基于改进差分进化算法的舰面保障作业优化

舰载机舰面保障作业调度效能是制约航母编队综合作战能力的重要因素。首先,分析了舰面保障作业流程约束和资源约束,以最小化舰面保障作业完工时间为目标函数,建立了舰面保障作业调度优化模型。其次,设计改进差分进化算法用于模型求解,算法采用基于作业开始时间改进的随机键编码方式和并行变异算子结构,以提高算法搜索效率。最后,进行了仿真试验,验证了模型和算法的有效性,并进一步研究了并行变异算子结构对算法 性能的影响。     

民用飞机驾驶舱门抵御穿透要求适航符合性评估方法

民用飞机驾驶舱门系统安装在飞机舱内，用于阻隔驾驶舱和客舱，除供机组人员正常进出驾驶舱外，必须具备防弹及防侵入功能，防止非机组人员抢夺飞机控制权，为机组成员提供安全保护。从驾驶舱门系统抵御穿透适航条款解读入手，对适航审定要求进行研究解读，提出一种民用飞机驾驶舱门抵御穿透试验方法，给出子弹选择、危险弹道确认、枪击点筛选、试验件构型准备等试验实施细节和要求，并以某型民用飞机驾驶舱门系统研发以及抵御穿透适航审定为基础对其进行验证。结果表明：本文提出的驾驶舱门抵御穿透试验方法有效，满足条款符合性，能够为飞机驾驶舱门设计研发以及适航符合性分析验证和相关条款的适航审定工作提供参考。     

Multi-body dynamic system simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff

The flight safety is threatened by the special flight conditions and the low speed of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The aircraft carrier motion, aircraft dynamics, landing gears and wind field of sea state are comprehensively considered to dispose this multidiscipline intersection problem. According to the particular naval operating environment of the carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff, the integrated dynamic simulation models of multi-body system are developed, which involves the movement entities of the carrier, the aircraft and the landing gears, and involves takeoff instruction, control system and the deck wind disturbance. Based on Matlab/Simulink environment, the multi-body system simulation is realized. The validity of the model and the rationality of the result are verified by an example simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The simulation model and the software are suitable for the study of the multidiscipline intersection problems which are involved in the performance, flight quality and safety of carrier-based aircraft takeoff, the effects of landing gear loads, parameters of carrier deck, etc.     

面向机舰适配的舰载飞机起降特性分析

机舰适配性是舰载飞机总体设计的核心内容之一,通常包括性能适配和保障适配两部分,是舰载飞机总体设计特有的阶段;其内涵是指舰载飞机充分、高效利用航母的特性,使用其设备和装置的固有能力。以舰载飞机的使用环境为切入点,定义了有人驾驶陆基飞机改舰载机设计所需考虑的机舰适配的诸多方面;以滑跃起飞/拦阻着舰型舰载机为实例,突出性能适配,对滑跃起飞和拦阻着舰的过程进行物理分解,探求舰机以及环境参数对其性能的影响,建立了相关性能的计算方法,并结合国外典型航母的数据进行了计算分析,定量评估了甲板风对滑跃起飞和拦阻着舰的作用。同时,从保证着舰安全性的角度给出了建议的着舰方式、标准拦阻程序和安全逃逸的最短甲板长度需求。最后,给出了滑跃起飞/拦阻着舰飞机设计的关注点。     

航母舰载机装备体系及指标论证方法

针对航母舰载机装备体系及指标论证的强体系和强舰载约束特征,以及多机种一体化保障要求高等特点,提出了基于模糊关系变换理论的体系论证方法,建立各型舰载机装备需求与任务需求之间的关系,结合航母编队作战使用特点以及航母甲板/机库空间尺寸约束进行迭代优化,构建舰载机体系结构和典型配置方案。同时,提出了基于舰载机作业流程仿真和舰载约束条件下的指标论证与优化方法,凸显编队体系作战、舰机适配性、海洋环境适应等特殊约束要素,形成系统科学的舰载机战术技术指标体系。在此基础上,构建了面向专家群决策的论证支持系统,并介绍了该系统的基本框架和运用流程。     

Exploring mission planning method for a team of carrier aircraft launching

High-level efficiency and safety are of great significance for improving the fighting capability of an aircraft carrier. One way to enhance efficiency and safety level is to organize the carrier aircraft into combat effectively. This paper studies the mission planning problem for a team of carrier aircraft launching, and a novel distributed mission planning architecture is proposed. The architecture is hierarchical and is comprised of four levels, namely, the input level, the coordination level,the path planning level and the execution level. Realistic constraints in each level of the distributed architecture, such as the vortex flow effect, the crowd effect and the motion of aircraft, are considered in the model. To solve this problem, a distributed path planning algorithm based on the asynchronous planning strategy is developed. The proposed Mission Planning Approach for Carrier Aircraft Launching(MPACAL) is validated using the setups of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.Compared to the isolated planning architecture and the centralized planning architecture, the proposed distributed planning architecture has advantages in coordinating the launch tasks not only belonging to the same catapult but also when all different catapults are considered. The proposed MPACAL provides a modeling method for the flight deck operation on aircraft carrier.     

A homogenization-planning-tracking method to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems

Taxiing aircraft and towed aircraft with drawbar are two typical dispatch modes on the flight deck of aircraft carriers. In this paper, a novel hierarchical solution strategy, named as the Homogenization-Planning-Tracking (HPT) method, to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems is developed. In the homogenization layer, any towed aircraft system involved in the sortie task is abstracted into a virtual taxiing aircraft. This layer transforms the heterogeneous systems into a homogeneous configuration. Then in the planning layer, a centralized optimal control problem is formulated for the homogeneous system. Compared with conducting the path planning directly with the original heterogeneous system, the homogenization layer contributes to reduce the dimension and nonlinearity of the formulated optimal control problem in the planning layer and consequently improves the robustness and efficiency of the solution process. Finally, in the tracking layer, a receding horizon controller is developed to track the reference trajectory obtained in the planning layer. To improve the tracking performance, multi-objective optimization techniques are implemented offline in advance to determine optimal weight parameters used in the tracking layer. Simulations demonstrate that smooth and collision-free cooperative trajectory can be generated efficiently in the planning phase. And robust trajectory tracking can be realized in the presence of external disturbances in the tracking phase. The developed HPT method provides a promising solution to the autonomous deck dispatch for unmanned carrier aircraft in the future.     

民用飞机气动布局发展演变及其技术影响因素

在民用飞机气动布局发展演变的历程中,技术因素是根本推动力。为了研究未来民机的发展方向、技术需求以及应对策略,在回顾民机气动布局发展历程的基础上,梳理了在现代民机气动布局形成与演变过程中有着重要影响的4大类技术因素:航空发动机、气动设计、结构设计、飞行控制,并且揭示了这些技术因素在民机发展及其气动布局演变中所发挥的作用。结合未来航空运输市场出现的新需求,分析了未来民机的主要发展方向,重点分析了未来非常规布局民机可能采用的翼身融合、双气泡机身、支撑翼以及联结翼等气动布局形式。最后探讨了新技术条件下民用飞机发展在技术方面的需求和挑战,以及未来民用飞机总体设计的技术策略,明确了多学科设计优化是满足未来民机总体设计需求的有效技术途径。     

拦阻钩初次碰撞道面反弹动力学

分析了飞机着舰拦阻时,拦阻钩初次接触道面碰撞后被反弹的动力学成因,建立了飞机拦阻钩碰撞道面的弹跳模型。研究了下滑轨迹角和甲板角对拦阻钩碰撞反弹角速度和拦阻钩所受冲量的影响,并分别考虑了航母俯仰运动和甲板凸起物对拦阻钩碰撞反弹性能的影响。结果表明：轨迹角约4°时,拦阻钩反弹角速度和其所受冲量随下滑轨迹角呈线性变化;反弹角速度与甲板角的余弦成反比,道面冲量与甲板角余弦的平方成反比;航母向上的俯仰运动和甲板凸起物增大了拦阻钩反弹角速度,凸起物达到一定角度时,机身推拦阻钩的冲量变为拉拦阻钩的冲量。该模型的结果为机身和拦阻钩装置的设计提供了重要依据。     

考虑人机匹配模式的舰载机甲板机务勤务保障调度算法

舰载机甲板机务勤务保障是全周期起降保障作业的关键环节,为提升机群保障能力并减轻传统人工制定保障计划的负担,研究了多类人机匹配模式下舰载机甲板机务勤务保障调度算法。首先,系统分析机务保障所采用的单机机组模式、大机组模式和一体化联合保障模式等人机匹配模式,基于保障流程约束、资源转移和保障范围等各类资源约束,面向实际保障需求,以机务勤务作业完工时间、保障人员累积转移时间和闲忙比方差和为优化目标,建立了适用多类人机匹配模式的舰载机甲板机务勤务保障调度模型;其次,将机务勤务保障调度问题抽象为典型的资源受限项目调度问题,基于考虑资源转移的串行调度机制,设计了双种群遗传算法,对调度模型进行优化求解;最后,保障场景案例实验表明,调度模型和算法可实现不同人机匹配模式下的机务勤务保障优化,显著提升各项保障目标。在同等条件下,一体化联合保障模式具有更高的保障效率和较好的人员负载均衡性,且该优势随着转移入场飞机数量的增加而增加,而人员累计转移时间最长;单机机组保障模式的优缺点与一体化联合保障模式相反,大机组保障模式则介于两类模式之间。     

Comprehensive analysis of transport aircraft flight performance

This paper reviews the state-of-the art in comprehensive performance codes for fixed-wing aircraft. The importance of system analysis in flight performance is discussed. The paper highlights the role of aerodynamics, propulsion, flight mechanics, aeroacoustics, flight operation, numerical optimisation, stochastic methods and numerical analysis. The latter discipline is used to investigate the sensitivities of the sub-systems to uncertainties in critical state parameters or functional parameters. The paper discusses critically the data used for performance analysis, and the areas where progress is required.

Comprehensive analysis codes can be used for mission fuel planning, envelope exploration, competition analysis, a wide variety of environmental studies, marketing analysis, aircraft certification and conceptual aircraft design.

A comprehensive program that uses the multi-disciplinary approach for transport aircraft is presented. The model includes a geometry deck, a separate engine input deck with the main parameters, a database of engine performance from an independent simulation, and an operational deck. The comprehensive code has modules for deriving the geometry from bitmap files, an aerodynamics model for all flight conditions, a flight mechanics model for flight envelopes and mission analysis, an aircraft noise model and engine emissions. The model is validated at different levels. Validation of the aerodynamic model is done against the scale models DLR-F4 and F6. A general model analysis and flight envelope exploration are shown for the Boeing B-777-300 with GE-90 turbofan engines with intermediate passenger capacity (394 passengers in 2 classes). Validation of the flight model is done by sensitivity analysis on the wetted area (or profile drag), on the specific air range, the brake-release gross weight and the aircraft noise. A variety of results is shown, including specific air range charts, take-off weight–altitude charts, payload-range performance, atmospheric effects, economic Mach number and noise trajectories at F.A.R. landing points.     

An optimization model of parameter matching for aircraft catapult launch

To efficiently and fully utilize aircraft carrier resources, an optimization model is presented to deal with parameter matching between aircraft and carrier in the process of aircraft catapult launch. Based on carrier aircraft longitudinal dynamic equations and theorem of kinetic energy in catapult launch course, the work characteristics of different forces are learned and a theory model of parameter matching is deduced. In view of the uncertainty of the model parameters of the theory model and the low matching accuracy of the approximate model, an optimization model of parameter matching is introduced in line with the structure of theory model and the approximate model and is generated by the proposed immune genetic algorithm. Compared with the original genetic algorithm and immune algorithm, the proposed algorithm has better calculation accuracy and convergence. The calculation results show that the optimization model occupies certain application value of engineering estimation from the comparison with the relevant literature data and has higher precision than the approximate models. The validity of the proposed approach is verified with numerical case study on a carrier based aircraft.     

Research of low boom and low drag supersonic aircraft design

Sonic boom reduction will be an issue of utmost importance in future supersonic transport, due to strong regulations on acoustic nuisance. The paper describes a new multi-objective optimization method for supersonic aircraft design. The method is developed by coupling Seebass–George–Darden(SGD) inverse design method and multi-objective genetic algorithm.Based on the method, different codes are developed. Using a computational architecture, a conceptual supersonic aircraft design environment(CSADE) is constructed. The architecture of CSADE includes inner optimization level and out optimization level. The low boom configuration is generated in inner optimization level by matching the target equivalent area distribution and actual equivalent area distribution. And low boom/low drag configuration is generated in outer optimization level by using NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize the control parameters of SGD method and aircraft shape. Two objective functions, low sonic boom and low wave drag, are considered in CSADE. Physically reasonable Pareto solutions are obtained from the present optimization. Some supersonic aircraft configurations are selected from Pareto front and the optimization results indicate that the swept forward wing configuration has benefits in both sonic boom reduction and wave drag reduction. The results are validated by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) analysis.     

飞机驾驶舱视觉告警信号设计的基本要求分析

飞机驾驶舱告警系统对提高飞行员工作效率和保障飞行安全具有重要的作用。本文主要概述了视觉告警信号的设计标准和信息编码的设计规定,并论述了相关标准中对颜色编码和告警字符的设计规定,为飞机驾驶舱视觉告警信号的设计提供相关设计参考。     

Numerical simulation and transonic wind-tunnel test for elastic thin-shell structure considering fluid–structure interaction

Aerodynamic force can lead to the strong structural vibration of flying aircraft at a high speed. This harmful vibration can bring damage or failure to the electronic equipment fixed in aircraft. It is necessary to predict the structural dynamic response in the design course. This paper presents a new numerical algorithm and scheme to solve the structural dynamics responses when considering fluid–structure interaction(FSI). Numerical simulation for a free-flying structural model in transonic speed is completed. Results show that the small elastic deformation of the structure can greatly affect the FSI. The FSI vibration tests are carried out in a transonic speed windtunnel for checking numerical theory and algorithms, and the wind-tunnel test results well accord with that of the numerical simulation. This indicates that the presented numerical method can be applied to predicting the structural dynamics responses when containing the FSI.     

Evaluation of simulation-based training for aircraft carrier marshalling with learning cubic and Kirkpatrick’s models

Simulation-based training is a promising way to train a carrier flight deck crew because of the complex and dangerous working environment. Quantitative evaluation of simulation-based training quality is vital to make simulation-based training practical for aircraft carrier marshalling.This paper develops a personal computer-based aircraft carrier marshalling simulation system and a cave automatic virtual environment(CAVE)-based immersive environment. In order to compare the training effectiveness of simulation-based training and paper-based training, a learning cubic model is proposed and a contrast experiment is carried out as well. The experimental data is analyzed based on a simplified Kirkpatrick’s model. The results show that simulation-based training is better than paper-based training by 26.80% after three rounds of testing, which prove the effectiveness of simulation-based aircraft carrier marshalling training.     

Design,modeling, and control of morphing aircraft:A review

A morphing aircraft can adapt its configuration to suit different types of tasks, which is also an important requirement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV). The successful development of an unmanned morphing aircraft involves three steps that determine its ability and intelligent: configuration design, dynamic modeling and flight control. This study conducts a comprehensive survey of morphing aircraft. First, the methods to design the configuration of a morphing aircraft are presented and analyzed...     

Wind detection in a microcosm: Ship/aircraft environment sensors

One of the most demanding aspects of a Navy helicopter pilot's job is landing his aircraft on the flight deck of a pitching, rolling, heaving and yawing ship. The complex airwake velocity field associated with the ship and aircraft interface directly affects the pilot's ability to control the aircraft during takeoff, approach, hover, landing, and deck operations. Dynamic Interface (DI) testing is performed to define safe aircraft operational envelopes; however, not all conditions can be realized within the limited test period and asset/condition availability. In addition, exact wind conditions that affect the aircraft cannot be measured with existing wind sensors. These sensors measure wind in the ship's mast area which does not represent the wind flow field encountered by the aircraft. A means of non-intrusively measuring the appropriate wind data is required. This paper presents an overview of the unique aspects of the ship/aircraft interface, the overall naval DI environment and the sensor requirements for measuring this complex environment     

动基座近舰面流场数值模拟

航母尾迹流场对舰载机的着舰有较大影响,所以需要对其流场特点进行研究,分析不同状态下舰载机气动特性的变化。采用嵌套网格技术对航母处于垂荡状态下无人机的着舰进行了模拟。首先,利用SFS2舰船进行数值计算,验证了舰船流场的数值模拟方法。然后,对比了单独无人机定常与非定常计算结果,表明所建立的嵌套网格适用于无人机流场的模拟。接着,对航母单相流和两相流的流场结果进行了分析,结果显示甲板下方的流动对甲板上方流场没有大的影响。因此,忽略了水的影响只对航母在空气流场中的特性进行研究,结果表明航母尾迹非定常特性明显,静止航母下滑轨迹上的速度均处于周期性波动状态,且波动幅值随着远离航母而逐渐衰减;而在垂荡情况下航母尾迹变得更加紊乱,水平方向速度波动的周期性减弱,但垂向速度的波动幅值进一步增大。对于静止航母,无人机在不同时刻着舰气动特性的变化也存在差异;当航母处于垂荡状态时,无人机的升力和俯仰力矩在短时间内会有更大的波动。     

Flight dynamics characteristics of canard rotor/wing aircraft in helicopter flight mode

The aerodynamic layout of the Canard Rotor/Wing(CRW) aircraft in helicopter flight mode differs significantly from that of conventional helicopters. In order to study the flight dynamics characteristics of CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, first, the aerodynamic model of the main rotor system is established based on the blade element theory and wind tunnel test results. The aerodynamic forces and moments of the canard wing, horizontal tail, vertical tail and fuselage are obtained via theoretical analysis and empirical formula. The flight dynamics model of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode is developed and validated by flight test data. Next, a method of model trimming using an optimization algorithm is proposed. The flight dynamics characteristics of the CRW are investigated by the method of linearized small perturbations via Simulink. The trim results are consistent with the conventional helicopter characteristics, and the results show that with increasing forward flight speed, the canard wing and horizontal tail can provide considerable lift,which reflects the unique characteristics of the CRW aircraft. Finally, mode analysis is implemented for the linearized CRW in helicopter mode. The results demonstrate that the stability of majority modes increases with increasing flight speed. However, one mode that diverges monotonously,and the reason is that the CRW helicopter mode has a large vertical tail compared to the conventional helicopter. The results of the dynamic analysis provide optimization guidance and reference for the overall design of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, and the model developed can be used for control system design.