Mission-oriented cooperative 3D path planning for modular solar-powered aircraft with energy optimization

Modular Solar-Powered Aircraft(M-SPA) is a kind of High-Altitude Long-Endurance(HALE) aircraft which exploits the mission advantage of swarm UAV and the HALE advantage of large aspect-ratio SPA. M-SPA’s separated mode and combined mode give it the potential to maximize the mission efficiency with limited solar energy. In this paper, firstly, oriented by the mission of maximizing the cruise area, the overall design of the M-SPA is modeled, including the energy model, the aerodynamic model and the...     

大型水陆两栖飞机侧风起降的滑流影响分析

大型水陆两栖飞机AG600的动力装置为安装在机翼上的4台同向旋转涡轮螺旋桨发动机，针对1：15缩比模型带动力风洞试验显示的螺旋桨滑流对侧风起降状态的偏航力矩不稳定影响，对全机带动力风洞试验模型进行了大规模并行非定常数值计算，再现了风洞试验现象，通过流动机理分析明确其产生原因主要是左侧滑时右外翼分离和垂尾背鳍涡破裂，这些原因和数值模拟的准确性也为后期的风洞试验所证实。考虑到模型风洞试验中尺度限制造成的低雷诺数和高螺旋桨转速，为保证飞行安全，继续采用该非定常方法对全尺寸飞机真实侧风起降状态进行了详细数值分析和偏航稳定性评估。研究结果显示，在飞行雷诺数和螺旋桨转速下，相同侧风范围内风洞试验显示的流动不稳定因素基本消失，偏航稳定性允许的侧风范围明显增加。本研究实现了四发螺旋桨飞机起降状态横向气动特性的滑流影响非定常数值分析，建立了基于计算流体力学的风洞与飞行雷诺数效应的相互关系，进行了偏航稳定性的虚拟试飞评估，研究成果也为AG600飞机的首飞和飞行试验所验证。     

超长航时太阳能无人机关键技术综述

超长航时太阳能无人机（UAV）以其高效节能、原理上可实现无限巡航的特点受到广泛关注，而其独特的设计指标与任务特性也对各项关键技术提出了较高要求。多设计要素的高度耦合意味着不同于常规飞行器的总体设计方法，低密度、低速度的飞行条件使其具有明显的低雷诺数气动特性，柔性超大展弦比机翼带来了复杂的气动弹性问题，低翼载荷特性与较大的风场扰动增加了控制难度，极端的飞行环境与苛刻的任务指标对能源、动力系统带来了新挑战，飞行性能对能源系统的高度依赖开辟了飞行轨迹优化的研究方向。本文梳理了超长航时太阳能无人机关键技术的研究现状，在此基础上对各项技术中的难点问题进行了阐释，并对超长航时太阳能无人机未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

太阳能飞机循环飞行的高度剖面能量策略

为满足设定的太阳能飞机多日连续飞行条件，依据飞行过程中当前时刻的飞行高度、光伏输出功率、动力电池组余量等系统状态参数，研究如何分配动力电池组充放电和电推进系统输入等功率。所用策略立足于实时功率平衡，充分利用正午前后的光伏峰值功率用于飞机爬升及充电，在午后下滑过程中利用全部光伏输出，以最大化利用光伏资源；在光伏有效输出不足时则以一定的维持功率下滑，使能量的综合损失最小。方法能够提高以预定夜间飞行高度连续多日续航的成功率，提升飞行高度、纬度、季节范围或搭载能力，或者拓展这几种飞行条件的组合域，优化太阳能飞机的适用性。     

燃料电池无人机能源管理与飞行状态耦合

开展了燃料电池/锂电池（简称燃锂）混合动力无人机的能源管理与飞行状态耦合研究。综合顶层飞行任务规划与底层能源系统管理，以动力系统模型为耦合点联立能源系统与无人机运动方程，建立能源状态与运动状态耦合模型。针对燃锂混合最紧密的爬升过程，以迎角、转速和燃料电池的放电功率作为控制变量，建立了燃料消耗最小的能源管理与航迹规划耦合最优控制问题，研究不同爬升高度对最优控制过程的影响，并与模糊控制能源管理策略进行对比分析。针对大功率短时爬升和小功率长时巡航的典型任务特点，建立了燃锂最优混合问题。研究了最优的锂电池容量和燃料电池功率水平的混合量，以及爬升和巡航两阶段最优功率分配和飞行状态，分析了不同巡航目标高度对最优混合量和飞行状态的影响。结果表明：采用能源与航迹耦合的最优控制策略在给出最优功率流分配的同时，能够很好地兼顾飞行状态控制；对燃锂混合和飞行状态的综合优化可以有效地处理爬升和巡航阶段的能源需求矛盾，在给出最优燃锂混合量和飞行状态的同时，降低整个任务过程的燃料消耗。     

用圆弧样条计算地形跟随技术中的期望航迹

从地形外形的采样数据设计飞机贴地飞行的期望航迹,然后由相应的最优控制器使飞机按此航迹飞行,这一地形跟随技术中的最优控制算法,日益得到重视和发展,并应用在综合地形跟随/回避技术中。 本文提出了采用圆弧样条计算期望航迹的方法,在几十种地形情况下进行了对比研究,证明是可行的。明显地减少了期望航迹计算的工作量,增加了系统实时计算的可能性。     

Flight strategy optimization for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft based on Gauss pseudo-spectral method

Solar-powered aircraft have attracted great attention owing to their potential for longendurance flight and wide application prospects.Due to the particularity of energy system, flight strategy optimization is a significant way to enhance the flight performance for solar-powered aircraft.In this study, a flight strategy optimization model for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft was proposed.This model consists of three-dimensional kinematic model,aerodynamic model, energy collection model, energy store model and energy loss model.To solve the nonlinear optimal control problem with process constraints and terminal constraints, Gauss pseudo-spectral method was employed to discretize the state equations and constraint equations.Then a typical mission flying from given initial point to given final point within a time interval was considered.Results indicate that proper changes of the attitude angle contribute to increasing the energy gained by photovoltaic cells.Utilization of gravitational potential energy can partly take the role of battery pack.Integrating these two measures, the optimized flight strategy can improve the final state of charge compared with current constant-altitude constant-velocity strategy.The optimized strategy brings more profits on condition of lower sunlight intensity and shorter daytime.     

Energy-optimal trajectory planning for solar-powered aircraft using soft actor-critic

High-Altitude Long-Endurance (HALE) solar-powered Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (UAVs) can utilize solar energy as power source and maintain extremely long cruise endurance, which has attracted extensive attentions from researchers. Trajectory optimization is a promising way to achieve superior flight time because of the finite solar energy absorbed in a day. In this work, a method of trajectory optimization and guidance for HALE solar-powered aircraft based on a Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework is introduced. According to flight and environment information, a neural network controller outputs commands of thrust, attack angle, and bank angle to realize an autonomous flight based on energy maximization. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated in a 5-km radius area in simulation, and results have shown that after one day-night cycle, the battery energy of the RL-controller was improved by 31% and 17% compared with those of a Steady-State (SS) strategy with a constant speed and a constant altitude and a kind of state-machine strategy, respectively. In addition, results of an uninterrupted flight test have shown that the endurance of the RL controller was longer than those of the control cases.     

An Automatic System for the Control of Multiple Drone Aircraft

A conceptual system is proposed and described for the control of a multiplicity of drone aircraft. Each target (drone) aircraft is controlled, during a given mission, over a separate preprogrammed path comprised of straight line and circular arc segments. Full control of each target's altitude, plan position, and velocity is available. Position measurement can be obtained by use of either a radar or a bilateration method where altitude is measured in either case by each aircraft and telemetered to a central control point. Velocity is obtained by smoothing position data in a central computer, which also controls the entire mission complex.     

基于发动机与飞机的藻基航空燃料全生命周期分析

讨论了基于发动机类别及其飞机的藻基航空替代燃料与常规航空燃料对全生命周期的影响。基于GREET（the greenhouse gases,regulated emissions,and energy use in transportation）模型,依据平均载荷、最大航程,将民航客机分为单通道窄体、双通道中型、双通道大型、巨型、支线和公务机等6类。起飞、爬升、进近、滑行、巡航过程的燃料消耗及排放采用国际民用航空组织、美国NASA-AAFEX实验、欧洲EASA适航条例提供的数据。计算了6类发动机-飞机的气体排放、能量消耗情况。在双通道大型客机中藻基航空替代燃料制备过程的温室气体排放仅为0.2351g/(kg·km),原因为该类客机与小型飞机相比有更好的发动机效率和运输效率。然而由于起飞降落过程排放比例较大,单通道窄体客机在航程上对温室气体排放变化更为敏感。      

多太阳能无人机覆盖路径优化方法

为解决传统电动无人机在覆盖作业时存在的续航时间短的问题,提出应用多架太阳能无人机进行覆盖作业。首先,在建立了应用于覆盖作业的太阳能无人机的能量模型的基础上,提出了能量流动效率这一指标来评价太阳能无人机在作业过程中对能量的利用率。其次,针对边界存在障碍物的凹多边形区域和内部含障碍物的多边形区域,以总作业完成时间最短为优化目标,提出基于无向图搜索方法的覆盖路径优化模型,定义约束方程限制无人机按照一定规则访问无向图中的节点,通过混合整数线性规划的方法求解每架无人机的最优飞行路径。再次,考虑无人机转弯时的姿态变化对能量流动效率的影响,将总作业完成时间最短和总能量流动效率最高同时作为优化目标,建立双目标优化方程,在首先以作业时间最短为优化目标进行求解的基础上,通过有限遍历的方式选择使能流效率和作业时间相对最优的覆盖飞行方向及飞行路径。大量仿真实验表明,所提的优化模型选取不同的优化目标,应用于不同形状的待覆盖区域,适用性广,在工程上应用范围广、可行性强。     

Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

最佳过失速机动研究

 分航迹变向和机头指向目标两类问题对飞机过失速机动进行数值优化研究。结果表明,为获得大转弯率应在最大升力迎角区贴近角点速度飞行,因减速较快需用大油门。经典的转弯率图能够反映这类航迹机动的特点。而机头指向目标机动的前段仍是航迹变向问题,到适当位置后再利用超大迎角机动能力指向目标。飞行仿真表明,飞机具有过失速操纵力矩和良好的飞控系统时大部分最佳机动可顺利实施,但若有极低速度要求则仍可能超出操纵极限。     

General optimal design of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle for priority considering propulsion system

This paper describes the general optimization design method of Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle which priority considering propulsion system planning. Based on the traditional solar powered aircraft design method, the propulsion system top-level target parameters which affect the path planning are integrated into the general optimization design. According to the typical mission requirements of Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, considering the design variables such as wing area, aspect ratio, design mission date and so on, the general optimization is carried out with the minimum aircraft weight as the optimization objective. The influence of wing area and aspect ratio on the optimal design results is analyzed and compared with the traditional design method. The results show that the general design method of Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for priority considering propulsion system can greatly reduce the electricity demand of energy storage battery, greatly reduce the aircraft weight of Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.     

基于总能量理论的着舰飞行/推力控制系统

为提高舰载飞机在低动压着舰条件下飞行操纵性能和实现飞行航迹/速度之间的解耦,首先设计了阻尼器,使飞机的短周期阻尼达到了一级飞行品质的要求;然后,基于总能量控制理论设计了着舰飞行/推力综合控制系统。该控制系统使航迹角的响应带宽为1.21 rad/s。仿真结果表明,该系统能够在保持速度恒定的条件下实现航迹角的快速响应,而且对气动参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。     

一种电动飞机电推进系统的能效优化方法

电动飞机依靠电推进系统为飞机提供所需的动力,而电动飞机蓄电池的能量密度制约了飞机续航能力的提升。在蓄电池能量密度受限的条件下,进行电推进系统能效优化,提高电推进系统效率,降低电推进系统损耗,对增加飞机的续航时间具有重要意义。以某双座可调定桨距螺旋桨电动飞机电推进系统为例,依据飞机的飞行任务剖面搭建了飞机电推进系统在起飞及巡航阶段的系统损耗模型,以可调定桨距螺旋桨桨矩角为优化变量,以飞机完成一次飞行任务剖面能耗最小为目标,提出一种适于可调定桨距螺旋桨电动飞机电推进系统的能效优化方法。为了验证该方法的有效性,搭建样机测试平台,进行了样机试验,试验结果表明：该能效优化方法能够有效提高飞机电推进系统效率,使飞机完成一次飞行任务剖面的系统能耗降低了8%以上。     

地形跟随系统中最优飞行参考轨迹的线性规划算法

结合飞机地形跟随的实际,首先提出了在构造最优期望的地形跟随飞行轨迹时确定地形模型包线的方法。然后通过引入松驰变量,剩余变量和人工变量,构造辅助目标函数Z1,以及应用换基运算,对线性规划问题进行了必要的简化,使参考轨迹的计算更简便。航迹角修正法的采用,进一步修正了规划出的飞行轨迹,从而获得了理想的飞行参考轨迹。最后,以随机地形为例对规划出的最优飞行参考轨迹进行了数字仿真,其结果符合地形跟随时最优参考飞行轨迹的要求。     

飞机大攻角最大侧向力和偏航力矩预测的风洞试验方法研究

具有尖头细长构型的飞行器在实际大攻角飞行和风洞试验中,侧向力系数和偏航力矩系数存在非确定性,给数据分析和使用带来很大困难.为了改变这种情况,本文发展了一种附加头部微扰动的试验技术,并在YF16模型大攻角试验中开展了应用.试验中通过压力分布确定头部分离流动特征,再采用人工转捩和头部微扰动技术在大攻角风洞试验中确定侧向力和...     

低动压着舰状态下飞机的操纵特性研究

低动压着舰状态下飞机的操纵特性下降,导致轨迹角不能跟踪姿态角的变化,从而对着舰安全造成严重影响。首先通过剖析历史上已有的观点,提出研究低动压状态飞机轨迹角响应问题时应全面考虑速度稳定性、轨迹稳定性和机动性。其次对两种动力补偿系统进行了分析,其中速度恒定动力补偿实际上对应速度稳定性和轨迹稳定性,而迎角恒定动力补偿兼具速度稳定性、轨迹稳定性和机动性增强。最后的仿真证实,考虑速度稳定性、轨迹稳定性和机动性的迎角恒定动力补偿是全面的、可行的。     

拦阻钩初次碰撞道面反弹动力学

分析了飞机着舰拦阻时,拦阻钩初次接触道面碰撞后被反弹的动力学成因,建立了飞机拦阻钩碰撞道面的弹跳模型。研究了下滑轨迹角和甲板角对拦阻钩碰撞反弹角速度和拦阻钩所受冲量的影响,并分别考虑了航母俯仰运动和甲板凸起物对拦阻钩碰撞反弹性能的影响。结果表明：轨迹角约4°时,拦阻钩反弹角速度和其所受冲量随下滑轨迹角呈线性变化;反弹角速度与甲板角的余弦成反比,道面冲量与甲板角余弦的平方成反比;航母向上的俯仰运动和甲板凸起物增大了拦阻钩反弹角速度,凸起物达到一定角度时,机身推拦阻钩的冲量变为拉拦阻钩的冲量。该模型的结果为机身和拦阻钩装置的设计提供了重要依据。