Sliding mode control based guidance law with impact angle constraint

The terminal guidance problem for an unpowered lifting reentry vehicle against a sta- tionary target is considered. In addition to attacking the target with high accuracy, the vehicle is also expected to achieve a desired impact angle. In this paper, a sliding mode control （SMC）-based guidance law is developed to satisfy the terminal angle constraint. Firstly, a specific sliding mode function is designed, and the terminal requirements can be achieved by enforcing both the sliding mode function and its derivative to zero at the end of the flight. Then, a backstepping approach is used to ensure the finite-time reaching phase of the sliding mode and the analytic expression of the control effort can be obtained. The trajectories generated by this method only depend on the initial and terminal conditions of the terminal phase and the instantaneous states of the vehicle. In order to test the performance of the proposed guidance law in practical application, numerical simulations are carried out by taking all the aerodynamic parameters into consideration. The effec- tiveness of the proposed guidance law is verified by the simulation results in various scenarios.     

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of Chinese RP-3 kerosene

In order to illustrate the combustion characteristics of RP-3 kerosene which is widely used in Chinese aero-engines, the combustion characteristics of RP-3 kerosene were experimentally investigated in a constant volume combustion chamber. The experiments were performed at four different pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.3 MPa, 0.5 MPa and 0.7 MPa, and three different temperatures of 390 K,420 K and 450 K, and over the equivalence ratio range of 0.6–1.6. Furthermore, the laminar combustion speeds of a surrogate fuel for RP-3 kerosene were simulated under certain conditions. The results show that increasing the initial temperature or decreasing the initial pressure causes an increase in the laminar combustion speed of RP-3 kerosene. With the equivalence ratio increasing from 0.6 to 1.6, the laminar combustion speed increases initially and then decreases gradually.The highest laminar combustion speed is measured under fuel rich condition(the equivalence ratio is 1.2). At the same time, the Markstein length shows the same changing trend as the laminar combustion speed with modification of the initial pressure. Increasing the initial pressure will increase the instability of the flame front, which is established by decreased Markstein length. However, different from the effects of the initial temperature and equivalence ratio on the laminar combustion speed,increasing the equivalence ratio will lead to a decrease in the Markstein length and the stability of the flame front, and the effect of the initial temperature on the Markstein length is unclear. Furthermore, the simulated laminar combustion speeds of the surrogate fuel agree with the corresponding experimental datas of RP-3 kerosene within 10% deviation under certain conditions.     

A second-order numerical method for elliptic equations with singular sources using local flter

The presence of Dirac delta function in differential equation can lead to a discontinuity,which may degrade the accuracy of related numerical methods.To improve the accuracy,a secondorder numerical method for elliptic equations with singular sources is introduced by employing a local kernel flter.In this method,the discontinuous equation is convoluted with the kernel function to obtain a more regular one.Then the original equation is replaced by this fltered equation around the singular points,to obtain discrete numerical form.The unchanged equations at the other points are discretized by using a central difference scheme.1D and 2D examples are carried out to validate the correctness and accuracy of the present method.The results show that a second-order of accuracy can be obtained in the fltering framework with an appropriate integration rule.Furthermore,the present method does not need any jump condition,and also has extremely simple form that can be easily extended to high dimensional cases and complex geometry.     

Research on windmill starting characteristics of MTE-D micro turbine engine

Micro turbine engine (MTE) is an important kind of propulsion system for miniature unmanned aircraft or missiles, because of its better high-speed performance (than propeller propulsion) and higher propulsion efficiency (obviously than rockets). Windmill start is a common air-starting mode used in micro turbine engine. The windmill starting characteristics are important to the practical use of micro turbine engine. In this paper, the windmill starting characteristics research for a 12 cm diameter (MTE-D) micro turbine engine is carried out by experiment and numerical simulation. The characteristic of rotor mechanical losses at low-speed condition is stud- ied, and the engine common working line of windmill starting process is obtained. Based on the engine windmill characteristics, the propane ignition characteristics under different inflow conditions are researched, and the envelope of propane ignition and propane flameout is determined. The experimental research of fuel supply and ignition characteristics is completed, and the envelope of fuel supply and ignition is obtained. The windmill stage, propane ignition stage, fuel ignition stage and acceleration process from idling-speed to 80% full speed of MTE-D micro turbine engine is optimized, and the optimization windmill starting parameters are collected. The successful wind-mill starting experiment under this condition with engine speed up to 80% full speed indicates that these starting parameters are reasonable. All the starting parameters of MTE-D micro turbine engine obtained in this work are dimensionless parameters, and the conclusions obtained in this study have some reference to other micro turbine engines with the similar structural form and starting process.     

A quasi-one-dimensional model for hypersonic reactive flow along the stagnation streamline

This study proposes a quasi-one-dimensional model to predict the chemical non-equilibrium flow along the stagnation streamline of hypersonic flow past a blunt body. The model solves reduced equations along the stagnation streamline and predicts nearly identical results as the numerical solution of the full-field Navier-Stokes equations. The high efficiency of this model makes it useful to investigate the overall quantitative behavior of related physical-chemical phenomena. In this paper two important properties of hypersonic flow, shock stand-off distance and oxygen disso-ciation, are studied using the quasi-one-dimensional model with the ideal dissociating gas model. It is found that the shock stand-off distance is affected by both chemical and thermal non-equilibrium. The shock stand-off distance will increase when the flow conditions are changed from equilibrium to non-equilibrium, because the average density of the shock-compressed gas will decrease as a result of the increase in translational energy. For oxygen dissociation, the maximum value of its dis-sociation degree along the stagnation line varies with the flight altitude. It is increased at first and decreased thereafter with the altitude, which is due to the combination effect of the equilibrium shift and chemical non-equilibrium relaxation. The overall variation of the maximum dissociation is then plotted in the speed and altitude coordinates as a reference for engineering application.     

STRATOSPHERIC LIGHTER-THAN-AIR POWERED PLATFORM

A feasibility study has been carried out on a high altitude (20km) superpressurcd PLTA(powered lighter-than-air) platform, which has a long service life and larger payload than that of a large artificial satellite. This PLTA platform has an electric propulsion system to cope with wind flow for position keeping and its thruster is driven by solar power acquired through solar cells. Solar energy is to be stored for night use in regenerative fuel cells. The study is focused on energy balance and hull structure analysis of the platform. This platform is particularly capable of conducting high resolution remote sensing and telecommunications relay. This platform can replace a number of ground-based telecommunications relay facilities and can guarantee reasonable radio frequency intensity enough to secure good telecommunications quality. The altitude where the platform resides is the least windy area in the lower stratosphere at a height from which one can have a direct line of sight on the ground within a 1,     

Thermal shock damage behavior of CVD ZnS by oxygen propane flame：A numerical and experimental study

Chemical vapor deposition zinc sulfide （CVD ZnS） is widely used as an infrared window material to transmit infrared signals, keep the aerodynamic shape and protect its imaging system, which often suffers high temperature and complicated thermal stresses. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the thermal shock damage of CVD ZnS through a finite element method and oxygen propane flame experiments. The finite element model is developed to simulate the temperature and thermal stress fields by an oxygen propane flame. Then, the thermal shock experiments are performed to investigate the thermal shock damage behavior. The results show that the temperature rising rate of the shock surface is fast during the initial heating stage resulting in high thermal stress. After the thermal shock experiment, the scanning electron microscope （SEM） photographs shows that the shock surface of the specimen becomes rough and the microcracks occur in the thermal shock zone. Good agreements are achieved between the numerical solutions and the experimental results.     

Experiment on microscale flames stabilized on surface of annular porous media

The characteristics of the surface stabilized flame on a porous medium in an annular microscale channel were studied experimentally with methane/air mixture. In the pressure drop characteristic study, three porous media with the same pore diameter and different porosities were used and compared. The substitution of the air for the mixture was verified accurately at first. Then the relationship expression of the air pressure drop characteristic was acquired for each porous medium according to the Forcheimer correlation. The third porous medium was selected for the following research, as it had the expression closer to the Darcys law. As for the ignition characteristic study of the surface stabilized flame, a reasonable criterion was established for the flammability limit determination. Based on the criterion, the result showed that the limit reached the minimum value when the mixture equivalence ratio was 0.9. During the extinction characteristic study, through the well designed operating procedure, the experiment was conducted to obtain the strict extinction limit of the surface stabilized flame. It was indicated that the extinction limit at mixture equivalence ratio of 08 was the least.      

Comparison of autoignition characteristics of n-heptane, methylcyclohexane and toluene

The autoignition characteristics of three C7 hydrocarbon fuels,n-heptane,methylcyclohexane and toluene,were comparatively investigated.Ignitions were performed behind the reflected shock waves in a shock tube.The ignition delay times of these fuels were measured at the same igintion conditions with constant fuel mole fraction of 1.0%,equivalence ratio of 1.0,ignition pressure of 1.0×105 Pa(one more 2.0×105 Pa for n-heptane)and temperatures of 1 166-1 662 K.The correlation formula of ignition delay dependence of three fuels on igintion conditions was deduced separately.Results show that the ignition delay time of n-heptane is the shortest while that of toluene is the longest at the same ignition conditions.The ignition delay time of methylcyclohexane is most sensitive to the temperature while that of n-heptane is the least.The comparison of current ignition delay times with the predictions of available chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms has been presented to validate the reliability of mechanisms.The important chemical reactions during the ignition process have been obtained from the sensitivity analysis.     

CFD Study of NO_x Emissions in a Model Commercial Aircraft Engine Combustor

Air worthiness requirements of the aircraft engine emission bring new challenges to the combustor research and design. With the motivation to design high performance and clean combustor, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized as the powerful design approach. In this paper, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of reactive two-phase flow in an experimental low emission combustor is performed. The numerical approach uses an implicit compressible gas solver together with a Lagrangian liquid-phase tracking method and the extended coherent flamelet model for turbulence-combustion interaction. The NOx formation is modeled by the concept of post-processing, which resolves the NOx transport equation with the assumption of frozen temperature distribution. Both turbulence-combustion interaction model and NOx formation model are firstly evaluated by the comparison of experimental data published in open literature of a lean direct injection (LDI) combustor. The test rig studied in this paper is called low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor, which is a two-stage model combustor, fueled with liquid kerosene (RP-3) and designed by Beihang University (BUAA). The main stage of LESS combustor employs the principle of lean prevaporized and premixed (LPP) concept to reduce pollutant, and the pilot stage depends on a diffusion flame for flame stabili-zation. Detailed numerical results including species distribution, turbulence performance and burning performance are qualita-tively and quantitatively evaluated. Numerical prediction of NOx emission shows a good agreement with test data at both idle condition and full power condition of LESS combustor. Preliminary results of the flame structure are shown in this paper. The flame stabilization mechanism and NOx reduction effort are also discussed with in-depth analysis.     

MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of a scramjet at Mach 2.0

The ignition process and flame propagation with ethylene fuel in cavity-stabilized scramjet by a Multi-Channel Gliding Arc(MCGA) at Mach 2.0 were investigated. Effects of equivalence ratios on the MCGA-assisted ignition process and flame propagation of the scramjet were recorded by two high-speed cameras from different view angles. The discharge characteristics of MCGA are also collected synchronously with the high-speed cameras. The distributions of temperature, velocity, and equivalence ratios...     

Ma=4液体碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机点火试验

在模拟飞行马赫数Ma=4,飞行高度H=20 km的条件下,针对不同燃料喷射方式、不同点火位置以及不同燃料当量比,进行了液体碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机内点火过程的直连式试验研究。试验结果表明,在低飞行马赫数条件下,采用火花塞+引导氢的点火方式可以顺利实现单一点火位置条件下的火焰传播过程,并最终在整个燃烧室内实现各喷射位置燃料的燃烧;采用火花塞+引导氢的点火方式有利于实现煤油的点火、火焰维持与稳定燃烧;对于多位置喷油方案,引导氢与煤油的相对位置和当量比配比会使各喷射位置煤油的燃烧产生相互影响;试验最终在当量比0.66的条件下实现了煤油自持、稳定的燃烧。     

折流燃烧室间接点火过程研究

为了研究某折流燃烧室的间接点火过程,对三种不同初始火核位置的燃烧室进行大涡模拟计算,并结合燃烧室点火试验和性能试验进行验证。研究结果表明：折流燃烧室的主燃区可分为三个区域,分别是主回流区、横跨气流区以及次回流区;燃烧室点火成功的关键在于初始火炬进入次回流区;通过大涡模拟计算得到的贫油点火边界油气比与点火试验结果的绝对误差在0.004以内。     

空气/煤油火炬点火器设计及试验

为解决超燃冲压发动机点火难题，设计了一种以空气和煤油作为氧化剂和燃料的火炬点火器。点火器能量设计为300kW，空气和煤油的设计流量分别为98.9g/s和6.7g/s。采用软件CHEMKIN4.0对不同当量比条件下点火器出口气流参数进行了计算，将点火器的工作状态优选为富氧模式。煤油从点火器端面经旋流喷嘴注入，空气分为一次喷注和二次喷注两个支路，采用普通汽车火花塞点燃空气煤油混合物。建立了试验系统，压力测量和摄影图像表明该点火器能够在当量比在0.3~1.3范围内可靠工作。点火器的起动时间约为0.9s，火焰长度约为30cm，存在高频率小幅值脉动燃烧现象。试验表明该点火器能够可靠点燃超燃冲压发动机。      

Modelling ignition probability with pairwise mixing-reaction model for flame particle tracking

Reduced order models for ignition analysis can offer insights into ignition processes and facilitate the combustor optimization. In this study, a Pairwise Mixing-Reaction (PMR) model is formulated to model the interaction between the flame particle and the surrounding cell mixture during Lagrangian flame particle tracking. Specifically, the model accounts for the two-way coupling of mass and energy between the flame particle and the surrounding shell layer by modelling the corresponding turbulent mixing, chemical reaction and evaporation process if present. The state of a flame particle, e.g., burnt, hot gas or extinguished, is determined based on particle temperature. This model can properly describe the ignition process with a spark kernel being initiated in a nonflammable region, which is of practical importance in certain turbine engines and has not been rigorously accounted for by the existing models based on the estimation of local Karlovitz number. The model is integrated into an ignition probability analysis platform and is demonstrated for a methane/air bluff-body flame with the flow and fuel/air mixing characteristics being extracted from a non-reacting simulation. The results show that for the spark location being at the extreme fuel-lean outer shear layer of the recirculation zone, PMR can yield ignition events with a significant number of active flame particles. The mechanisms for the survival of the initial flame particles and the entrainment of the survived flame particles into the recirculation zone are analyzed. The results also show that the ignition probability map from PMR agrees well with the experimental observation: a high ignition probability in the shear layer of the recirculation zone near the mean stoichiometric surface, and low ignition probabilities inside the recirculation zone and the top stagnation region of the recirculation zone. The parametric study shows that the predicted shape of the ignition progress factor and ignition probability is in general insensitive to the model parameters and the model is adequate for quantifying the regions with high ignition probabilities.     

超声速燃烧室氢气强迫点火过程实验

模拟飞行Ma=4.0的超燃冲压发动机的燃烧室进口条件,在直连式试验台上对超燃冲压发动机氢气火花塞点火过程进行了研究。通过高速摄影与高速纹影捕捉了点火过程初始火焰发展与流程波系演化过程。结果表明,初始火焰传播受高速对流、湍流火焰传播和自点火多种机制控制,凹腔结构不仅提供低速环境,还在初始火焰传播过程中具有能量反馈和质量反馈(活化分子)作用,促进剪切层内火焰的发展。     

主燃级旋流数影响三级旋流燃烧室流动与燃烧特性试验

为了研究主燃级旋流数对三级旋流燃烧室内的流动、燃烧特性,设计了两种不同主燃级旋流数的旋流器,通过粒子图像测速仪(PIV)与火焰自发辐射手段得到了燃烧室的流场和火焰结构。研究结果表明:主燃级旋流数的改变对出口流动以及点熄火极限油气比影响较大,主燃级旋流数增加使回流涡心位置向中心和上游靠近,中心回流区高度增加,出口涡量强度降低,下游中心回流区内侧的回流速度,湍流强度增加,火焰结构对称,成功点火时间减少,主燃级旋流数为0.8的点火极限油气比较主燃级旋流数为0.7在进口流量为200、250、300、350 m3/h各工况对应增加了48%、41%、26%、24%,熄火极限油气比各工况均增加30%以上。燃烧时,火焰呈一定的“V”型张角向外燃烧。点火时,火焰沿着中心回流区边界向内侧发展。      

点火位置对中心分级燃烧室点火过程影响的研究

燃烧室点火可靠性关系到发动机的整体性能,而点火位置对点火结果具有较大的影响。本文首先对点火位置位于回流区边缘中游的点火过程进行实验研究,同时采用数值模拟的方法对冷态流场和燃烧过程进行研究并与实验结果对比,从而验证数值模拟的准确性,最后采用数值模拟的方法研究了不同点火位置的火焰传播过程。结果表明,点火初始时刻,在流场的作用下,火核首先在燃油浓度较高的周向进行传播,同时在流场的作用下沿轴向向燃烧室下游传播,最终在回流区的作用下运动至燃烧室头部。当点火位置位于回流区中上游时,点火成功的关键是火焰传播到靠近头部燃油浓度较高的区域,而点火位置位于回流区下游时,其点火成功的关键是火焰传播到燃烧室中心位置并具有较高的能量。最佳点火位置位于回流区边缘的中游位置。     

燃油喷嘴对燃烧性能的控制研究

在WP-7发动机单管燃烧室上采用三种不同形式的燃油喷嘴(离心式、空气雾化式及气旋离心式)进行燃烧试验以研究燃油喷嘴对燃烧性能的控制作用.实验显示了不同形式的喷嘴产生出燃烧性能的差别.通过考察该三种喷嘴对出口温度场燃烧效率、温度不均匀系数、点火、火焰稳定等的控制程度得出:根据需要,可以选择适当的喷嘴来控制性能.特别是本文研究的气旋离心式喷嘴易于控制出口温度场的热点位置,具有离心式和空气雾化式两种喷嘴的优点.     

蒸发管供油的单驻涡燃烧室贫油点火试验

针对一种采用蒸发管供油的矩形单驻涡燃烧室试验段,采用高能电嘴直接点火方式,通过改变电嘴位置,电嘴深入到凹腔深度和电嘴能量,在不同主流工况下进行点火试验,找出针对特定结构和进气方式驻涡燃烧室的最佳点火位置。试验结果表明:这种结构的单涡燃烧室在主流温度623～723K,马赫数0.3～0.55范围都可以点火成功;主流温度增高以及电嘴能量增大有利于点火;电嘴深入凹腔深度增加并不能一定有利于点火;不同的点火位置表现出了不同的点火规律。