RQL模型燃烧室数值研究

以截面积为矩形截面的RQL模型燃烧室为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法分别研究了旋流器各参数（如出口角θ、轮毂与流路外径比z和旋流器间距）和淬熄段射流孔参数（如孔数和射流孔截面积）对模型燃烧室流场、温度场以及NOx排放值的影响。在数值模拟中采用的模型包括Realizable κ-ε湍流模型、非预混燃烧模型、热力型NOx和瞬发型NOX等。通过对模拟结果进行比较分析得出结论：当模型燃烧室采用间距为69mm、θ=30°、z=0．68的旋流器和总面积为635．85mm。的12个淬熄射流孔的结构时,可以在满足燃烧室基本性能的前提下实现低污染排放。     

Influence of coupled characteristics on the internally staged combustor under low power operation

An ultra low emissions combustor, namely low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor was studied, based on a scheme of internally staged/lean premixed and prevaporized (LPP) combustion. The LESS combustor consists of central pilot stage and outer surrounded coaxially main stage, between which there exists a physical isolation, namely the step height. The existence of step height delayed the pilot and main jets mixing. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the step height on the combustion performance. A single dome rectangular combustor was utilized to conduct the lean lightoff and blowout experiments, and pollutant emission experiments. The experimental results showed that with the increase of step height by 38%, the lean lightoff and blowout fuel air ratio decreased by 574% and 375%, the NOx emission increased by 35.1%, and the combustion efficiency increased by 1.78%; while the CO,unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions decreased. Furthermore, the total pressure loss was kept nearly constant. Non reacting and reacting flow fields were numerically investigated to analyze the coupled characteristics of pilot and main jets with different step heights. A comparison of flow characteristics, spray structure, and combustion component as well as temperature field with different step heights was conducted. The numerical results showed that the increase of the step height shifted the peak velocity outwards. The enlargement of the primary recirculation zone (PRZ) resulted in the increase of the combustion efficiency and NOx emission, while the CO, UHC emissions decreeased.      

主燃孔位置对基于RQL高温升燃烧室流动与燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

为将富油燃烧/快速淬熄/贫油燃烧（RQL）用于高温升燃烧室设计，以实现温升与排放的良好统一，对不同主燃孔位置下 的单头部矩形燃烧室流动、淬熄区气流混合、燃烧和排放特性进行数值模拟。结果表明：燃烧室中心回流区的长度和高度随着主 燃孔轴向距离的增大而增大。随着主燃孔轴向距离的增大，主燃孔射流深度增加，射流角度逐渐向下游偏转，导致淬熄区内气流 的混合效果减弱；随着主燃孔位置的后移，富油区内的当量比显著增大，导致CO和碳烟的生成量迅速增加，淬熄区内的沿程高温 区域面积逐渐缩小，燃烧效率逐渐降低。当X/H=0.7时，燃烧室沿程NO生成量始终处在较大值；而当X/H=0.9时，燃烧室沿程NO 生成量始终处于较小值，但CO的生成量增大。     

Performance comparison of aero-ramp and transverse injector based on gas-pilot flame

A direct performance comparison between the four-hole aero-ramp injector and single transverse injector in a dual-mode scramjet combustor was conducted. The mixing characteristics of two injectors were calculated by solving the three-dimensional (3-D) compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS), with the help of the shear-stress-transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. The numerical results show that the far field mixing efficiency of the aero-ramp injector is higher than that of the single transverse injector. High enthalpy vitiated air was heated to a total temperature of 1200K by hydrogen-oxygen combustion, entering the isolator entrance at a Mach number of 2.0. Non-reacting experimental conditions involved sonic injection of nitrogen to safely simulate ethylene injected into the combustor at a jet-to-free stream momentum flux ratio of 2.6. Schlieren photographs were obtained to analyze the shock structure around the injectors. Reacting test conditions involved sonic injection of ethylene at the jet-to-free stream momentum flux ratios ranging from 0.5 to 2.7. High speed camera was used to capture the flame structures in the near-field combustion. The experimental results show that the aero-ramp injector produce sustained combustion over a wider range of fuel-air ratios than the single transverse injector. At the identical jet-to-free stream momentum flux ratio, the aero-ramp has a larger isolator margin than the single transverse injector, demonstrating a better ability for avoiding overflows. However, the air specific impulse and total temperature recovery of two injectors, which are calculated by the one-dimensional (1-D) performance analysis code, are almost identical.      

三旋流器加装外套环对燃烧性能的影响

对带有两种不同头部结构（基准型为方案1,头部加装外套环为方案2）的三旋流单头部燃烧室进行了研究,对有两种头部结构的燃烧室进行了流场和燃烧场的数值模拟,在相同的进口试验条件下,用燃气分析法和15点测温耙分别测量了两种头部的燃烧效率、出口冒烟数和出口温度场.结果表明:三旋流器的燃烧效率超过了99.7%,加装外套环后其流场、温度场分布均较基准型有所改善,回流区更加饱满,油气混合和燃油雾化效果增强,出口温度分布系数（OTDF）和出口冒烟数分别降低了36%和25%.      

驻涡燃烧室前钝体燃料喷射性能数值分析

为研究驻涡燃烧室在前钝体燃料喷射状况下的燃烧性能,采用3维数值仿真模拟方法,对驻涡燃烧室前钝体燃料喷射 状况下的燃烧效率及燃烧室性能与无前钝体燃料喷射状况下的燃烧性能进行了对比分析,并对驻涡燃烧室的冷流以及燃烧状态 下的燃烧室性能进行了系统研究。燃烧室温度分布表明：前钝体顶部燃料喷射在0.2~0.7的喷射系数范围内,缩短了燃烧室火焰 长度,提高了燃烧室在相同轴向长度下的燃烧效率,使燃烧室更加紧凑;驻涡燃烧室前钝体顶部燃料喷射孔的孔径在一定范围内 的变化对燃烧室的燃烧效率、出口温度分布系数以及总压损失影响较小。     

Design and Performance of an Improved Trapped Vortex Combustor

 A trapped vortex combustor (TVC) has been a very promising novel concept for it offers improvements in lean blow out, altitude relight, operating range, as well as a potential to decrease NO_x emissions compared to conventional combustors. The present paper discusses the improved designs of the new combustor over the prior ones of our research group, including that: a) the overall dimensions, both axial and radial, are reduced to those of an actual aero-engine combustor; b) the air flow distribution is optimized, and especially 15% of the air is fed into the liner as cooling air; c) a straight-wall diffuser with divergence angle 9癷s added. A series of experiments (cavity-fueled only, under atmospheric pressure) has been conducted to investigate the performance of the improved TVC. Experimental results show that at the inlet temperature of 523 K, the inlet pressure of 0.1 MPa, stable operation of the TVC test rig is observed for the Mach number 0.15-0.34, indicating good flame stability; the combustion efficiency obtained in this paper falls into the range of 60%-96%; as the total excess air ratio increases, the combustion efficiency decreases, while the increase of the inlet temperature is beneficial to high combustion efficiency; besides, the optimal Mach numbers for high combustion efficiency under different inlet conditions are confirmed. The outlet temperature profiles feature a bottom in the mid-height of the exit. This paper demonstrates the feasibility for the TVC to be applied to a realistic aero-engine preliminarily and provides reference for TVC design.     

驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能试验

开展了空气进口温度、流量和余气系数影响驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的试验研究,获得了燃烧性能参数的变化规律:总压损失系数在3%～6%之间,流阻系数变化不大;点火和贫油熄火性能随流量变化很小,随进口温度的提高而改善,研究中最大点火和贫熄余气系数分别为6.03和14.41;仅驻涡区供油时,燃烧效率在90%～95%之间,驻涡区和主流同时供油时,燃烧效率为84%～99.5%,并随余气系数和进口流量的变小而上升.      

Experimental study of entrainment phenomenon in a trapped vortex combustor

Trapped vortex combustor (TVC) is an advanced low-pollution gas turbine combustor, with the adoption of staged combustion technique. To achieve low-pollutant emission and better combustion performance, the proportion of the air flow in each combustion zone should be precisely determined in the design of the combustor. Due to the presence of entrainment phenomenon, the total air flow in the cavity zone is difficult to estimate. To overcome the measurement difficulty, this study adopts the indirect measurement approach in the experimental research of entrainment phenomenon in the cavity. In accordance with the measurement principle, a TVC model fueled by methane is designed. Under two experimental conditions, i.e. with and without direct air intake in the cavity, the influence of the mainstream air flow velocity, the air intake velocity in the cavity, the height of inlet channel, the structure of holder and the structural proportion of the cavity on entrainment in the cavity is studied, respectively, through experiment at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The results suggest that the air flow velocity of mainstream, the air intake velocity of the cavity and the structure of the holder exert significant influence on the air entrainment, while the influence of structural proportion of the cavity is comparatively insignificant. The square root of momentum ratio of cavity air to mainstream air could be used to analyze the correlation of the entrainment data.     

受限空间内三级旋流流场和燃烧性能研究

为研究受限空间内三级旋流器流场特征和对应的燃烧性能,对不同方案三级旋流器开展了试验和仿真研究,分析了2种典型流场（贴壁流场和锥形流场）特性及其对火焰形态、燃烧室性能指标的影响。结果表明,通过控制三级孔特征可实现三级旋流器下游贴壁流场和锥形流场之间的转变。三级孔为30°时,旋流器的高湍动能有利于强化燃油雾化,同时形成贴壁的大尺寸回流区有利于燃油在主燃区的空间扩散和均匀分布,能够改善燃烧室点熄火性能,但会导致主燃区火焰筒壁温较高。     

湍流模型及施密特数对点火位置的影响研究

准确预测燃料和空气湍流混合水平对精确模拟发动机性能至关重要.通过对Burrows&Kurkov氢气顺喷经典算例的数值模拟,研究了湍流模型和湍流关键参数(施密特数)对氢气和空气的混合程度以及点火位置的影响.数值结果表明:湍流模型对点火的位置具有一定的影响,其中Menter SST k-w湍流模型计算结果与实验值总体吻合最好;湍流施密特数严重影响着氢气和空气的混合程度以及燃烧流场的点火位置,其中Sct=0.5能满足大部分超燃冲压发动机燃烧算例的数值模拟.     

旋流器结构对贫油直喷燃烧室的性能影响

针对单元贫油直喷(LDI)喷嘴的旋流器设计问题,实验研究了旋流器结构变化(改变旋流器级数、双旋流器旋向及混合段收缩角等)对燃烧室总压损失、燃烧效率以及污染物排放等性能的影响规律.结果表明:旋流器结构变化对燃烧室性能有很大影响.同向双旋流燃烧室总压损失大于与之相同计算旋流数的单级旋流燃烧室,反向双旋流燃烧室总压损失略低于同向双旋流燃烧室,燃烧室总压损失随收缩角增大而呈增大趋势.相较单级旋流燃烧室和同向双旋流燃烧室,反向双旋流燃烧室在不同贫油气比工况下均具有更高的燃烧效率和更低的污染物排放.另外,燃烧效率及污染物排放受收缩角的影响.最佳收缩角角度的选取需要综合权衡总压损失、燃烧效率及污染物排放水平.     

带支板的冲压燃烧室的燃烧性能研究

应用含组分守恒方程的质量平均Navier-Stokes方程和B-L代数湍流模型,数值模拟了带支板引射器的模型燃烧室内部的流场结构,对比研究了燃料注入角度对燃烧及发动机性能的影响.在计算过程中,对方程中的对流项采用了空间为二阶精度的AUSMPW格式,对扩散项采用了二阶中心差分离散.研究结果表明,燃料有角度注入改善了燃料的混合性能,强化了燃料的燃烧效率,提高了发动机燃烧室的动量增量.此外,燃烧室的性能研究需考虑燃烧效率、总压损失及动量增量等因素.     

生物柴油对双旋流燃烧室燃烧与排放性能的影响

为深入研究燃气轮机燃用生物柴油对其燃烧与排放性能的影响,将生物柴油与柴油按照不同比例进行混合,在双旋流燃烧室90°扇形试验件上进行降压模拟燃烧试验.结果表明:随油气比的增加,燃烧效率和NOx排放快速增加并趋于稳定,出口温度分布系数（OTDF）、径向分布系数（RTDF）、CO排放逐渐减小并趋于稳定;随生物柴油混合比例的增加,燃烧效率、燃烧室温升逐渐降低,OTDF和NOx排放先减小后增加,RTDF和CO排放逐渐增加.随油气比的增加,生物柴油对燃烧和排放的主要影响方面发生变化,影响程度逐渐减弱,不同油气比时存在不同的最佳生物柴油混合比例.      

超声速燃烧室内氢气燃烧的三维数值研究

通过隐式耦合求解可压缩N-S方程及组分方程,对氢气的超声速燃烧进行三维数值模拟,对燃烧室内的冷热态流场,以及氢气喷射压力对燃烧的影响进行了系统分析和研究.研究表明,燃烧放热以及氢气喷射压力提高都会导致燃烧室内波系结构变化,沿周向的流向涡增强,压缩波和膨胀波与氢气核心区的相互作用增强,促进氢气和空气的掺混,更利于氢气的燃烧.      

强化紊流脉动对气动喷嘴喷雾浓度场及燃烧温度场的影响

主要研究气动喷嘴出口气流紊流脉动对喷雾浓度场及燃烧状态温度场的影响。在实验中采取措施加强气动喷嘴出口气流的脉动强度，以便进行比较；并利用ＰＤＡ（粒子动态分析仪），热电偶等测试手段对试件出口冷态雾场及热态温度场进行测量。结果表明，强化气流的紊流脉动促进了喷雾浓度均匀分布，有利于燃烧温度均匀分布及提高燃烧效率。     

基于入射空气温度的无焰燃烧气动特性数值分析

提出了基于入射空气温度的无焰燃烧（AITTC）新型燃烧室,CFD数值研究了AITFC模型燃烧室内的流体流动结构。对头部引射混合区的引射混合、空气流量分配、回流区内气一雾滴颗粒两相流行为、以及尾部稀释区混合效应等气动特性的数值研究结果表明,所设计的新型模型燃烧室能满足组织AITFC无焰燃烧所需要的气动力学条件。研究结果符合相关的理论和规律。研究结果能为无焰燃烧技术应用于燃气轮机燃烧室设计提供参考价值。     

带双凹槽燃烧室中超声速流场的数值模拟

针对新近提出的双凹槽和预燃室结构的燃烧室概念,采用混合通量分离法及NND格式,对其中的冷态流场进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在没有喷流条件下,该结构是典型的开式流动,有利于混合,在工程应用范围内,可以用二维结果粗略地估算三维情况;但在有喷情况下,开式结构被打破,必须对三维流动作真实模拟.     

入口流量分配对超紧凑级间燃烧室性能的影响

对超紧凑级间燃烧室入口的流量分配进行了优化分析.首先基于化学反应模拟软件Chemkin,建立了航空煤油RP3/空气的小型级间燃烧室性能简化分析方法,并利用现有实验数据对其进行了验证.选取了入口主流流量/腔体流量分别为60/40，65/35，70/30，75/25，80/20五种分配方案,利用简化分析模型对各分流方案进行了对比研究,主要关注出口温度、燃烧效率和污染物排放的变化情况.结果表明:分流比为65/35时,燃烧效率相对于5种分流比中最高燃烧效率只下降0.249%,但NOx及CO排放均相对降低了50%以上.基于此研究方法得到的结论,可为超紧凑级间燃烧室设计初期的分流方案选取提供依据和性能简化分析方法.      

双级轴向旋流器性能评估方法（一）——综合旋流强度的影响

开展了双级轴向旋流燃烧室反应流场和燃烧性能的理论与数值研究。发展建立了一种多级旋流器性能评估方法，提出了综合旋流强度和能量利用率两个准则数来对旋流器性能进行评估，研究发现，旋流强度和流阻系数是影响旋流器能量利用率的主要因素。采用数值方法研究了双级旋流之间的相互作用机理，结果表明:双级旋流器之间，一级旋流强度对回流区宽度影响较大；综合旋流强度是影响燃烧室整体性能的直接因素；当综合旋流强度小于0.43时，为弱旋流；综合旋流强度介于0.43～0.6之间时，为中等旋流，有十分弱小的回流区；当综合旋流强度大于0.6时，呈强旋流，一定会有回流区出现；当综合旋流强度大于1.03时，为非常强的旋流；综合旋流强度一定时，双级旋流能够增加收益，能量利用较好。通过与实验及数值结果比较发现，该多级旋流器性能评估方法能够对旋流器性能进行准确评估，为未来多级旋流器的设计与性能评估提供了一种实用有效的方法。