite is described. When the radar is on, its transmitter needs an average DC power of 30 kW. The problem of distributing the power efficiently in pulses to many transmit/receive modules is addressed. System requirements include a high-voltage battery and transmission line, load-sharing between the solar array, and the battery during sunlit periods, and a 25-kW solar array. A scaled-down version of the power system for a proof-of-concept demonstration is described     

基于预测电流控制的光伏并网系统最大功率点跟踪算法

针对光伏发电的突变性及昼发夜停特性提出一种新型的基于预测电流控制的光伏并网系统最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法。根据实际情况考虑光伏阵列的非线性特性,最大功率点周围光伏电压的振荡及逆变器、滤波器的设计等。为了确保系统采用控制算法的稳定性,MPPT的设计应运而生,在此基础上通过改进算法从光伏系统的电压与电流预测基准电流进而控制光伏并网系统。通过与传统的波动相关控制方法对比给出了仿真结果。仿真结果表明:在光照发生突变时,与传统的波动相关控制法相比,提出的改进算法的跟踪速度较之提升9.3%,并能够准确跟踪光伏并网系统最大功率点,且性能稳定可靠。     

An Adaptive-Control Switching Buck Regulator-Implementation, Analysis, and Design

Describing-function techniques and averaging methods have been employed to characterize a multiloop switching buck regulator by three functionsl blocks: power stage, analog signal processor, and pulse modulator. The model is employed. to explore possible forms of pole-zero cancellation and the adaptive nature of the control to filter parameter changes. Analysis-based design guide lines are provided including a suggested additional RC-compensation loop to optimize regulator performances such as stability, audiosusceptibility, output impedance, and load transient response.     

基于阻尼补偿的直流发电机带恒功率负载系统稳定性分析

提出了一种提高基于阻尼补偿的直流(DC)发电机带恒功率负载(CPL)系统稳定性的方法.依据输入滤波器输出阻抗极大值最小原则对基于阻尼补偿的直流发电机带恒功率负载系统输入滤波器参数进行了最优设计,给出了设计方法和流程.运用Bode图和Nyquist曲线对基于阻尼补偿的直流发电机带恒功率负载系统进行稳定性分析,并与在输出端...     

重力姿轨耦合效应引起的太阳能电站轨道共振

以任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站为研究对象,主要研究了其在轨运行过程中受到的重力姿轨耦合效应对其轨道运动的影响。首先,通过Hamilton原理建立起考虑重力姿轨耦合效应时的姿态运动和轨道运动的方程。其中,任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站被简化成刚体,它的重力势能以其结构尺寸和其轨道半径的比值为小量进行泰勒展开,并保留至二阶项。之后,采用解析的方法对方程进行分析,并发现当电站的姿态运动满足一定条件时,其轨道运动将会出现共振现象。此外,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起空间太阳能电站轨道运动长期的漂移,通过选择合适的轨道运动初始条件可以消除漂移;而且,在一定条件下,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起轨道运动的发散。最后,数值仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。     

空间微小脉冲管制冷机研制

随着空间机械制冷技术的迅速发展,空间脉冲管制冷机在80 K温区整机效率已经优于1 W/18 W（制冷量/输入电功）。针对中国航天未来微小卫星的发展,中国科学院理化技术研究所开展了空间微小脉冲管制冷机的研究,并获得突破性的进展。理化技术研究所研制的宇航级微型脉冲管制冷机,80 K温区制冷量与重量比已经大于1.5 W/1 kg,制冷效率达到1 W/22.5 W（制冷量/输入电功）,在轨设计寿命超过30 000 h,可以与中波红外320×256以下面阵探测器直接耦合。系统介绍了中国科学院理化技术研究所微型脉冲管制冷机的研发过程,并给出了最新的研发结果。该制冷机除了可以实现给中波红外探测器制冷以外,还可以作为辅助热控手段,对220 K以下温区的载荷热控、载荷在轨气体多余污染物吸附等应用提供帮助。     

Next-Generation Thin-Film Photovoltaics

Future spacecraft and high-altitude airship (HAA) solar array technologies will require high array specific power (W/kg), which can be met using thin-film photovoltaics (PV) on lightweight and flexible substrates [1]. Thin-film array technology, with thin-film specific array support structure, begin to exceed the specific power of crystalline multi-junction arrays with thin-film device efficiencies as low as 8.5% [2]. Thin-film PV devices have other advantages in that they are more easily integrated into HAAs, and are projected to be much less costly than their crystalline PV counterparts. Furthermore, it is likely that only thin-film array technology will be able to meet device specific power requirements exceeding 1 kW/kg (photovoltaic and integrated substrate/blanket mass only).     

飞机用开关磁阻起动/发电系统负载影响研究

组合起动/发电(IS/G)系统是多/全电飞机(M/A EA)的关键子系统,而开关磁阻电机(SRM)被认为是实现飞机IS/G系统的首选机型。研究了负载对开关磁阻起动/发电(SR S/G)系统电能质量及稳定性的影响。针对多电飞机电气系统的特点,所涉及的负载被划分为三类:传统负载、特殊负载和恒功率负载,给出了突加、突卸负载时SRM的输出电压和相电流曲线。同时,对恒功率负载下系统的稳定性进行了理论分析和仿真验证。     

Step load response of a current-mode-controlled DC-to-DC converter

This paper analyzes the step load response of a current-mode-controlled pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter and also presents design guidelines for obtaining a good step load response. Analytical expressions for the step load response are derived in terms of the power stage and feedback compensation parameters. Control design to minimize the overshoot and settling time of the output voltage is presented. Analysis results are verified by large-signal simulations.