LPP低污染燃烧室单头部燃烧性能试验

对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室单头部三级旋流器进行燃烧性能试验,研究不同的油气比、进口空气流量和进口空气温度以及值班级喷嘴安装位置对燃烧室出口截面燃烧性能的影响,获得了燃烧室出口截面温度分布、燃烧效率以及污染物排放的规律.试验结果表明:①油气比增加,NOx排放相应增加;头部A燃烧性能稍优于头部B;②同一油气比下进口空气温度越高,其燃烧污染物排放越多;进口空气流量越大,污染物排放越少;③值班级喷嘴安装位置对LPP低污染燃烧室燃烧性能有一定影响.      

Influence of coupled characteristics on the internally-staged combustor under low-power operation

An ultra low emissions combustor, namely low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor was studied, based on a scheme of internally staged/lean premixed and prevaporized (LPP) combustion. The LESS combustor consists of central pilot stage and outer surrounded coaxially main stage, between which there exists a physical isolation, namely the step height. The existence of step height delayed the pilot and main jets mixing. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the step height on the combustion performance. A single dome rectangular combustor was utilized to conduct the lean lightoff and blowout experiments, and pollutant emission experiments. The experimental results showed that with the increase of step height by 38%, the lean lightoff and blowout fuel air ratio decreased by 574% and 375%, the NOx emission increased by 35.1%, and the combustion efficiency increased by 1.78%; while the CO,unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions decreased. Furthermore, the total pressure loss was kept nearly constant. Non reacting and reacting flow fields were numerically investigated to analyze the coupled characteristics of pilot and main jets with different step heights. A comparison of flow characteristics, spray structure, and combustion component as well as temperature field with different step heights was conducted. The numerical results showed that the increase of the step height shifted the peak velocity outwards. The enlargement of the primary recirculation zone (PRZ) resulted in the increase of the combustion efficiency and NOx emission, while the CO, UHC emissions decreeased.      

Design and Performance of an Improved Trapped Vortex Combustor

 A trapped vortex combustor (TVC) has been a very promising novel concept for it offers improvements in lean blow out, altitude relight, operating range, as well as a potential to decrease NO_x emissions compared to conventional combustors. The present paper discusses the improved designs of the new combustor over the prior ones of our research group, including that: a) the overall dimensions, both axial and radial, are reduced to those of an actual aero-engine combustor; b) the air flow distribution is optimized, and especially 15% of the air is fed into the liner as cooling air; c) a straight-wall diffuser with divergence angle 9癷s added. A series of experiments (cavity-fueled only, under atmospheric pressure) has been conducted to investigate the performance of the improved TVC. Experimental results show that at the inlet temperature of 523 K, the inlet pressure of 0.1 MPa, stable operation of the TVC test rig is observed for the Mach number 0.15-0.34, indicating good flame stability; the combustion efficiency obtained in this paper falls into the range of 60%-96%; as the total excess air ratio increases, the combustion efficiency decreases, while the increase of the inlet temperature is beneficial to high combustion efficiency; besides, the optimal Mach numbers for high combustion efficiency under different inlet conditions are confirmed. The outlet temperature profiles feature a bottom in the mid-height of the exit. This paper demonstrates the feasibility for the TVC to be applied to a realistic aero-engine preliminarily and provides reference for TVC design.     

中心分级燃烧室预燃级燃烧性能实验

研究了一种中心分级燃烧室.在某大推力航空发动机慢车工况下,采用单头部矩形燃烧室,进行了燃烧性能实验,考察了预燃级旋流杯套筒扩张角、台阶高度、预燃级气量分配对污染排放、燃烧效率和贫油熄火油气比的影响作用.实验结果表明:慢车工况下,预燃级旋流杯套筒扩张角从60°增大到100°后,NOx排放降低42%,CO和未燃碳氢燃料(UHC)排放均增加2.5倍左右,燃烧效率降低1.75%,贫油熄火油气比从0.0038增大到0.0067;台阶高度减小24%后,NOx排放降低37%,CO和UHC排放分别增加1.5倍和1.2倍,燃烧效率降低1.32%,贫油熄火油气比从0.0042增大到0.0061;预燃级气量分配减小20%后,NOx排放增加13.5%,CO和UHC排放分别降低55.6%和38.9%,燃烧效率增大1.46%,贫油熄火油气比从0.0061减小到0.0051.      

民用飞机全航线排放预测

针对民用飞机全航线的排放预测问题,运用飞机升阻特性模型、发动机性能模型和飞机航线性能模型计算了民用飞机在全航线上的飞机升阻特性与发动机性能,并将以上模型与基于T₃-p₃法与波音流量法所建立的排放计算模型相耦合,详细计算了飞机在实际飞行过程中未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化合物(NOx)的排放指数,并得到了全航线的各种污染排放物排放总量,完善了民用航空发动机排放预测分析体系,为低污染民用航空发动机的设计与评估提供理论依据.计算结果表明,飞机处在起飞以及爬升阶段时,NOx的排放指数较高,而UHC与CO的排放指数较低;当飞机处在下降以及进场时,NOx的排放指数较低,而UHC与CO的排放指数较高.NOx的总排放量在3种污染排放产物中最高.      

基于燃烧室多反应器模型的民用涡扇发动机排放预测

选用燃油JetA为航空燃料,建立了简化火焰锋面模型、燃烧化学平衡模型、燃烧动力学模型、燃油雾化模型、燃油蒸发模型及污染排放生成模型.采用基于燃烧室多反应器模型对发动机在不同工作状态下的排放产物NOx、未燃碳氢化合物(unburned hydrocarbons,UHC)和CO进行了计算.结果表明:燃烧室内火焰温度越高,NOx排放量越大.在发动机工作在低转速工况下时,燃油液滴的雾化直径大,造成CO与UHC排放量增加.基于燃烧室多反应器模型计算通用性强、速度快,适合与发动机性能程序相结合,在发动机设计阶段对发动机不同工作状态下的排放产物含量进行预测计算.     

分级/预混合预蒸发贫油燃烧低污染方案NOX排放初步研究

对分级/贫油预混合预蒸发低污染燃烧方案的氮氧化物排放进行了初步试验研究,主要目的是考察贫油预混合预蒸发级降低污染排放的能力。预燃级是常规双涡流器空气雾化喷嘴,主燃级是空气雾化喷嘴雾化燃油,配装蒸发管,头部涡流器组织燃烧。燃油为RP-3航空煤油。采用单头部燃烧室,工况模拟了燃烧室进口温度(800K)、进口速度和总油气比,压力为常压。研究结果表明,旋流式贫油预混合预蒸发燃烧的主燃级有降低氮氧化物的潜力,相对于常规燃烧组织方式,能够降低NO_X排放量为60%,同时发现,燃油分级比例对NO_X降低也有很大影响。      

癸酸甲酯与正丁醇在低速柴油机中均质压燃燃烧与排放

通过向生物柴油替代燃料癸酸甲酯(MD)中掺入一定比例的正丁醇(NBA),达到降低氮氧化物（NOx）排放的目的。针对二冲程低速船用柴油机,建立了癸酸甲酯和正丁醇的混合燃料燃烧反应机理,并将Zeldovich氮氧化物反应机理作为子机理添加到燃烧反应机理中。构建出一个包含癸酸甲酯,正丁醇和详细的氮氧化物反应的完整燃烧反应机理。在燃料总摩尔分数一定的条件下,固定发动机转速与空气过量系数,将癸酸甲酯与正丁醇按不同比例进行混合,研究癸酸甲酯与正丁醇混合燃料在二冲程低速船用柴油机充量均质压燃（HCCI）模式下的燃烧与氮氧化物排放特性。结果显示,癸酸甲酯与正丁醇混合燃料HCCI燃烧产生的氮氧化物随正丁醇掺混比例的增加而减少。研究表明,在燃料总摩尔分数保持不变时,随着正丁醇混合比例的增加,燃料总热值减少,排气温度和缸内最高燃烧温度降低,对氮氧化物的生成有抑制作用,氮氧化物反应速率降低,排放量下降。同时,由于正丁醇掺混比例的增加导致混合燃料的C/H比下降,可以有效地降低燃烧过程中CO2的排放。在保证发动机燃烧效率的条件下,癸酸甲酯和正丁醇的混合比例为1:1时,混合燃料在二冲程低速船用柴油机中HCCI燃烧的NO与NO2排放量最低。     

LPP低污染燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧性能数值研究

采用Fluent软件对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室两相喷雾燃烧流场、温度场和污染排放性能进行数值计算.在副模结构保持不变时,LPP低污染燃烧室头部在相同工况下,数值研究不同的主模旋流角度对燃烧流场、温度场以及污染排放的影响.采用标准的k-ε模型对湍流黏性进行模拟,采用离散相模型对油珠颗粒的运动轨迹进行追踪,采用非预混平衡化学反应模型来模拟化学反应速率.数值计算结果表明:①在LPP低污染燃烧室头部存在明显的中心回流区、角回流区和唇口回流区;②中心回流区外形呈橄榄形状,并且回流区长度都较长,随着主模旋流角度的增大,中心回流区逐渐变胖且变短,角回流区则逐渐变小;③随着主模旋流角度增大,压力损失也随之增大;④热力型NOx生成的速率与燃烧温度超过1950K区域的面积大小和最高的燃气温度有直接的关系,在副模和主模火焰锋面附近,由于燃烧温度高,是热力型NOx的集中分布区域;⑤出口温度分布系数随着主模旋流角度的增加呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,且主模旋流角度为45°(C方案)时出口温度分布系数最小,即C方案的出口温度分布最均匀;⑥在相同的工况下,C方案燃烧性能相对最优.      

涡轮级间单涡燃烧室壁温研究

由于燃烧区和壁面的距离过近,驻涡燃烧室壁温过高的问题一直存在,影响其在实际发动机上的应用.对某涡轮级间驻涡燃烧室进行壁温分布试验研究,研究供油量、主流进气参数对壁温分布的影响,并考察燃烧室的冷却和进气结构是否合理.试验结果表明,试验件的最高壁温出现在凹腔后壁面;供油量和主流马赫数对试验件的壁温分布趋势影响较大,主流温度对壁温分布趋势的影响较小.      

驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能试验

开展了空气进口温度、流量和余气系数影响驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的试验研究,获得了燃烧性能参数的变化规律:总压损失系数在3%～6%之间,流阻系数变化不大;点火和贫油熄火性能随流量变化很小,随进口温度的提高而改善,研究中最大点火和贫熄余气系数分别为6.03和14.41;仅驻涡区供油时,燃烧效率在90%～95%之间,驻涡区和主流同时供油时,燃烧效率为84%～99.5%,并随余气系数和进口流量的变小而上升.      

不同钝体宽度下的驻涡燃烧室排放试验

为了研究空气流量分配对驻涡燃烧室对排放特性的影响,了解对驻涡燃烧室内污染物生成的过程及其影响因素,设计了一个能够改变中心钝体宽度、仅凹腔供油的驻涡燃烧室.在常压下对该驻涡燃烧室进行了排放特性试验,进口温度保持200℃.试验中,燃烧室进口马赫数为0.15~0.3.影响排放的因素主要包括雾化质量、凹腔当量比以及与进口马赫数相关的驻留时间等.总体来说雾化质量、凹腔当量比的提高对降低CO和HC的排放是有利的,但是这会使NOx排放增加.在低凹腔当量比时,CO排放曲线变化下降比较平缓,甚至出现上升趋势,而HC排放曲线比较陡峭.这是由于HC的消耗速度比CO消耗速度快,随着凹腔当量比的增加,供油压力提高,燃油雾化粒径变小,燃油蒸发时间缩短,使HC排放快速减少,中间产物CO大量产生而来不及消耗.凹腔当量比进一步上升时,由于燃烧温度的提高,使得CO排放快速减少.在燃烧室内燃烧过程中,NOx的形成和消耗是非常复杂的过程,目前只能作一些定性的分析,而CO和HC的反应过程相对简单.通过对不同钝体槽宽下,具有相似凹腔前壁流量的工况的比较,发现CO和HC的形成主要受凹腔内工作状况影响,而NOx的形成过程更复杂,主流也对其产生着重要的影响.      

声能喷嘴供油级间驻涡燃烧室的性能试验

对一种采用声能喷嘴供油方式的级间燃烧室进行了性能试验研究.试验结果表明:当进口马赫数为0.20~0.40,燃烧室的熄火余气系数为25~35,燃烧室的稳定工作范围较宽;随余气系数增大,出口温度分布均匀性提高;燃烧效率为96%~98%,随余气系数减小,燃烧效率降低;进口马赫数对点火性能、熄火性能、出口温度分布和燃烧效率的影响较小;壁面热点温度出现在凹腔的后壁面;总压损失系数为0.03~0.11,热态时比冷态时高0.015左右; CO和NOx的排放指数分别为20~46和0.9~2.1,进口马赫数、余气系数均对污染物排放有较大影响.      

Prediction of emissions in turbojet engines exhausts: relationship between nitrogen oxides emission index (EINOx) and the operational parameters

The prediction of nitrogen oxides emissions in turbojet engines exhausts remains a field of immense importance given the increasing coercive environmental requirements in relation to the emissions from turbojet engines. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are subjected to limits fixed by legislators in a lot of countries because of their toxic character beyond specific concentrations in the air and their effects on climate change. However, analytical methods used to evaluate the quantities of the emissions are not efficiently established because of a lack of complete understanding of the phenomena governing the formation of the NOx in turbojet engines. It is a combination of chemical, thermal, and fluid dynamic processes. In this paper, a more accurate empirical correlation is determined for the prediction of nitrogen oxides emission index (EI_NOx) in turbojet engines exhausts using the main combustion operational parameters. The relationship between EI_NOx and the following parameters: fuel flow rate, output power, pressure ratio, efficiency, flame temperature and combustor inlet temperature is analysed with 227 ICAO certification data measured on turbojets engines from manufacturers such as Pratt and Whitney, General Electric, CFM International and Rolls-Royce. A set of 556 test point data used to show flame and combustor inlet temperature relationship with NOx emission index is from the work of G.F. Pearce et al. on twelve gas turbine engines. From this analysis it can be noticed that the relationship between EI_NOx and flame temperature is strong but not as the relationship between EI_NOx and the combustor inlet temperature. Since the combustor inlet temperature is easier to measure, EI_NOx value can be deduce from it. By predicting NOx emissions from combustor inlet temperature we can avoid exhausts gas measurements and analysis, saving on time and money.     

双涡/贫油驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火特性试验

对在燃烧室进口高速气流条件下工作的贫油双涡结构驻涡燃烧室,通过改变主流马赫数与温度和改变其凹腔几何尺寸进行贫油熄火性能试验.试验结果表明:①随着主流马赫数的增加,贫油熄火余气系数减小,主流速度是影响贫油熄火性能的最主要因素.②主流温度的升高对拓宽燃烧边界有利,但是在达到600K后,对贫油熄火余气系数的影响逐渐减弱.③双涡试验件后体进气量的增加可以使贫油熄火性能变差.④不同凹腔宽深比对贫油熄火余气系数的影响很大,综合各个试验件结果,深宽比为0.88的双涡试验件的贫油熄火性能最好.      

贫油直喷三喷嘴模型燃烧室燃烧性能

构建了反向双旋文氏管预混(CDV)三喷嘴矩形模型燃烧室,研究了其燃烧特征及性能.结果表明:火焰近乎全蓝色,类似气体的贫预混燃烧,且在此工况下,CO和NOx换算成15%含氧量(体积分数)下排放的体积分数分别低于10×10-6和50×10-6.此外,研究了进气温度变化对CDV三喷嘴污染物排放的影响,发现CO排放相对NOx更易受到进气温度变化的影响,并分析揭示了产生该现象的原因.另外雾化器的性能极易影响贫油直喷火焰特征;需要改进雾化器的加工工艺以确保在预热工况下它能够保持持续稳定的良好雾化性能.     

贫油预混预蒸发低污染燃烧室流场特性试验

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术测量带双环旋流多点燃油直接喷射(TAMI)头部的贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室流场特性,试验相同进口条件下冷态及喷雾燃烧时流场结构,通过分析平均流场涡量、湍流强度及切应变率等特性参数来详细说明喷雾燃烧对贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)低污染燃烧室流场的影响,并且研究了不同进口参数对其燃烧流场的影响.试验结果表明:①装有此头部的LPP低污染燃烧室喷雾燃烧流场回流区比冷态流场要小,并且平均流场特性参数在燃烧前后变化比较大;②随着进口油气比增加,中心回流区变短变胖;③随着进口空气量增加,回流区变窄变长.本试验所获得的流场特性结果可为低污染燃烧室的设计提供了一定的参考.      

Flow field characteristics,mixing and emissions performance of a lab-scale rich-quench-lean trapped-vortex combustor utilizing a quench orifice plate combined with a bluff-body

In this study, the low emission combustion technology of Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) has been applied in Trapped-Vortex Combustor (TVC), and the combinative RQL-TVC shows a promising low emissions performance. By utilizing a quench orifice plate combined with a bluff-body, a lab-scale RQL-TVC was designed. The flow fields of RQL-TVC were measured by 2-D PIV and predicted by 3-D numerical simulation. Flow structures, radial profiles of normalized mean axial velocity, turbulence intensity and mixing level of the quench zone were analyzed. Results reveal that the dual-vortex and the single-vortex flow patterns both exist in cavities and quench zone of RQL-TVC, and the turbulence intensity is strong in the quench zone with some reverse flows. The spiral vortex was discussed by 3-D streamlines and the detail flow structures of the quench zone were analyzed based on the numerical results. The mixing level of the quench zone was determined, and results show that the quench device enhances the mixing level compared with TVC. Combustion efficiency and emissions performance were investigated experimentally, and results demonstrate that RQL-TVC has relatively higher combustion efficiency and lower emission index of CO, UHC and NO_x than the same size lab-scale TVC in present work.     

燃烧室燃烧与排放特性试验与数值计算

为了探寻燃烧室进口空气温度、压力以及油气比对点熄火边界、温升、燃烧效率以及主要排放物摩尔分数的影响规律， 对航空发动机燃烧室在多工况下的点熄火特性、出口温度分布与主要排放物摩尔分数进行了试验测试。分别采用正癸烷的简化 反应机理与C 12 H 23 燃料的单步反应机理，对该燃烧室火焰筒内流场结构、温度场、中间组分与主要排放物摩尔分数分布特性进行了 数值计算，并与相应试验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：随着燃烧室进口空气温度、压力以及油气比的提高，燃烧室燃烧效率、 温升、出口平均温度与NO X 摩尔分数逐渐提高，而UHC与CO摩尔分数逐渐降低；与采用C 12 H 23 燃料单步反应机理相比，采用正癸 烷的简化反应机理计算得到的火焰筒内流场与温度场分布更为合理，火焰筒出口温度场分布以及主要排放物摩尔分数与相应试 验数据更为接近，计算精度得到较大提高。     

富油/快速淬熄/贫油驻涡燃烧室低NO_x排放

1引言过去的30年中,传统的旋流稳定的燃烧室的设计在不断改进,这些改进减少了污染排放并且有许多已成功用于生产之中。GE飞机发动机公司和AFRL共同开发了一项用于燃气涡轮发动机的新的燃烧技术,由于在凹腔中的火焰是通过驻涡稳定,因此这种燃烧室称为驻涡燃烧室[1~3]。同时,富油