旋流杯设计参数对燃烧性能的影响

通过三维数值模拟和试验相结合的方法,针对航空发动机主燃烧室开展了火焰筒头部旋流杯设计参数对燃烧室性能影响的研究,其关键设计参数为副旋流器相对进气量和旋流数,关注的燃烧性能包括出口温度场分布、NOx排放量等.结果表明:数值计算获得的规律与试验的结论基本一致.随着副旋流器相对进气量的增加,主燃烧室出口温度场逐渐恶化,而NOx排放量略有降低;副旋流器旋流数偏离基准设计值时,出口温度场恶化,而NOx排放量随旋流数的增加而增加.     

Low-NOx Combustor Development pursued within the scope of the Engine 3E German national research program in a cooperative effort among engine Manufacturer MTU,University of Karlsruhe and DLR German Aerospace Research Center

MTU Aero Engines, the University of Karlsruhe and the DLR Aerospace Research Centre co-operated within the scope of the German national aeronautical research program Engine 3E. The program was focused on improving high-bypass turbofan engines. As a part of this program, a low-emission single-annular combustor was developed. The NOx emissions of this combustor are significantly reduced by using the rich-lean combustion concept.The basic idea of this concept is to avoid stoichiometric combustion conditions by splitting the combustion domain into a fuel-rich zone (low-oxygen zone) and a fuel-lean (low temperature zone). The NOx reduction capability of a combustor of this type scales with the homogeneity of the mixture in the rich zone and the time interval needed for the transition from the rich to the lean zone.Based on the insights gained from this cooperative research, an annular combustor was developed and tested at pressures up to 20 bar and inlet temperatures up to 800 K. The tested annular combustor was found to have NOx emissions of about 40% of the ICAO 96 standard. The carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions of the combustor are of about the same levels as present state of the art combustors.     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

超高温升中心分级燃烧室设计及计算分析

针对航空发动机高推重比、高温升的需求,提出1种中心分级旋流燃烧室的设计方案。在保证与现有单环腔燃烧室(SAC)进出口尺寸、机匣尺寸限制不变的情况下,对设计模型进行了3维数值模拟,并与现有的单环腔燃烧室数值模拟结果及试验结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:设计油气比为0.045时,设计中心分级燃烧室温升可达1356 K,出口温度分布可达0.137,出口径向温度分布可达0.096;此外,与SAC相比,中心分级燃烧室可获得更低的总压损失,更低的出口温度分布系数以及高工况下可获得更高的燃烧效率;污染排放性能表明,中心分级燃烧室在慢车点CO排放比SAC的稍高,在设计点NOx排放按g/kg燃油计比SAC的低。     

某型航空发动机燃烧室排气污染物数值模拟

以"热力"型NOx和"瞬发"型NOx及CO生成机理为基础,采用FLUENT6.3.26软件计算出在最大状态和地面慢车状态下,某型航空发动机环形燃烧室的温度场、速度场和浓度场.通过对计算结果的分析得出:火焰温度和燃料停留时间是影响燃烧室排气污染物排放量的主要因素.通过折衷考虑,可以得出降低燃烧室NOx和CO排放的有效措施,可为设计低污染燃烧室提供一定的数值依据.     

Experimental study on NOx emission correlation of fuel staged combustion in a LPP combustor at high pressure based on NO-chemiluminescence

Experimental investigations on NO_x emissions of a single-cup, Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP), module combustor were carried out at elevated inlet temperature and pressure up to 810 K and 2.0 MPa, close to the real operating conditions of aero-engine combustors. This LPP combustor adopts centrally staged fuel injections which could produce separated stratified swirling spray flame. In the NO_x emissions measurements, the ranges of dome equivalence ratio and fuel stage ratio were from 0.55 to 0.58 and 8% to 24%, respectively. The optical diagnosis on separated stratified swirling spray flame were carried out with fuel stage ratio changing from 15% to 30%. Therefore, NO* and OH* chemiluminescence images were obtained. The results show that NO_x emissions increase with the increase of the fuel stage ratio. And from the chemiluminescence images, the main flame and pilot flame are found weakly coupled. The pilot flame plays a significant role in NO_x emission production because of its higher adiabatic flame temperature. Based on the results of chemiluminescence optical tests, a new NO_x emission prediction model is proposed based on the Lefebvre’s single flame model. The estimate of local equivalence ratio of the pilot stage’s non-premixed flame is modified considering the characteristics of spray combustion, and a “PLUS” emission prediction model suitable for separated stratified swirling spray flame is obtained. Compared to the experimental data, the “PLUS” model exhibits a good prediction in a range of ±13% of deviation.     

贫预混燃烧室化学反应器网络模型建模及不确定性分析

基于CFD三维数值模拟结果的化学反应器(CRN)网络模型方法具有快速预估燃烧室NOx排放的特点。研究通过CFD数值模拟手段获得了贫预混燃烧室流场、温度场等特征分布,基于燃料空气掺混特性、速度场、温度场、OH分布以及达姆科勒数,燃烧室被离散划分为预热区、火焰锋面区、火焰过渡区、后火焰区、中心回流区以及角回流区,建立了复杂的CRN模型表征燃烧室内部的流动特征和火焰结构。以贫预混燃烧器为对象,与实验结果进行了对比验证。通过敏感性和不确定性分析获得了反应区域停留时间和烟气回流比例等关键参数对NOx排放的影响规律。结果表明:CFD-CRN混合方法更适用于在高当量比条件下贫预混燃烧室NOx排放的快速有效预测。在相同扰动强度的条件下,反应预热区域和火焰锋面区域的停留时间扰动对CRN模型预测NOx的生成量和稳定性影响更显著。CFD-CRN混合方法应明确在较高的绝热火焰温度条件下烟气回流比的准确性计算及其对NOx生成的显著影响。      

直混燃烧与LPP组合燃烧室数值研究

设计了直混燃烧与贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)组合的单管燃烧室.燃烧室头部采用同轴同旋向主模旋流器和副模旋流器结构,主、副油路分别采用直射式喷嘴和压力雾化喷嘴,可以在单管燃烧室上掌握和实现低污染燃烧排放控制技术,并采用Fluent软件对设计的单管燃烧室模型进行数值模拟.计算结果表明:主副模燃烧区相互独立;副模是直混燃烧,主要作用稳定火焰.主模是预混燃烧,燃烧区温度分布均匀,从而实现低NO_x排放.解决了大工况下低NO_x排放与慢车贫油熄火之间的矛盾.      

基于燃烧室多反应器模型的民用涡扇发动机排放预测

选用燃油JetA为航空燃料,建立了简化火焰锋面模型、燃烧化学平衡模型、燃烧动力学模型、燃油雾化模型、燃油蒸发模型及污染排放生成模型.采用基于燃烧室多反应器模型对发动机在不同工作状态下的排放产物NOx、未燃碳氢化合物(unburned hydrocarbons,UHC)和CO进行了计算.结果表明:燃烧室内火焰温度越高,NOx排放量越大.在发动机工作在低转速工况下时,燃油液滴的雾化直径大,造成CO与UHC排放量增加.基于燃烧室多反应器模型计算通用性强、速度快,适合与发动机性能程序相结合,在发动机设计阶段对发动机不同工作状态下的排放产物含量进行预测计算.     

燃料分配方式对微燃机燃烧室燃烧性能影响

提出了一种喷口位置可变采用燃料多点喷射的干式低排放(DLE)微型燃气轮机燃烧室,为了获得值班级与主燃级之间燃料分配方式对燃烧性能的影响,对该燃烧室在不同分配方式下的燃烧性能进行了实验测试与数值模拟。结果表明:燃料喷口位置改变对污染物排放影响不显著;燃料分配方式的改变对温度场和污染物的生成特性有影响,随着两级燃料分配比例的增大,NOx排放量呈现先减少后增加的趋势,存在一个最佳的燃料分配比例使NOx排放最低;燃烧室内存在明显的中心回流区(PRZ),便于点火及火焰传播;热力型NOx的生成量与温度高于1 950 K的区域大小和最高燃气温度有直接关系。所设计的燃烧室在以天然气为燃料的所有工况下NOx排放都可降低到50 mg/m3以下,达到了低污染燃烧室排放标准(小于50 mg/m3)。     

不同钝体宽度下的驻涡燃烧室排放试验

为了研究空气流量分配对驻涡燃烧室对排放特性的影响,了解对驻涡燃烧室内污染物生成的过程及其影响因素,设计了一个能够改变中心钝体宽度、仅凹腔供油的驻涡燃烧室.在常压下对该驻涡燃烧室进行了排放特性试验,进口温度保持200℃.试验中,燃烧室进口马赫数为0.15~0.3.影响排放的因素主要包括雾化质量、凹腔当量比以及与进口马赫数相关的驻留时间等.总体来说雾化质量、凹腔当量比的提高对降低CO和HC的排放是有利的,但是这会使NOx排放增加.在低凹腔当量比时,CO排放曲线变化下降比较平缓,甚至出现上升趋势,而HC排放曲线比较陡峭.这是由于HC的消耗速度比CO消耗速度快,随着凹腔当量比的增加,供油压力提高,燃油雾化粒径变小,燃油蒸发时间缩短,使HC排放快速减少,中间产物CO大量产生而来不及消耗.凹腔当量比进一步上升时,由于燃烧温度的提高,使得CO排放快速减少.在燃烧室内燃烧过程中,NOx的形成和消耗是非常复杂的过程,目前只能作一些定性的分析,而CO和HC的反应过程相对简单.通过对不同钝体槽宽下,具有相似凹腔前壁流量的工况的比较,发现CO和HC的形成主要受凹腔内工作状况影响,而NOx的形成过程更复杂,主流也对其产生着重要的影响.      

Design and Performance of an Improved Trapped Vortex Combustor

 A trapped vortex combustor (TVC) has been a very promising novel concept for it offers improvements in lean blow out, altitude relight, operating range, as well as a potential to decrease NO_x emissions compared to conventional combustors. The present paper discusses the improved designs of the new combustor over the prior ones of our research group, including that: a) the overall dimensions, both axial and radial, are reduced to those of an actual aero-engine combustor; b) the air flow distribution is optimized, and especially 15% of the air is fed into the liner as cooling air; c) a straight-wall diffuser with divergence angle 9癷s added. A series of experiments (cavity-fueled only, under atmospheric pressure) has been conducted to investigate the performance of the improved TVC. Experimental results show that at the inlet temperature of 523 K, the inlet pressure of 0.1 MPa, stable operation of the TVC test rig is observed for the Mach number 0.15-0.34, indicating good flame stability; the combustion efficiency obtained in this paper falls into the range of 60%-96%; as the total excess air ratio increases, the combustion efficiency decreases, while the increase of the inlet temperature is beneficial to high combustion efficiency; besides, the optimal Mach numbers for high combustion efficiency under different inlet conditions are confirmed. The outlet temperature profiles feature a bottom in the mid-height of the exit. This paper demonstrates the feasibility for the TVC to be applied to a realistic aero-engine preliminarily and provides reference for TVC design.     

中心分级燃烧室预燃级贫油熄火性能试验

对一种单环腔的中心分级LESS（low emissions stirred swirl）燃烧室进行了常压状态下的贫油熄火性能试验研究.采用单头部试验件,研究了预燃级离心喷嘴流量数、进口温度及燃料类型对贫油熄火性能的影响.结果表明:预燃级采用小流量数的离心喷嘴能够降低贫油熄火当量比.进口温度低于150℃的范围内,随着进口温度的增加,贫油熄火当量比迅速降低;进口温度高于150℃时,温度对贫油熄火当量比的影响作用不明显.气态燃料与液态燃料的贫油熄火当量比随火焰筒压降的变化趋势是不同的,但都趋于相同的值,且在5%的火焰筒压降范围内,气态燃料的贫油熄火当量比低于液态燃料.      

弯曲通道模拟离心条件下的主燃级和预燃级联焰试验

冲压转子发动机是冲压发动机和燃气涡轮发动机的有机结合,其结构简单。冲压转子发动机燃烧室由于其内部受到强离心力场的作用,燃烧室火焰的稳定燃烧以及传播都会受其影响。为了得到离心力场对分级燃烧中两级联焰的影响规律,本文进行了试验研究工作。针对燃烧室在强离心条件下的燃烧特点,采用弯曲通道模拟气流的离心效应。在弯曲试验段上对预燃级和主燃级进行了联焰研究,试验在常温常压条件下进行,进口气流速度范围为10~70m/s。试验中考察了离心力、燃油分级比例以及主燃级燃油喷射初始角度对联焰的影响,试验结果初步验证了燃烧方案的可行性,为冲压转子发动机燃烧室的研究奠定了基础。     

弱旋流喷嘴的污染排放和燃烧稳定性分析

基于弱旋流喷嘴(LSI)的弱旋流燃烧技术具有极低的NOx污染排放能力.分析了弱旋流燃烧的稳定燃烧和降低污染排放的原理,发现其特殊的流动形式及其与湍流火焰传播的匹配是决定其燃烧稳定性和污染排放的主要因素.而弱旋流喷嘴的旋流叶片角度、直径比和流量比等关键参数会影响LSI的下游流动特征,进而影响其燃烧性能.燃料对LSI燃烧稳定性和污染排放的影响主要是通过火焰传播速度和绝热火焰温度发挥作用.为了将液体燃料应用于LSI,目前主要采用了预混预蒸发的方式,试验结果表明:其NOx排放可比采用常规强旋流喷嘴的燃烧室降低10%~60%,但存在自燃和回火的风险.而LSI喷雾燃烧的方式,则需要针对弱旋流液雾燃烧开展更深入的基础研究.只有解决了液体燃料的LSI应用问题,才能发展出不同于传统强旋流燃烧的新一代航空发动机超低排放燃烧室.      

燃烧室燃烧与排放特性试验与数值计算

为了探寻燃烧室进口空气温度、压力以及油气比对点熄火边界、温升、燃烧效率以及主要排放物摩尔分数的影响规律， 对航空发动机燃烧室在多工况下的点熄火特性、出口温度分布与主要排放物摩尔分数进行了试验测试。分别采用正癸烷的简化 反应机理与C 12 H 23 燃料的单步反应机理，对该燃烧室火焰筒内流场结构、温度场、中间组分与主要排放物摩尔分数分布特性进行了 数值计算，并与相应试验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：随着燃烧室进口空气温度、压力以及油气比的提高，燃烧室燃烧效率、 温升、出口平均温度与NO X 摩尔分数逐渐提高，而UHC与CO摩尔分数逐渐降低；与采用C 12 H 23 燃料单步反应机理相比，采用正癸 烷的简化反应机理计算得到的火焰筒内流场与温度场分布更为合理，火焰筒出口温度场分布以及主要排放物摩尔分数与相应试 验数据更为接近，计算精度得到较大提高。     

燃油分级比对LESS燃烧室压力振荡频率的影响

实验研究了燃油分级比对low emissions with stirred swirls(LESS)燃烧室压力振荡频率的影响,在燃烧室进口压力为1.14~2.77MPa,燃烧室进口温度为645~808K,总油气比为0.0242~0.0303,燃烧室压降为3.14%~3.64%范围内,随着燃油分级比减小(32.7%降到5.21%),压力振荡频率下降.采用了简单均匀介质直管道模型和CFD数值方法分析燃油分级比对压力振荡频率的影响.结果表明:燃油分级比引起火焰区的起始位置、轴向长度和平均温度的变化是导致压力振荡频率变化的主要原因.      

Experimental Study on Emission Performance of an LPP/TVC

A key issue in the commercial aircraft engine design is environmental acceptability, and designers are continually challenged to reduce emissions. In this paper, an experimental investigation is performed to evaluate the emission performance of a liquid-fueled trapped vortex combustor (TVC) under lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) mode. When operating as an LPP system, a TVC is fueled both in the cavities and in the main stream. The correlations between the emission performance and the total excess air ratio, the positions (4 positions) of the fuel injectors in the main stream, and the inlet temperature are obtained. Experi- mental results show that both the volume concentrations of unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) and NOx (NO, NO2 usually grouped together as NOx) increase with the increase of total excess air ratio from 1.5 to 3.0; the emission performance relies heavily on the position of the main stream injector, and the best performance is achieved at Position 4 in the experiments; the increase of the inlet temperature impacts on the emission performance positively; the smallest volume concentrations of UHC and NOx obtained in the experiment are 94×10 6 and 2.3×10 6 respectively. This paper validates the feasibility of low emissions for an LPP/TVC and provides a reference for further optimization of TVCs.     

CFD Study of NO_x Emissions in a Model Commercial Aircraft Engine Combustor

Air worthiness requirements of the aircraft engine emission bring new challenges to the combustor research and design. With the motivation to design high performance and clean combustor, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized as the powerful design approach. In this paper, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of reactive two-phase flow in an experimental low emission combustor is performed. The numerical approach uses an implicit compressible gas solver together with a Lagrangian liquid-phase tracking method and the extended coherent flamelet model for turbulence-combustion interaction. The NOx formation is modeled by the concept of post-processing, which resolves the NOx transport equation with the assumption of frozen temperature distribution. Both turbulence-combustion interaction model and NOx formation model are firstly evaluated by the comparison of experimental data published in open literature of a lean direct injection (LDI) combustor. The test rig studied in this paper is called low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor, which is a two-stage model combustor, fueled with liquid kerosene (RP-3) and designed by Beihang University (BUAA). The main stage of LESS combustor employs the principle of lean prevaporized and premixed (LPP) concept to reduce pollutant, and the pilot stage depends on a diffusion flame for flame stabili-zation. Detailed numerical results including species distribution, turbulence performance and burning performance are qualita-tively and quantitatively evaluated. Numerical prediction of NOx emission shows a good agreement with test data at both idle condition and full power condition of LESS combustor. Preliminary results of the flame structure are shown in this paper. The flame stabilization mechanism and NOx reduction effort are also discussed with in-depth analysis.     

Experimental investigation of a gliding discharge plasma jet igniter

Relight of jet engines at high altitude is difficult due to the relatively low pressure and temperature of inlet air. The penetration of initial flame kernel affects the ignition probability in the turbine engine combustor greatly. In order to achieve successful ignition at high altitude, a deeper penetration of initial flame kernel should be generated. In this study, a Gliding Arc Plasma Jet Igniter(GAPJI) is designed to induce initial flame kernel with deeper penetration to achieve successful ...