A review on carrier aircraft dispatch path planning and control on deck

As an important part in sortie/recovery process, the dispatch of carrier aircraft not only affects the sortie/recovery efficiency and safety, but also has severe influence on the carrier’s combat efficiency and the comprehensive support capability. Path planning is the key to improve the efficiency and safety during the dispatch process. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a comprehensive investigation of techniques and research progress for the carrier aircraft’s dispatch path planning on the deck. Three different dispatch modes of carrier aircraft and the corresponding modeling technologies are investigated, and the aircraft’s dispatch path planning techniques and algorithms have been classified into different classes. Moreover, their assumptions and drawbacks have been discussed for single aircraft and multiple aircraft. To make the research work more comprehensive, the corresponding tracking control methodologies are also discussed. Finally, due to the similarity of path planning problem between the carrier aircraft’s dispatch and those in other fields, this paper provides an exploratory prospect of the knowledge or method learned from other fields.     

基于遗传算法的无人机协同侦察航路规划

无人机将成为侦察卫星、有人驾驶侦察机的重要补充与增强手段 ,成为未来战场上广泛应用的一种侦察工具。为了提高无人机 (UAV)的侦察效率 ,在执行侦察任务前必需规划设计出高效的无人机侦察飞行航路。针对这一问题 ,本文提出了一种侦察效率指标评估的计算方法 ,解决了航路规划中的侦察效率量化问题。考虑在大范围任务区域内进行侦察航路优化存在计算的复杂性和收敛性等问题 ,本文采用遗传算法对侦察航路进行了优化处理。通过该方法得到的侦察航路可以有效地提高无人机的侦察效率。     

基于三维空域网格的低空飞行航迹战略规划方法

针对复杂低空环境下航空应急救援飞行安全问题,提出了一种基于三维空域网格的飞行航迹战略规划方法。将空域网格化分成多个飞行航迹节点,同时考虑地形、气象、飞行规则以及航空器性能等多种约束,使用改进的A*算法搜索单个航空器的最优飞行航迹。在单个航空器初始飞行航迹基础上,结合时间窗原理,提出两种方法解决了多机无冲突航迹战略规划问题。最后,通过案例仿真验证了方法的有效性。     

基于低可探测性的参考航迹规划

根据分层规划思想,确定参考航迹是进行航迹规划时首先要解决的问题。在充分考虑雷达探测的各种环境因素及飞行器RCS方位分布特性的基础上,将雷达对目标发现概率作为参考航迹的一个重要评价指标,基于自适应进化算法,采用新的遗传算子,最终生成综合考虑雷达威胁和飞行距离的参考航迹。结果表明,该航迹规划模型能根据对低可探测性和航程的不...     

A homogenization-planning-tracking method to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems

Taxiing aircraft and towed aircraft with drawbar are two typical dispatch modes on the flight deck of aircraft carriers. In this paper, a novel hierarchical solution strategy, named as the Homogenization-Planning-Tracking (HPT) method, to solve cooperative autonomous motion control for heterogeneous carrier dispatch systems is developed. In the homogenization layer, any towed aircraft system involved in the sortie task is abstracted into a virtual taxiing aircraft. This layer transforms the heterogeneous systems into a homogeneous configuration. Then in the planning layer, a centralized optimal control problem is formulated for the homogeneous system. Compared with conducting the path planning directly with the original heterogeneous system, the homogenization layer contributes to reduce the dimension and nonlinearity of the formulated optimal control problem in the planning layer and consequently improves the robustness and efficiency of the solution process. Finally, in the tracking layer, a receding horizon controller is developed to track the reference trajectory obtained in the planning layer. To improve the tracking performance, multi-objective optimization techniques are implemented offline in advance to determine optimal weight parameters used in the tracking layer. Simulations demonstrate that smooth and collision-free cooperative trajectory can be generated efficiently in the planning phase. And robust trajectory tracking can be realized in the presence of external disturbances in the tracking phase. The developed HPT method provides a promising solution to the autonomous deck dispatch for unmanned carrier aircraft in the future.     

多无人机监控航路规划

为了提高监控任务的效率，在执行任务前必须规划设计出高效的无人机飞行航路。针对这一问题，考虑在任务区域内进行多无人机监控航路优化存在计算的复杂性和收敛性以及计算数据量限制等问题，采用分散式方法对监控航路进行了优化，并以无人机的监控任务为例提出了一种监控效率指标评估的计算方法，解决了航路规划中的监控效率量化问题。通过该方法得到的无人机监控任务的飞行航路可以有效地提高无人机的监控效率。     

基于SAS算法的起飞一发失效应急路径规划方法

为解决起飞一发失效应急程序（EOSID）手动设计的不足,提出一种基于SRTM数据的稀疏A*搜索（SAS）算法的EOSID路径规划方法。首先采用航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命（SRTM）的网格地形数据,结合起飞一发失效相关规章,考虑爬升梯度与保护区限制确定可行搜索空间;然后基于可行搜索空间运用稀疏A*搜索算法搜索应急离场路径,在传统A*算法寻找扩展节点时加入起飞性能约束条件,同时利用地形高程数据进行地形和威胁回避,生成一条三维应急离场航迹;最后利用三次样条曲线对规划的应急离场航迹进行平滑处理。实验结果表明该方法能自动搜索出有效的EOSID三维航迹。     

基于威胁网的飞行器航迹快速搜索算法

提出了一种基于威胁网的飞行器航迹快速搜索算法。该方法能够在具有未知威胁的飞行环境中在线进行实时航迹规划。首先根据获得的先验信息建立威胁网．其次在建立的威胁网上确定出一条安全走廊，最后在安全走廊的基础上进一步细化从而得到一条最优航迹。当飞行环境中有预先未知威胁出现时．该方法可根据更新后的信息局部修正受影响的航迹来获得新的全局最优航迹。仿真结果表明，该算法能够有效地进行实时规划，获得较满意的航迹。     

海上无人机多机协同巡检航迹规划方法

随着无人机技术应用的不断深入,如何提高无人机编队的协同能力及在复杂动态环境的自适应性,已成为“集群智能”的 1个重要研究方向。文章对海上无人机多机协同航迹规划整体流程进行了分析,分别阐释了静态和动态场景下的多机协同规划方法。静态场景下主要采用分支定界法建立静态问题模型,为每架无人机划分作业区域、生成作业路径,使得整个巡检作业的航迹长度代价与作业时间代价最小;动态场景下主要针对气象变化、连续跟监、海域变化 3种突发场景,侧重于协同决策和路径规划设计对应的目标函数,采用启发式算法为整个巡检作业进行自适应航迹规划,以确保安全性和效率性。实验结果显示,无人机协同路径规划能够根据环境变化和任务需求动态调整多无人机的巡检路径,快速给出不同突发情况下的最佳动态调整方案,以应对复杂的海上环境并动态规避障碍物。     

Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle, which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position. However, the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions. The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload. The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region. The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight, except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight. For a circular region with a mission radius of 50 km, the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example Λ-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power. Furthermore, the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically. It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies, which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight. The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.     

多类异构对地观测平台协同任务规划方法

目前,不同类型的对地观测平台之间缺乏有效的协同交互机制。这种孤立的资源管控模式难以应对多样且大量的对地观测需求。特别是在一些紧急情况下,如地震、武装冲突、洪涝灾害和森林火灾等,这种模式的弊端尤为突出。研究了多类异构观测资源,包括卫星、飞艇及无人机(UAV)的协同规划问题。首先,提出一种基于多Agent的分层协同规划框架,整合不同观测资源构成一个分布式和松耦合的对地观测系统。其次,将异构对地观测平台的协同规划问题转化为不同子规划中心间的任务分配问题。第三,针对该任务分配问题,提出一种结合禁忌列表模拟退火(SA-TL)算法,在该算法中融合了禁忌表策略,有效提高了算法的性能。仿真实验验证了多Agent协同框架的优越性和SA-TL算法的效率。     

考虑运动学约束的不规则目标遗传避碰规划算法

 针对复杂环境下不规则目标的路径规划问题,提出了一种带有运动学约束的遗传避碰规划算法。以舰载机在航母甲板上的路径规划问题作为研究对象,并且该算法可推广至其他具有此类约束的路径规划问题中,它较好地解决了目标形状复杂、障碍环境复杂、目标运动时带有回转半径约束等特殊问题。在传统遗传路径规划算法的基础上,针对性地设计了三维位置和姿态混合编码、三段法路径解码、轨迹包围盒的碰撞检测及距离计算等方法,并在遗传操作中引入惩罚项和修补策略来辅助算法寻优。最后,为得出复杂环境下的最优路径,基于VC++平台对算法进行了仿真验证。结果表明,在复杂障碍环境下,本文提出的算法可求得最优避碰路径,并满足预先设定的目标回转半径约束,能够有效地解决此类目标的避碰路径规划问题。     

Adaptive path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles based on bi-level programming and variable planning time interval

This paper presents an adaptive path planner for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to adapt a real-time path search procedure to variations and fluctuations of UAVs’ relevant performances, with respect to sensory capability, maneuverability, and flight velocity limit. On the basis of a novel adaptability-involved problem statement, bi-level programming (BLP) and variable planning step techniques are introduced to model the necessary path planning components and then an adaptive path planner is developed for the purpose of adaptation and optimization. Additionally, both probabilistic-risk-based obstacle avoidance and performance limits are described as path search constraints to guarantee path safety and navigability. A discrete-search-based path planning solution, embedded with four optimization strategies, is especially designed for the planner to efficiently generate optimal flight paths in complex operational spaces, within which different surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) are deployed. Simulation results in challenging and stochastic scenarios firstly demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed planner, and then verify its great adaptability and relative stability when planning optimal paths for a UAV with changing or fluctuating performances.     

Mission-oriented cooperative 3D path planning for modular solar-powered aircraft with energy optimization

Modular Solar-Powered Aircraft(M-SPA) is a kind of High-Altitude Long-Endurance(HALE) aircraft which exploits the mission advantage of swarm UAV and the HALE advantage of large aspect-ratio SPA. M-SPA’s separated mode and combined mode give it the potential to maximize the mission efficiency with limited solar energy. In this paper, firstly, oriented by the mission of maximizing the cruise area, the overall design of the M-SPA is modeled, including the energy model, the aerodynamic model and the...     

民用飞机持续安全性评估体系架构设计与分析

民用飞机运营阶段安全性评估过程涉及多系统的能力整合与交互,目前我国缺乏基于标准规范的系统化持续安全性评估体系。基于美国国防部体系结构框架（DoDAF）,通过统一建模语言（UML）从多视角出发设计并构建民用飞机持续安全性评估体系架构,给出持续安全性评估控制链顶层的全面描述;在此基础上,引入复杂网络理论对体系架构整体性能进行评估,提出综合考虑节点中心性及网络鲁棒性的重要度评价指标用于识别体系中关键节点,并对关键节点进行设计优化。结果表明：本文设计的民用飞机持续安全性评估体系架构整合了多系统资源和能力,明确了系统控制流程及系统间交互,对关键节点进行优化后的体系架构稳定性增强,能够为运营阶段的安全性评估和管理提供指导。     

多无人机协同航迹规划技术研究

多无人机协同航迹规划是多无人机协同控制的重要组成部分。多无人机协同航迹规划能得到满足安全性、协同性和任务要求的较优航迹,这对提高无人机系统性能有重要的意义。介绍了多无人机协同航迹规划的问题描述和求解结构,总结了在协同规划问题中的约束条件和航迹协调方法,着重阐述了几种在多无人机编队中常用的控制方法。在此基础上,对未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。     

航母舰载机装备体系及指标论证方法

针对航母舰载机装备体系及指标论证的强体系和强舰载约束特征,以及多机种一体化保障要求高等特点,提出了基于模糊关系变换理论的体系论证方法,建立各型舰载机装备需求与任务需求之间的关系,结合航母编队作战使用特点以及航母甲板/机库空间尺寸约束进行迭代优化,构建舰载机体系结构和典型配置方案。同时,提出了基于舰载机作业流程仿真和舰载约束条件下的指标论证与优化方法,凸显编队体系作战、舰机适配性、海洋环境适应等特殊约束要素,形成系统科学的舰载机战术技术指标体系。在此基础上,构建了面向专家群决策的论证支持系统,并介绍了该系统的基本框架和运用流程。     

基于人工势场法优化的蚁群无人机航路规划

针对复杂环境下无人机航路规划问题,提出一种势场法优化的蚁群航路规划算法。为了改善蚁群初始路径搜索过程中的盲目性,将人工势场法的规划结果作为先验知识,对蚁群初始到达的栅格进行邻域信息素的初始化,进而运用改进的蚁群算法完成航路搜索任务。仿真结果表明,新算法具有收敛速度快,规划路径短以及环境自适应的优点。     

不同作战任务条件下的UCAV航路规划问题建模

UCAV航路规划是充分发挥UCAV作战优势、使任务复杂性与UCAV能力之间保持良好协调性所必须解决的关键问题。在分析UCAV航路规划技术的基本概念和基本要求的基础上,针对不同作战任务条件下的UCAV航路规划问题进行了建模研究,分别建立了单UCAV航路规划、单UCAV多航路规划以及多UCAV协同航路规划等数学模型。     

基于系统工程的飞机系统架构设计过程

随着电子化和集成化程度越来越高,现代飞机系统架构设计中出现越来越多的综合性问题,业界提出了体系性的飞机系统架构设计要求,包括系统工程过程要求、适航条款对架构设计的约束要求、高安全性设计要求等,但缺乏规范的、可落实的飞机系统架构设计过程。针对这个问题,提出了"基于系统工程的飞机系统架构设计过程",并引入了多视角策略(功能视角、逻辑视角、物理视角),针对每个视角,给出了完整的架构设计过程描述和输入输出定义;横跨三个视角,定义了五条设计主线,包括需求主线、架构主线、行为主线、性能主线和安全性分析主线;在多视角的框架下,五条主线上的设计数据可以构成全局性的追溯网络,支持开展各项架构设计分析,并最终支持架构设计质量的提高。