80C31单粒子效应敏感度评估

采用串列静电加速器对同步轨道气象卫星扫描辐射计控制器用８０Ｃ３１微控制器进行了单粒子效应模拟试验，得到了器件的错误截面与ＬＥＴ关系曲线；根据试验结果，对器件在同步轨道重离子环境中的翻转率进行了预计。     

八箭升空十星高照2004中国航天发射满堂红

2004年11月18日．“试验卫星二号”成功发射．为2004年中国航天发射划上了圆满句号．至此．中国航天完成了全年发射8次的任务．共将10颗各型卫星送入太空．显示了中国航天综合技术水平不断提高，航天发射能力日益增强。     

PSD器件及其在精密测量中的应用

ＰＳＤ器件是近几年出现的一种新型位置探测器，可直接用来测量角度、高度、距离及运动，本文介绍了ＰＳＤ器件的工作，给出了三种ＰＳＤ器件的等电路和坐标位置电流函数表达式，并就ＰＳＤ器件在位移和三维运动测量中应用方式和应用范围进行了讨论。     

玻璃型二次表面镜的卫星飞行试验

文章介绍了兰州物理研究所研制的石英玻璃型二次表面镜（ＯＳＲ）的卫星搭载试验结果，并对ＯＳＲ的长期空间稳定性作了初步预测。试验和计算结果表明，其ＯＳＲ的太阳吸收率的１０年增值△αｓ预计不超过０．０５５，与国外同类产品的空间稳定性水平相当，已能满足卫星应用的要求。     

失重飞机上进行的电泳分离实验

介绍了用A3—l连续自由流电泳仪在俄罗斯失重飞机上进行的实验情况及结果．进行了4个架次的飞行试验，获得了飞行试验的数据和电泳分离图像．试验结果表明，电泳仪装置工作良好，从分离图像可以看出重力变化对电泳分离过程的影响并证实微重力环境对生物材料的电泳分离是有利的．     

先进的CCD线成象器件

本文介绍了美国仙童相机和仪器公司制造的新型高速线成像器件CCD 133和143的设计和工作原理。CCD133和143各包括1024和2048个光敏元,光敏元中心间距皆为13微米。和第一代器件CCD121和131比较,第二代器件CCD133和143的整个性能都有提高,具有更高的灵敏度,较低的暗信号,并增强了兰色光谱的响应。由于器件将时钟脉冲驱动电路组合在一起,因此它们在工作时仅需要二个外部时钟脉冲信号。CCD133和143已经达到高达20兆赫数据率的优良性能指标。这二个器件是为包括高速传真、光学特征识别在内的页面扫描应用,以及为要求高分辨率、高灵敏度和高速的其他成象系统的应用而设计的。     

商用器件的空间应用需求、现状及发展前景

随着微电子技术的飞速发展及空间任务对高性能需求的日益增强,现有的宇航级抗辐射器件和技术已经远远不能满足目前空间飞行器高性能系统的需求,使得高性能商用器件Commercial-Off-The-Shelf(COTS)在空间的应用成为可能．本文就空间任务对商用器件的需求进行了综述,阐述了空间飞行器使用商用器件存在的问题及面临的风险,介绍了国内外空间任务中商用器件应用的现状,以及我国在这一领域的差距,并对商用器件在空间应用中的发展前景进行了展望．     

以色列『箭』式反导系统

2月11日晚上，以色列军队成功地对“箭”式反导弹系统进行了一次试验。这是以军多次在白天试验的基础上首次在夜间测试该武器系统，并达到了预期效果。国际舆论认为，此举乃是围绕伊朗核问题的发展．以色列采取的全天候作战的应对措施．表明两国之间的戚慑战正在逐步升级。     

一类静不平衡控制系统的最优控制

为一类静不平衡控制系统设计了最优控制器，在最优状态反馈和输出反馈的设计中，性能指标是时间变量相乘的二次型，并且在系统设计中同时考虑了性能指标对参数变化的灵敏度，实际的控制系统由常用器件构成，实验结果表明，实际构成的最优控制系统的动态响应与理想的模拟结果相当接近，此类控制系统可用于航空及航海等领域。     

天舟一号任务按计划紧张进行

<正>今年4月中下旬,天舟一号货运飞船将实施飞行任务,开展货物运输补给、推进剂在轨补加、自主快速交会对接等多项关键技术试验。截至本刊发稿,天舟一号飞行任务各项准备工作正按计划紧张进行。其中,天舟一号货运飞船及长征七号火箭正在发射场区开展相关测试工作;各类空间试验载荷,已完成产品生产和测试工作;天宫二号在轨运行状态良好。按计划,天舟一号发射入轨后,将与在轨运行的天宫二号先后进行3次交会对接、3次推进剂补加,以及空间应用和航天技     

MONITORING OF ENERGETIC PARTICLE ENVIRONMENT INSIDE THE CHINA-BRAZIL EARTH RESOURCE SATELLITE

On 14 October 1999, the Chinese-Brazil earth resource satellite (CBERS-1) was launched in China. On board of the satellite there was an instrument designed at Peking University to detect the energetic particle radiation inside the satellite so the radiation fluxes of energetic particles in the cabin can be monitored continuously. Inside a satellite cabin, radiation environment consists of ether penetrated energetic particles or secondary radiation from satellite materials due to the interactions with primary cosmic rays.Purpose of the detectors are twofold, to monitor the particle radiation in the cabin and also to study the space radiation environment The data can be used to study the radiation environment and their effects on the electronics inside the satelhte cabin. On the other hand, the data are useful in study of geo-space energetic particle events such as solar proton events, particle precipitation and variations of the radiation belt since there should be some correlation between the radiation situation inside and outside the satellite.The instrument consists of two semi-conductor detectors for protons and electrons respectively. Each detector has two channels of energy ranges. They are 0.5-2MeV and ≥2MeV for electrons and 5-30MeV and 30-60MeV for protons. Counting rate for all channels are up to 104/(cm2@s)and power consumption is about 2.5 W. There are also the additional functions of CMOS TID (total integrated dose) effect and direct SEU monitoring. The data of CBMC was first sent back on Oct. 17 1999 and it's almost three years from then on. The detector has been working normally and the quality of data is good.The preliminary results of data analysis of CBMC not only reveal the effects of polar particle precipitation and radiation belt on radiation environment inside a satellite, but also show some important features of the geo-space energetic particle radiation.As one of the most important parameters of space weather, the energetic charged particles have great influences on space activities and ground tech nology. CBMC is perhaps the first long-term on-board special equipment to monitor the energetic particle radiation environment inside the satellite and the data it accnmulated are very useful in both satellite designing and space research.     

Recent results of comparative radiobiological experiments with short and long term expositions of arabidopsis seed embryos

Comparison of experimental data obtained from short (SDEF) and long duration exposure flights (LDEF) recently led to results, which will contribute for the estimation of genetic risk for long and/or repeated stay of man in space. Under orbital conditions biological stress and damage are induced in test subjects by cosmic radiation, especially the high energetic, densely ionizing component of heavy ions. Plant seeds were successful model systems for a biotest in studying the physiological damages and mutagenic effects caused by ionizing radiation in particular stem cells. In this article we present an overview of our space experiments with Arabidopis thaliana seeds. We present first results of investigations on certain damage endpoints (seed germination, plant survival, mutation frequencies), caused by cosmic ionizing radiation in dry dormant plant seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana after different short term (e.g. IML-1 and D-2) and long term (e.g. EURECA and LDEF-1) space exposures. Total dose effects of heavy ions and the other components of the mixed radiation field on damage endpoints and survival after space exposure and gamma-ray preirradiation were obtained. A new method of total dose spectrometry by neutron activation has been applied.     

Quantum dosimetry and online visualization of X-ray and charged particle radiation in commercial aircraft at operational flight altitudes with the pixel detector Timepix

We investigate the application of the hybrid semiconductor pixel detector Timepix for precise characterization, quantum sensitivity dosimetry and visualization of the charged particle radiation and X-ray field inside commercial aircraft at operational flight altitudes. The quantum counting capability and granularity of Timepix provides the composition and spectral-characteristics of the X-ray and charged-particle field with high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, high spatial resolution and particle type resolving power. For energetic charged particles the direction of trajectory and linear energy transfer can be measured. The detector is operated by the integrated readout interface FITPix for power, control and data acquisition together with the software package Pixelman for online visualization and real-time data processing. The compact and portable radiation camera can be deployed remotely being controlled simply by a laptop computer. The device performs continuous monitoring and accurate time-dependent measurements in wide dynamic range of particle fluxes, deposited energy, absorbed dose and equivalent dose rates. Results are presented for in-flight measurements at altitudes up to 12 km in various flights selected in the period 2006–2013.     

Analysis of the space radiation doses obtained simultaneously at two different locations outside the ISS

Space weather and related ionizing radiation has been recognized as one of the main health concerns for the International Space Station (ISS) crew. The estimation of the radiation effect on humans outside the ISS requires at first order accurate knowledge of their accumulated absorbed dose rates, which depend on the global space radiation distribution, solar cycle and local variations generated by the 3D mass distribution surrounding the ISS. The R3DE (Radiation Risks Radiometer-Dosimeter for the EXPOSE-E platform) on the European Technological Exposure Facility (EuTEF) worked successfully outside of the European Columbus module between February 2008 and September 2009. A very similar instrument named R3DR for the EXPOSE-R platform worked outside the Russian Zvezda module of the ISS between March 2009 and August 2010. Both are Liulin-type detectors, Bulgarian-built miniature spectrometer-dosimeters. The acquired approximately 5 million deposited energy spectra from which the flux and absorbed dose rate were calculated with 10 s resolution behind less than 0.41 g cm⁻² shielding. This paper analyses the spectra collected in 2009 by the R3DE/R instruments and the long-term variations in the different radiation environments of Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR), inner radiation belt trapped protons in the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and relativistic electrons from the Outer Radiation Belt (ORB). The R3DE instrument, heavily shielded by the surrounding structures, measured smaller primary fluxes and dose rates from energetic protons from the SAA and relativistic electrons from the ORB but higher values from GCRs because of the contribution from secondary particles. The main conclusion from this investigation is that the dose rates from different radiation sources around the International Space Station (ISS) have a large special and temporal dynamic range. The collected data can be interpreted as possible doses obtained by the cosmonauts and astronauts during Extra Vehicular Activities (EVA) because the R3DE/R instruments shielding is very similar to the Russian and American space suits average shielding (,  and ). Fast, active measurements are required to assess accurately the dose accumulated by astronauts during EVA.     

Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes induced by 250 MeV protons: effects of dose, dose rate and shielding.

Although the space radiation environment consists predominantly of energetic protons, astronauts inside a spacecraft are chronically exposed to both primary particles as well as secondary particles that are generated when the primary particles penetrate the spacecraft shielding. Secondary neutrons and secondary charged particles can have an LET value that is greater than the primary protons and, therefore, produce a higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Using the accelerator facility at Loma Linda University, we exposed human lymphocytes in vitro to 250 MeV protons with doses ranging from 0 to 60 cGy at three different dose rates: a low dose rate of 7.5 cGy/h, an intermediate dose rate of 30 cGy/h and a high dose rate of 70 cGy/min. The effect of 15 g/cm2 aluminum shielding on the induction of chromosome aberrations was investigated for each dose rate. After exposure, lymphocytes were incubated in growth medium containing phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and chromosome spreads were collected using a chemical-induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) technique. Aberrations were analyzed using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique with three different colored chromosome-painting probes. The frequency of reciprocal and complex-type chromosome exchanges were compared in shielded and unshielded samples.     

移位损伤剂量模型及其应用

首先描述了移位损伤的机理及其影响器件性能的机制,引入了适合航天器工程抗辐射加固设计使用的移位损伤剂量模型,探讨了其在CCD器件电荷传输效率CTE,Si器件平均暗电流以太阳电池阵输出功率等工程参数衰降中的应用,介绍了建立的基于移位损伤剂量模型的空间环境中CCD器件CTE衰降预测模式,其结果与欧空局空间环境信息系统的计算结果相吻合．该程序在光电器件抗辐射加固设计中具有重要的应用价值．     

Method for the prediction of the effective dose equivalent to the crew of the International Space Station

This paper describes a methodology for assessing the pre-mission exposure of space crew aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in terms of an effective dose equivalent. In this approach, the PHITS Monte Carlo code was used to assess the particle transport of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and trapped radiation for solar maximum and minimum conditions through an aluminum shield thickness. From these predicted spectra, and using fluence-to-dose conversion factors, a scaling ratio of the effective dose equivalent rate to the ICRU ambient dose equivalent rate at a 10 mm depth was determined. Only contributions from secondary neutrons, protons, and alpha particles were considered in this analysis.     

A new modeling method of solar energetic proton events for ISO specification

Solar energetic protons degrade performance and reliability of spacecraft systems due to single-event effects, total dose effects and displacement damage in electronics components including solar cells. On designing a solar cell panel, a total fluence of solar energetic protons (SEPs) which cause solar cell damage is needed to estimate power loss of the solar cells over mission life. Nowadays a solar panel area of spacecraft is increasing as spacecraft mission life becomes longer (15–18 years). Thus an accurate SEP model is strongly required for the cost-minimum design from the aerospace industry. The SEP model, JPL-91 proposed by Feynman et al., is currently used widely for solar cell designing. However, it is known that the JPL-91 model predicts higher fluences of protons than values actually experienced in space, especially after 7 years on orbit. In addition, the model is based on several assumptions, and also needs Monte-Carlo simulations for calculating fluences. In this study, we propose a new method for modeling SEPs especially focused on solar cell degradation. The newly-proposed method is empirical, which constructs a model based directly upon proton flux measurement data taken by instruments onboard spacecraft. This method has neither assumptions nor dependence on SEP event selection, both of which are needed in JPL-91. The model fluences derived from this method show lower fluences in longer missions compared to JPL-91. This method has been proposed to ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and has been discussed for a new standard SEP model.     

The features of radiation dose variations onboard ISS and Mir space station: comparative study.

The dynamics of the ISS-measured radiation dose variations since August 2000 is studied. Use is made of the data obtained with the R-16 instrument, which consists of two ionization chambers behind different shielding thicknesses. The doses recorded during solar energetic particle (SEP) events are compared with the data obtained also by R-16 on Mir space station. The SEP events in the solar maximum of the current cycle make a much smaller contribution to the radiation dose compared with the October 1989 event recorded on Mir space station. In the latter event, the proton intensity was peaking during a strong magnetic storm. The storm-time effect of solar proton geomagnetic cutoff decreases on dose variations is estimated. The dose variations on Mir space stations due to formation of a new radiation belt of high-energy protons and electrons during a sudden commencement of March 24, 1991 storm are also studied. It was for the first time throughout the ISS and Mir dose measurement period that the counting rates recorded by both R-16 channels on ISS in 2001-2002 were nearly the same during some time intervals. This effect may arise from the decreases of relativistic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt.     

Cosmic ionizing radiation effects in plant seeds after short and long duration exposure flights.

Recently, comparison of biophysical data obtained from orbital flights of short and long duration led to results which will be significant for long and/or repeated stay of man in space. Under orbital conditions biological stress is induced in dry seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana by cosmic radiation especially its high energetic, densely ionizing component, the heavy ions (HZE). For comparison of radiation impact during different space flights a biological attempt at estimating the impact of single particles with high mass and energy (HZE-particles) on seeds was developed. Subdivision into LET-groups showed a remarkable contribution of an intermediate group (LET = 35 to 100 keV/micrometer) due to medium heavy ions (Z = 6 to 10). Efficiency factors for radiation damage experimentally determined and assigned to different LET-classes were compared to radiation quality factors discussed in literature.