稀薄流热化学非平衡效应的DSMC研究

以钝体绕流驻点线流场为例，应用直接仿真蒙特卡罗法，模拟了五组元混合气体（Ｎ２，Ｏ２，Ｎ，Ｏ，ＮＯ）中的碰撞能松弛，离散反应，交换反应及复合反应，给出了碰撞分子各自由度间的能量交换模式及各类化学反应的选择模式。ＤＳＭＣ仿真结果与宏观粘性激波层方程计算结果，在飞行高度较低时基本相符，表明采用的热化学非平衡非模式是令人满意的，随着飞行高度增高稀薄气体效应增大，二者在激波附近有显著差异，表明高空飞行必须考     

Numerical analysis of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment for an entry configuration in ionized flow

A theoretical methodology for thermochemical non-equilibrium flow combing with the HLLC (Harten-Lax-van Leer Contact) scheme was applied to study the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of an entry configuration in ionized flow. A two-temperature controlling model was utilized and the Gupta’s 11 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N, NO⁺, N₂⁺, O₂⁺, N⁺, O⁺, e^?) thermochemical non-equilibrium model was taken. Firstly, numerical calculations of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environments for different aerodynamic shapes were carried out to verify the reliability of the method above. Then, the method was used to research the effects of ionization and wall catalysis on the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of the entry configuration in ionized flow. The shock stand-off distance can be reduced by thermochemical reactions but doesn’t continue to decrease significantly when ionization occurs. The shock stand-off distance calculated by the 11 species model is 4.2% smaller than that calculated by the 5 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N) thermochemical non-equilibrium model without considering ionization. Ionization reduces wall heat flux but increases wall pressure a little. The effect of ionization on aerothermal loads is greater than that of aerodynamic loads. The thermochemical reactions of electrons and ions catalyzed at the wall increase wall heat flux significantly but make a small change in wall pressure. The maximum wall heat flux obtained by only considering the electrons and ions catalyzed at the partially catalytic wall condition is 11.8% less than that calculated at the super-catalytic wall condition.     

Theoretical investigation of shock stand-off distance for non-equilibrium flows over spheres

We derived a theoretical solution of the shock stand-off distance for a non-equilibrium flow over spheres based on Wen and Hornung’s solution and Olivier’s solution. Compared with previous approaches, the main advantage of the present approach is allowing an analytic solution without involving any semi-empirical parameter for the whole non-equilibrium flow regimes. The effects of some important physical quantities therefore can be fully revealed via the analytic solution. By combining the current solution with Ideal Dissociating Gas (IDG) model, we investigate the effects of free stream kinetic energy and free stream dissociation level (which can be very different between different facilities) on the shock stand-off distance.     

DSMC量子动理学化学反应模型的数值模拟

为评估直接模拟蒙特卡罗（DSMC）方法中新近发展的一种量子动理学（QK）化学反应模型，在自研高超声速稀薄气体流动数值模拟软件RariHV中实现该模型，并进行了单个绝热单元内的热泳平衡/非平衡反应测试。结果表明，数值解与理论解吻合良好，QK模型具有很好的预测化学反应流动的能力。为进一步验证QK模型在真实流动中的表现，还计算了高超声速绕圆柱的化学反应流动，QK模型计算的驻点线上温度和组分分布都与总碰撞能（TCE）模型结果吻合良好。相较于TCE模型，QK模型的优势是不再依赖反应速率系数的实验数据，在深空探测等化学反应数据缺乏的领域具有一定的应用前景。     

真实气体效应下高马赫数内转进气道特性研究

为初步研究高马赫数内转进气道在真实气体效应下的工作特性,首先设计额定工作状态Ma=12的高超声速内转进气道,再结合不同气体模型对其进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:化学非平衡气体在流场结构、工作性能和气动加热方面与热完全气体较为相近,与热化学非平衡气体存在一定差别。离解反应发生在边界层内和低速涡流区内,热化学非平衡气体的离解反应程度比化学非平衡气体大。在隔离段内激波反射处,相比完全气体,化学反应气体的静温降低了2000～2500K。高热流区在上壁面喉道位置与下壁面激波反射点位置附近,温度较高的等温壁面、热化学非平衡气体均可降低壁面热流密度,不同壁面条件对隔离段出口性能参数影响较为明显。真实气体效应、壁面温度对隔离段涡流区的影响较为复杂,有待进一步研究。     

电离对高超声速稀薄流飞行器气动热影响

将电离反应模型扩展到（direct simulation Monte Carlo,DSMC）方法中,研究了电离反应效应对高超声速稀薄流飞行器气动热的影响特性.针对稀薄流场中电子出现带来的实际困难,引入“捆绑法”思想处理电子在流场中的运动,并给出了电离反应模型及电离反应处理方法.在以RAM-C Ⅱ飞行器外形为例对增加了电离反应的DSMC代码进行验证的基础上,以“星尘号”探测器外形为研究对象,针对不同飞行高度下5组元混合气体模型（无电离）和11组元混合气体模型（含电离）的化学非平衡流动开展了数值模拟,细致分析和对比了电离反应效应对探测器气动热的影响规律.研究结果表明:采用的电离反应处理方案能够模拟带电离反应的高超声速化学非平衡稀薄流动.在飞行高度为60km时电离反应对探测器气动热的影响最为强烈,使探测器的驻点热流密度降低了5.12%,电离反应对探测器气动热的影响随气体稀薄程度增加而减弱.      

三维等离子体MHD气动热环境数值模拟

电磁流动控制技术是一个多学科交叉融合的重要研究方向,在高超声速飞行器气动特性优化、气动热环境减缓、边界层转捩和等离子体分布等流动控制方面显示出广阔的应用前景。考虑高超声速飞行器绕流流场中发生的离解、复合、电离和置换等化学反应,气体分子振动能激发以及化学非平衡效应,耦合电磁场作用并基于低磁雷诺数假设,通过数值模拟求解三维非平衡Navier-Stokes流场控制方程和Maxwell电磁场控制方程,建立磁场与三维等离子体流场耦合数值模拟方法及程序,采用典型算例进行考核。在此基础上,开展不同条件下磁场对再入三维等离子体流场以及气动热环境影响分析。研究表明:建立的高超声速飞行器的等离子体流场与磁场耦合计算方法及程序,其数值模拟结果与文献符合,外加磁场使飞行器头部弓形激波外推,磁场强度越强,激波面外推距离越大;不同磁场强度环境下,流场中温度峰值大小略有变化,变化幅度较小;磁场对绝大部分区域的热流有减缓作用,作用的大小与飞行高度、马赫数以及磁场的配置紧密相关;当前的计算条件下,飞行的高度越高,磁场的作用越明显。     

火星进入器高空稀薄气动特性

针对火星稀薄大气环境进入器气动特性问题,以类火星科学实验室外形为例,计算分析火星稀薄大气真实气体效应对气动特性的影响,给出火星高空稀薄环境下的气动特性规律。研究发现,随着飞行高度的增加,稀薄度增加,激波脱体距离、激波厚度增大,激波强度减弱,明显的激波结构逐渐消失,流场等值线更趋于圆弧状分布;真实气体效应使得迎风面压缩及背风面膨胀增强,轴向力、法向力及顶点力矩系数等预测结果与完全气体模型预测结果相比绝对值偏大;随着稀薄度增大,轴向力、法向力及顶点力矩系数等绝对值增大,在同样的迎角下,随稀薄度的增加,纵向压心前移,进入器的静稳定性变差。     

高超声速飞行器表面温度分布与气动热耦合数值研究

针对高超声速飞行器热防护设计中的高温气体非平衡效应问题和气动热环境精确预测问题,基于流场的非平衡Navier-Stokes方程、表面的能量守恒方程和内部的热传导方程,考虑流场的非平衡效应、表面的热辐射效应、催化效应和烧蚀效应以及热防护层内部的热传导效应,建立了初步的表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算方法,完善了高超声速飞行器气动物理流场计算软件(AEROPH_Flow)。在表面材料为碳-碳(C-C)条件下,对飞行高度为65km和飞行速度为8,10km/s的半球以及飞行高度为50km和飞行速度为8km/s的球锥模型,开展了表面温度分布与气动热的耦合计算,验证了计算方法和计算软件,分析了表面温度分布对气动热环境的影响。研究结果表明:表面温度分布对气动热的计算结果有较大影响,在气动热环境的预测中,不仅要考虑热化学非平衡效应和表面催化效应的影响,还要考虑表面温度分布的影响,最好是采用表面温度分布与气动热耦合计算的方法,以减小表面温度分布对气动热计算结果的影响。为此,需要发展完善非平衡流场/表面催化和烧蚀/热传导温度场(气/表/固)的计算模型、耦合求解技术和计算软件,实现对高超声速飞行器的真实飞行条件下高温气体非平衡效应和气动热环境的精确模拟。     

真实气体效应对等离子体鞘套及电磁参数的影响

针对高速飞行器高超声速飞行环境，建立了热化学非平衡流动数值模拟技术，并对计算方法的可靠性进行了验证，接着开展了真实气体效应对飞行器等离子体鞘套及其电磁参数的影响规律分析。结果表明:飞行器物面中心线等离子体密度峰值与飞行试验符合良好；对于碰撞频率，沿滞止流线，双温模型以及Park反应模型对等离子体碰撞频率的影响趋势是一致的；对于相对介电常数，除激波附近，流场其他区域的实部接近1，激波附近小于1，虚部沿滞止流线逐渐升高；双温模型以及Park反应模型对相对介电常数实部和虚部的影响趋势是一致的。      

Nonequilibrium recombination after a curved shock wave

The effect of nonequilibrium recombination after a curved two-dimensional shock wave in a hypervelocity dissociating flow of an inviscid Lighthill–Freeman gas is considered. An analytical solution is obtained with the effective shock values derived by Hornung (1976) [5] and the assumption that the flow is ‘quasi-frozen’ after a thin dissociating layer near the shock. The solution gives the expression of dissociation fraction as a function of temperature on a streamline. A rule of thumb can then be provided to check the validity of binary scaling for experimental conditions and a tool to determine the limiting streamline that delineates the validity zone of binary scaling. The effects on the nonequilibrium chemical reaction of the large difference in free stream temperature between free-piston shock tunnel and equivalent flight conditions are discussed. Numerical examples are presented and the results are compared with solutions obtained with two-dimensional Euler equations using the code of Candler (1988) [10].     

高温气体效应对高超声速磁流体控制的影响

高温气体效应会严重影响高温气体流场的流动特性，进而影响高超声速磁流体控制效率。基于低磁雷诺数假设，通过耦合求解带电磁源项的三维Navier-Stokes流场控制方程和电场泊松方程，开展完全气体模型、平衡气体模型、化学非平衡气体模型、热化学非平衡气体模型等条件下的高超声速磁流体控制数值模拟，分析气体模型对磁流体控制的影响，研究高温气体各种非平衡效应及焦耳热振动能量配比等对高超声速磁流体控制的影响规律。研究表明：化学非平衡效应对高超声速磁流体控制影响显著，采用化学非平衡气体模型模拟得到的磁控增阻特性介于完全气体模型和平衡气体模型之间，平衡气体和完全气体模型磁控热流变化的定性规律，与非平衡气体模型模拟结果差异很大；热力学非平衡效应对高超声速磁流体控制的影响，与焦耳热振动能量作用比率紧密相关，随该配比增大，磁场增阻效果由67%降到约12%；高温气体效应会极大地降低磁控增阻效果，会明显地增强部分表面区域的磁控热流减缓效果，要准确数值模拟高超声速磁流体控制，必须有效地考虑化学和热力学非平衡效应，同时选用接近实际情况的焦耳热振动能量配比。     

高超声速非平衡流场多个振动温度模型的数值研究

利用数值求解热化学非平衡Navier-Stokes方程的方法,建立了考虑一个和多个振动温度的高超声速热化学非平衡流场的CFD计算程序,并对半球模型和球锥模型进行了数值计算,研究结果表明:(1)各个分子组分的振动温度分布于考虑一个振动温度模型的振动温度周围,即一个振动温度模型的振动温度是多个振动温度模型的各个分子组分振动温度的一种平均值;(2)在模型身部,振动温度的峰值高于平动温度的峰值;在模型近尾出现振动温度冻结并高于平动温度。     

局部催化特性差异对气动热环境影响的计算分析

高温气体非平衡效应及其壁面催化效应对高超声速飞行器气动热环境造成显著影响,是当前高超声速飞行器气动热环境预测和热防护设计的关键问题之一。考虑高温空气离解与电离等化学反应、气体分子热力学激发、流动中的非平衡效应和壁面催化效应,通过数值求解三维热化学非平衡Navier-Stokes方程和壁面处质量、能量平衡关系,完善了高温气体热化学非平衡流场有限催化气动热环境数值计算方法和计算程序,采用典型算例进行了考核验证。在此基础上,开展了不同条件下高超声速飞行器热化学非平衡流场气动热环境数值模拟,分析局部催化特性差异对气动热环境的影响。研究表明：所建立的高超声速飞行器热化学非平衡流场有限催化气动热环境数值计算方法及程序,其数值模拟结果与飞行试验、文献符合;局部催化特性差异会导致热流跳变,其热流跳变量与催化特性差异量、材料分布方式等有关;催化特性差异较大时,局部区域热流可能远远高于飞行器全表面完全催化的热流结果,此时将飞行器在全表面完全催化（FCW）和完全非催化（NCW）条件下的数值模拟结果作为实际飞行过程中表面热流的上、下限这一简化处理方式,是不可取的。     

Vibrational relaxation of CO2(m,nl, p) in a CO2N2 mixture. Part 2: Application to a one-dimensional problem

In order to quantify the relaxation mechanism of CO₂(m, n^l, p), the vibrational level populations are calculated for a particular test-case: the vibrational relaxation of a CO₂N₂ mixture along the stagnation streamline in a reentry problem. The N₂ species is chosen as a collision partner because it is a component existing in numerous gaseous mixtures (cf. Part. 1). Excitation and deexcitation processes are taken following Nickerson and Herzfeld. The Navier-Stokes code CELHYO for the simulation of hypersonic laminar viscous flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium is used with a new one-dimensional approach, reduction of the Navier-Stokes equations along the stagnation streamline. Mass fraction and ‘vibrational temperature’ distributions of every vibrational level, considered as an independent chemical species, are presented for the two different CO₂N₂ mixture compositions. The validity of the usual assumptions for the vibrational mechanism is examined on the basis of the obtained results.     

基于轴对称比拟的高超声速复杂外形气动热预测方法研究

轴对称比拟法是高超声速飞行器气动热计算的一种有效方法。针对轴对称比拟法应用时公式推导繁琐、变量迭代复杂、计算量大的缺陷,直接在笛卡尔坐标系下采用三维线性方程拟合物面方程及流场变量,推导出相应的流线尺度因子计算公式,扩展了驻点区热流密度的计算方法,提出了一种驻点区下游流线推进格式。以改进的轴对称比拟法为基础,将边界层外无粘流场数值方法与边界层内气动热工程算法进行耦合,发展了一套适用于三维复杂外形飞行器的气动热计算方法。通过对球头钝锥和双椭球算例进行验证,结果表明:方法计算效率较高,适用范围较广,热流计算结果和实验数据吻合良好。     

平衡空气模型的流动稳定性及转捩预测

研究高超声速平板边界层考虑真实气体效应的流动稳定性问题.采用7组元化学反应平衡模型,黏度和导热系数采用混合律,同时考虑组元浓度扩散引起的能量传递,在马赫数为10~20、壁面温度为500~3500K、飞行高度为20~30.5km等条件下,对平板边界层流动的稳定性进行了分析,给出了扰动演化相对增长的N值.计算结果表明:高马赫数飞行中不稳定扰动的第3模态将与第2模态合并,共同影响转捩;高温真实气体的流动稳定性特征,随着马赫数、壁面温度、飞行高度变化的基本趋势与完全气体的基本一致;与完全气体相比,真实气体的相对增长N值包络线较小,表明高温真实气体将抑制转捩发生.      

高温化学非平衡湍流边界层脉动量象限分析

高超声速飞行器在较低空域以极高马赫数飞行时，表面会同时存在湍流与化学非平衡流动，但目前针对此类高温化学非平衡湍流边界层流动特性的研究工作还比较有限，对不同湍流特征的主导流动机制的认识还有待于进一步深入。选取高超声速楔形体头部斜激波后的流动状态，设置3种不同的壁面温度，通过直接数值模拟对比了不同壁温条件下的边界层参数分布特性，并采用象限分解技术分析了边界层不同象限流动事件对雷诺剪切应力、湍流热流、湍流质量扩散的贡献。结果显示：在整个边界层中上抛和下扫运动对雷诺剪切应力的贡献占优；冷壁效应会使得流向和法向湍流热流通量的主导流动事件在温度峰值两侧发生改变。O原子组分流向湍流组分扩散主要受到高质量分数流体慢速运动事件和低质量分数流体快速运动事件的影响，而法向湍流组分扩散则主要受到高质量分数流体向上运动事件和低质量分数流体向下运动事件的影响。     

Prediction of shock-layer ultraviolet radiation for hypersonic vehicles in near space

A systemic and validated model was developed to predict ultraviolet spectra features from the shock layer of near-space hypersonic vehicles in the ‘‘solar blind" band region. Computational procedures were performed with 7-species thermal non-equilibrium fluid mechanics, finite rate chemistry, and radiation calculations. The thermal non-equilibrium flow field was calculated with a two-temperature model by the finite volume technique and verified against the bow-shock ultra-violet(BSUV) flight experiments. The absorption coefficient of the mixture gases was evaluated with a line-by-line method and validated through laboratory shock tube measurements. Using the line of sight(LOS) method, radiation was calculated from three BSUV flights at altitudes of 38,53.5 and 71 km. The investigation focused on the level and structure of ultraviolet spectra radiated from a NO band system in wavelengths of 200–400 nm. Results predicted by the current model show qualitative spatial agreement with the measured data. At a velocity of 3.5 km/s(about Mach11), the peak absolute intensity at an altitude of 38 km is two orders of magnitude higher than that at 53.5 km. Under the same flight conditions, the spectra structures have quite a similar distribution at different viewing angles. The present computational model performs well in the prediction of the ultraviolet spectra emitted from the shock layer and will contribute to the investigation and analysis of radiative features of hypersonic vehicles in near space.     

Radical recombination in a hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet nozzle

To reveal the radical recombination process in the scramjet nozzle flow and study the effects of various factors of the recombination, weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes are applied to solve the decoupled two-dimensional Euler equations with chemical reactions to simulate the hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet nozzle flow. The accuracy of the numerical method is verified with the measurements obtained by a shock tunnel experiment. The overall model length is nearly 0.5 m, with inlet static temperatures ranging from 2000 K to 3000 K, inlet static pressures ranging from 75 k Pa to 175 k Pa, and inlet Mach numbers of 2.0 ± 0.4 are involved.The fraction Damkohler number is defined as functions of static temperature and pressure to analyze the radical recombination progresses. Preliminary results indicate that the energy releasing process depends on different chemical reaction processes and species group contributions. In hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet nozzle flow, reactions with H have the greatest contribution during the chemical equilibrium shift. The contrast and analysis of the simulation results show that the radical recombination processes influenced by inflow conditions and nozzle scales are consistent with Damkohler numbers and potential dissociation energy release. The increase of inlet static temperature improves both of them, thus making the chemical non-equilibrium effects on the nozzle performance more significant. While the increase of inlet static pressure improves the former one and reduces the latter, it exerts little influence on the chemical non-equilibrium effects.