In-Flight Simulators

The Flight Dynamics Laboratory (FDL) has sponsored and managed the development and use of several generations of in-flight simulators during the last thirty years. These vehicles were designed and fabricated, and are operated by the Flight Research Department of Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, New York. These unique aircraft have been used to develop control laws and control systems, to evaluate new aircraft before first flight, to provide specialized training for test pilots, to perform essential flight research in flying and handling qualities, and to develop and validate the military specifications for handling qualitites of piloted airplanes. As aircraft and control systems have become more complex and capable, systems integration issues have required more and more effort and resources.     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

舰载运输类飞机副翼飞行载荷设计

舰载运输类飞机布局紧凑，副翼兼备增加升力（襟副翼）、提供滚转力矩等作用。根据CCAR-25增升装置和滚转情况的设计准则，并考虑机舰适配性要求，研究了某舰载运输类螺旋桨飞机的襟副翼和副翼飞行载荷设计方法。通过机动仿真获得襟副翼、副翼典型载荷情况，通过面元法获得不同动力影响下的气动特性数据和压力分布数据，结合理论方法与工程需要，计算、筛选出襟副翼和副翼的载荷边界作为其设计载荷。研究结果表明，算例飞机的襟副翼和副翼飞行载荷受滑流影响较小；襟副翼在各个设计空速的迎面突风情况下获得设计载荷；副翼在设计俯冲速度的最大可用偏度情况下获得设计载荷。     

飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

民机试飞测试数据处理分析软件设计开发

测试数据是民机试飞过程中的最终产物,是反映飞机系统状态、表明适航符合性的重要依据。随着大量先进航空总线在民机上的应用,测试数据的体量越发庞大、类型也更为复杂,为测试数据的处理和分析带来了巨大的挑战。对民机试飞测试数据的类型、存储特点和常用分析方法进行了研究,深入分析了试飞测试数据的处理和分析需求,立足于WPF(windows presentation foundation)平台,采用MVVM(Model-View-ViewModel)设计模式,使用了内存管理、DataBinding事件模型、反射等关键技术,集成了SciChart、时序数据库等组件,设计开发了民机试飞测试数据处理分析软件。软件实现了试飞测试数据的快速处理、分析及可视化,可完成多个数据文件的同时加载、进行1 Hz～16 kHz不同采样率下数据分析结果的可视化展示,经实际应用,满足了某国产大型客机的试飞需求。     

Comprehensive analysis of transport aircraft flight performance

This paper reviews the state-of-the art in comprehensive performance codes for fixed-wing aircraft. The importance of system analysis in flight performance is discussed. The paper highlights the role of aerodynamics, propulsion, flight mechanics, aeroacoustics, flight operation, numerical optimisation, stochastic methods and numerical analysis. The latter discipline is used to investigate the sensitivities of the sub-systems to uncertainties in critical state parameters or functional parameters. The paper discusses critically the data used for performance analysis, and the areas where progress is required.

Comprehensive analysis codes can be used for mission fuel planning, envelope exploration, competition analysis, a wide variety of environmental studies, marketing analysis, aircraft certification and conceptual aircraft design.

A comprehensive program that uses the multi-disciplinary approach for transport aircraft is presented. The model includes a geometry deck, a separate engine input deck with the main parameters, a database of engine performance from an independent simulation, and an operational deck. The comprehensive code has modules for deriving the geometry from bitmap files, an aerodynamics model for all flight conditions, a flight mechanics model for flight envelopes and mission analysis, an aircraft noise model and engine emissions. The model is validated at different levels. Validation of the aerodynamic model is done against the scale models DLR-F4 and F6. A general model analysis and flight envelope exploration are shown for the Boeing B-777-300 with GE-90 turbofan engines with intermediate passenger capacity (394 passengers in 2 classes). Validation of the flight model is done by sensitivity analysis on the wetted area (or profile drag), on the specific air range, the brake-release gross weight and the aircraft noise. A variety of results is shown, including specific air range charts, take-off weight–altitude charts, payload-range performance, atmospheric effects, economic Mach number and noise trajectories at F.A.R. landing points.     

基于机翼-帆尾的高纬度跨年驻留太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法

拓展太阳能飞机在较高纬度地区的跨年驻留性能有助于促成太阳能飞机的广泛实用化。建立了适用于任意高度、任意纬度、任意指向的光伏组件面功率模型,并考虑了光伏组件的温度效应,通过能量仿真得出：在方位角跟踪方式下,滚偏角为90°的主动式光伏组件的日均面功率最优。然后在布局与能源综合设计思想指导下,建立了一套基于机翼-帆尾的太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法,其组成模块包括各部件质量方程、气动效率方程、用于构建气动布局参数与全机光伏组件面功率特性之间映射关系的Kriging代理模型,以及参与总体参数匹配优化设计的量子粒子群优化（QPSO）算法及其多目标评价函数。面向高纬度与跨年驻留的设计指标,开展了机翼-帆尾太阳能飞机的方案实例设计,其中驻留纬度与高度指标分别为45°N和18 km。详细分析了此方案在23.5°N~55°N纬度域内的可持续高度包线。研究结果表明：与传统布局形式相比,机翼-帆尾布局形式大幅提升了高纬度地区冬季附近的光伏组件面功率,有效地减小了翼展尺度、机翼面积并提升了巡航速度,具有良好的应用优势。方案设计实例也验证了基于机翼-帆尾的太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法的可行性。     

飞机总能量控制系统的研究Ⅱ─—非线性控制律综合与仿真

在已设计出的飞机总能量控制系统核心环节的基础上,研究了各种高度和速度控制模态下系统的构成和工作原理;研究了各种非线性安全保护功能在系统中的设置与实现;分析了极限推力状态下,飞机质点能量运动的特点;研究了对轨迹和速度的控制优先级的设置与实现技术;最后对此非线性多变量控制系统进行了综合与仿真,得到了满意的设计与仿真结果。     

战斗机推力矢量关键技术及应用展望

战斗机推力矢量技术可极大地扩展战斗机使用包线,提升飞行安全性,增强飞机作战能力,是航空领域的重要关键技术,是先进战斗机的典型标志之一。该技术涉及气动、进排气、发动机和飞行控制等多个领域,其综合实现是一项跨领域、紧耦合、高风险的系统工程。本文回顾了战斗机推力矢量技术的发展历程,分析了关键技术体系,结合中国首架轴对称推力矢量验证机的工程实践,阐述了大迎角内外流气动设计、推力矢量发动机、综合飞/发控制和战斗机过失速机动飞行验证等关键技术,展望了推力矢量技术对作战效能的贡献及未来的应用方向。     

An innovative commercial avionics architecture for militarytanker/transport platforms

Honeywell has implemented a versatile integrated avionics (VIA) architecture in several advanced commercial flight deck applications ensuring a military tie to future commercial upgrades related to global air traffic management functions. The VIA architecture can also be easily extended to meet unique military requirements of the advanced military flight decks for military tanker/transport upgrade programs. The subtle changes in the architecture are a result of unique equipment interfaces and unique military equipment such as communications radios, identification friend or foe, station keeping equipment and defensive systems which must be integrated within the architecture. The ability to integrate both commercial and military functions in the same high integrity computing platform truly offers the military the best of both worlds     

STUDIES ON AIRCRAFT TOTAL ENERGY FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM：NONLINEAR SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND SIMULATION

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基于模型测试方法在模拟器客观评估中的应用

逼真度反映飞行模拟器与真实飞机特性的一致性程度。 客观评估是一种通过模拟器与系统实际行为的测试比较来评估逼真度的工程方法。 飞行模拟器分为工程模拟器和训练模拟器。 用于飞行训练的训练模拟器构型很少变化,其测试用例由适航标准指导,而用于设计验证的工程模拟器,根据飞机研制进展经常需要升级或更改,其测试用例也会随之变化。 在当今民用飞机技术日趋复杂的背景下,亟需高效方法开展这一类型模拟器的逼真度客观评估测试。 在实验框架和系统实体结构和模型库框架的基础上,提出了一种基于模型测试的方法,在工程模拟器的客观评估的应用中,该方法可以实现测试用例的自动生成和执行,工作效率提升,流程具备灵活性和适应性,有助于在研飞机的定型或取证。     

A Digital Map Set for the Night Attack Aircraft

There has been much interest recently in applying cartographic digital data bases to advanced avionics systems as a solution to specific problems associated with night attack aircraft missions. The tremendous computer horsepower required to accomplish this task in real-time in an airborne environment is well documented. Hardware implementation of complex algorithms traditionally has produced custom devices which accomplish a specific function on a specific data structure. Historically, this has resulted in powerful but inflexible systems incapable of adapting to the changing requirements of military missions. In an age of evolving technology, these pitfalls must be avoided by incorporating expected changes into the design of digital map systems. If they are made to accommodate a variety of cartographic data bases and allow for programmable manipulation of those bases, this new class of digital map sets can be reconfigured at the software level to meet the changing requirements of aircraft missions. This paper addresses current design concepts for such a map system on a Night Attack aircraft. The focus is on issues concerning the development and handling of existing map data products to meet current system requirements. This system, called the Digital Map Set (DMS), is being designed to accomplish the classical manipulations of Defense Mapping Agency Digital Land Mass System data. Additionally, aeronautical charts, aerial reconnaissance photos, flight plan data, and other two-dimensional bit mapped graphics also are accommodated. Mission requirements relating to the cartographic data bases shall be discussed along with ground support station and airborne system design issues.     

大型运输机飞机信息规划问题探讨

论述了飞机信息规划工作在大型运输机论证和设计中的重要性，分析了大型运输机在飞行作业质量保证、飞机维修保障及飞行事故调查等方面对飞机信息的使用需求，并简要论述了大型运输机飞机信息规划的主要内容。最后特别强调了在大型运输机的飞机信息规划工作中，应组成由使用方为主导、各方联合参加的飞机信息工作组。     

先进客机设计中油耗指标的分解方法

先进客机最重要指标之一是油耗指标。研究一种将油耗指标进一步分解为更为具体的发动机的耗油率指标、客机的升阻比指标和使用空重指标的方法。以典型中程客机为例，应用分段解析方法建立客机飞行剖面的燃油量计算程序。应用计算程序分别分析了发动机的耗油率、客机的升阻比和使用空重的变化对油耗的影响。在此基础上，对发动机的耗油率、客机的升阻比和使用空重的指标进行规划，以满足先进客机油耗指标的要求。研究结果为未来客机确定出合理的升阻比、耗油率和使用空重的指标提供了参考。     

Design of Flight Control System for a Small Unmanned Tilt Rotor Aircraft

A tilt rotor is an aircraft of a special kind, which possesses the characteristics of a helicopter and a fixed-wing airplane. However, there are a great number of important technical problems waiting for settlements. Of them, the flight control system might be a critical one. This article presents the progresses of the research work on the design of flight control system at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA). The flight control law of the tilt rotor aircraft is designed with the help of an inner/outer loop control structure and an eigenstructure assignment algorithm on the basis of a proper mathematical model already verified by the wind tunnel tests. The proposed control law has been born out through the construction of the flight control system and the flight tests. Now, the flight tests are still underway on a prototype of small unmanned tilt rotor aircraft. The results have evidenced the credibility of the aircraft design and the effectiveness of the flight control system for the tilt rotor working in the helicopter mode. A full envelope flight test is planned to carry out further researches on the flight control law.     

Optimization of fixed aviation support resource station configuration for aircraft carrier based on aircraft dispatch mission scheduling

Before the dispatch of the carrier-based aircraft, a series of pre-flight preparation operations need to be completed on the flight deck. Flight deck fixed aviation support resource station configuration has an important impact on operation efficiency and sortie rate. However, the resource station configuration is determined during the aircraft carrier design phase and is rarely modified as required, which may not be suitable for some pre-flight preparation missions. In order to solve the above defects, the joint optimization of flight deck resource station configuration and aircraft carrier pre-flight preparation scheduling is studied in this paper, which is formulated as a two-tier optimization decision-making framework. An improved variable neighborhood search algorithm with four original neighborhood structures is presented. Dispatch mission experiment and algorithm performance comparison experiment are carried out in the computational experiment section. The correlation between the pre-flight preparation time (makespan) and flight deck cabin occupancy percentage is given, and advantages of the proposed algorithm in solving the mathematical model are verified.     

某型飞机无动力投放模型自由飞控制律设计

针对某型飞机无动力投放模型自由飞试验中,由于受载机螺旋桨滑流影响,模型与载机分离后发生滚转、难以保证水平飞行的问题,根据模型自由飞试验不同阶段的飞行特点开发了专用控制律,具备直接链、投放控制、失速尾旋3种控制模态。论述了控制律的设计过程,以及在模型自由飞试验中的应用情况。试飞结果表明,该控制律很好地解决了模型与载机安全分离和大迎角水平飞行控制问题,提高了模型试验动作精准度。     

Fly-by-wire T & E challenge [aircraft test pilot handling compensation]

Systems developers and testers have always assumed that human compensation is measurable, or, at least, that a cognizant and trained tester is able to identify and detect compensation. More than one study conducted at the Wright-Patterson large amplitude multi-mode aerospace research simulator (LAMARS) facility indicates that this is not necessarily true. Test pilots were able to compensate sufficiently to fly and meet defined performance standards on intentionally crippled aircraft flight control designs. These flight control systems were designed to trigger pilot-induced oscillations, but, in most cases, test pilots could compensate sufficiently to prevent pilot-induced oscillations and to control the simulated aircraft. Anecdotally, this points to a colossal deficiency in the test of highly augmented aircraft systems that has been borne out by multiple aircraft accidents in actual aircraft designs: natural pilot compensation is sufficient to allow faulty designs to reach production and operational service while hiding critical handling qualities cliffs that can lead to loss of an aircraft. This observation, if applied across the gamut of human factors experimentation, has vast ramifications for test and evaluation and development of all human interface systems.     

鸭式旋翼/机翼飞机悬停状态飞行动力学特性

针对鸭式旋翼/机翼(Canard Rotor/Wing,CRW)飞机独特的气动布局,常规的分析方法及经验公式很难准确地对CRW飞机进行飞行动力学研究,通过飞行辨识对CRW飞机悬停状态特性进行了研究。首先,设计了飞行试验并获得了高质量的飞行数据,基于频率响应对CRW飞机的状态空间模型进行了简化。然后,在频域内对飞机的动力学参数进行了拟合优化,获得了CRW飞机悬停状态的动力学模型,并用飞行数据对所建模型进行了验证。最后,用辨识所得参数与常规直升机悬停状态时的参数进行了对比。结果显示悬停时CRW飞机的操纵导数和阻尼导数均比常规直升机小,经分析,操纵导数的减小主要是CRW飞机独特的旋翼设计所致,阻尼导数减小的原因主要是旋翼气动影响以及鸭翼、平尾、垂尾的结构影响。动力学特性分析结果为CRW飞机旋翼模式总体设计的进一步优化提供了指引和参考,所建立的模型可用于控制系统设计。