Adaptive formation control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles with bounded control thrust

In this paper, the flight formation control problem of a group of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with parametric uncertainties and external disturbances is studied. Unit-quaternions are used to represent the attitudes of the quadrotor UAVs. Separating the model into a translational subsystem and a rotational subsystem, an intermediary control input is introduced to track a desired velocity and extract desired orientations. Then considering the internal parametric uncertainties and external disturbances of the quadrotor UAVs, the priori-bounded intermediary adaptive control input is designed for velocity tracking and formation keeping, by which the bounded control thrust and the desired orientation can be extracted. Thereafter, an adaptive con-trol torque input is designed for the rotational subsystem to track the desired orientation. With the proposed control scheme, the desired velocity is tracked and a desired formation shape is built up. Global stability of the closed-loop system is proven via Lyapunov-based stability analysis. Numer-ical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

Fully distributed time-varying formation tracking control for multiple quadrotor vehicles via finite-time convergent extended state observer

This paper investigates a time-varying anti-disturbance formation problem for a group of quadrotor aircrafts with time-varying uncertainties and a directed interaction topology. A novel Finite-Time Convergent Extended State Observer (FTCESO) based fully-distributed formation control scheme is proposed to enhance the disturbance rejection and the formation tracking performances for networked quadrotors. By adopting the hierarchical control strategy, the multi-quadrotor system is separated into two subsystems: the outer-loop cooperative subsystem and the inner-loop attitude subsystem. In the outer-loop subsystem, with the estimation of disturbing forces and uncertain dynamics from FTCESOs, an adaptive consensus theory based cooperative controller is exploited to ensure the multiple quadrotors form and maintain a time-varying pattern relying only on the positions of the neighboring aircrafts. In the inner-loop subsystem, the desired attitude generated by the cooperative control law is stably tracked under a FTCESO-based attitude controller in a finite time. Based on a detailed algorithm to specify the cooperative control protocol, the feasibility condition to achieve the time-varying anti-disturbance formation tracking is derived and the rigorous analysis of the whole closed-loop multi-quadrotor system is given. Some numerical examples are conducted to intuitively demonstrate the effectiveness and the improvements of the proposed control framework.     

挠性航天器的退步直接自适应姿态跟踪控制

针对参数不确定的挠性航天器姿态跟踪控制问题,提出了一种退步直接自适应控制算法。首先验证了挠性航天器动力学子系统的近似严格正实性,并设计了具有理想控制性能的参考模型;然后对以姿态四元数描述的运动学子系统设计常系数输出反馈中间控制律,使航天器姿态四元数输出渐近跟踪参考模型输出;最后退一步,对具有参数不确定特性的动力学子系统,基于非线性直接自适应控制理论和Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了退步直接自适应姿态跟踪控制器,并证明了闭环系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,所提控制方法能有效抑制挠性附件的振动,对挠性航天器的控制是有效的。     

A New Hybrid Control Scheme for an Integrated Helicopter and Engine System

A new hybrid control scheme is presented with a robust multiple model fusion control(RMMFC) law for a UH-60 helicopter and an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) controller for its engines.This scheme is a control design method with every subsystem designed separately but fully considering the couplings between them.With three subspaces with respect to forward flight velocity,a RMMFC is proposed to devise a four-loop reference signal tracing control for the helicopter,which escapes the closed-loop system from unstable state due to the extreme complexity of this integrated nonlinear system.The engines are controlled by the proposed ADRC decoupling controller,which fully takes advantage of a good compensation ability for unmodeled dynamics and extra disturbances,so as to compensate torque disturbance in power turbine speed loop.By simulating a forward acceleration flight task,the RMMFC for the helicopter is validated.It is apparent that the integrated helicopter and engine system(IHES) has much better dynamic performance under the new control scheme.Especially in the switching process,the large transient is significantly weakened,and smooth transition among candidate controllers is achieved.Over the entire simulation task,the droop of power turbine speed with the proposed ADRC controller is significantly slighter than with the conventional PID controller,and the response time of the former is much faster than the latter.By simulating a rapid climb and descent flight task,the results also show the feasibility for the application of the proposed multiple model fusion control.Although there is aggressive power demand in this maneuver,the droop of power turbine speed with an ADRC controller is smaller than using a PID controller.The control performance for helicopter and engine is enhanced by adopting this hybrid control scheme,and simulation results in other envelope state give proofs of robustness for this new scheme.     

无人直升机飞行控制系统设计

基于直升机非线性动力学方程 ,在简化悬停和低速飞行模态的推力扭矩模型的基础之上 ,用多变量线性鲁棒控制、遗传模糊控制和非线性跟踪控制等 3种不同方法 ,设计了飞行控制系统 ,并通过各种飞行仿真验证了飞行控制性能 ,分析与比较了这 3种方法的特点     

四旋翼飞行器姿态控制建模与仿真

四旋翼飞行器是典型的欠驱动、非线性、强耦合系统。其姿态控制精度和抗干扰问题一直是研究热点之一。为了实现小型低成本四旋翼飞行器姿态准确控制,详细分析了四旋翼飞行器受力情况,利用牛顿-欧拉方程建立了四旋翼飞行器非线性动力学模型,针对四旋翼飞行器在实际飞行过程中经常会遇到阵风、气流等不确定外界干扰,设计了基于小扰动的PID控制器,并通过对俯仰通道、横滚通道、偏航通道MATLAB/Simulink仿真模型进行仿真测试和结果分析。结果表明:所设计控制算法能够满足四旋翼飞行器姿态控制要求,并具有较好的抗干扰性能。     

Sliding mode tracking control for miniature unmanned helicopters

A sliding mode control design for a miniature unmanned helicopter is presented. The control objective is to let the helicopter track some predefined velocity and yaw trajectories. A new sliding mode control design method is developed based on a linearized dynamic model. In order to facilitate the control design, the helicopter’s dynamic model is divided into two subsystems,such as the longitudinal-lateral and the heading-heave subsystem. The proposed controller employs sliding mode control technique to compensate for the immeasurable flapping angles’ dynamic effects and external disturbances. The global asymptotic stability(GAS) of the closed-loop system is proved by the Lyapunov based stability analysis. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed controller can achieve superior tracking performance compared with the proportionalintegral-derivative(PID) and linear-quadratic regulator(LQR) cascaded controller in the presence of wind gust disturbances.     

四旋翼无人机非奇异终端滑模位置控制器设计

针对四旋翼无人机存在模型不确定性、在野外飞行时易受外界环境干扰问题,首先采用牛顿-欧拉法进行系统建模;然后按照内外环控制结构,外环位置控制器输出姿态指令作为内环姿态控制器的输入,内环采用串级PID控制器,重点针对外环设计了一种非奇异终端滑模控制器,并基于Lyapunov理论证明了位置子系统的稳定性,得出系统误差能够在有限时间收敛到0的结论;最后,通过定点控制和轨迹跟踪仿真,表明控制器具有较快的响应速度和良好的抗干扰性能,能够快速精确地进行轨迹跟踪。     

基于系统分解的三自由度直升机控制仿真研究

三自由度直升机模型是多变量、非线性、强耦合的复杂控制对象,针对对象维数较高,控制器不易设计的问题,提出了一种基于系统分解的控制方法。首先建立了直升机的数学模型,并通过输入-状态线性化方法将模型线性化;其次将模型分解为两个子系统;最后分别采用无静差跟踪方法与PD控制方法设计子系统控制器。该方法通过模型分解,可大大降低控制器设计难度。仿真结果表明直升机姿态轨迹跟踪效果良好。     

直升机垂直飞行鲁棒控制系统设计与仿真

应用基于Lyapunov直接法的非线性不确定系统鲁棒控制方法，为某型直升机垂直飞行模态设计了鲁棒控制律，该控制律能保证闭环系统具有全局稳定性。为验证所设计鲁棒控制律的有效性，对直机机垂直飞行的三 机动：设定点悬停、起飞着陆机和忽上忽下机动，分别进行了闭环系统仿真。仿真结果表明，所设计的控制律对系统参数的摄动具有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于极值搜索的四旋翼无人机自抗扰控制

为了提高四旋翼无人机飞行过程中的抗干扰能力,提出了基于极值搜索算法的自抗扰控制技术。首先,建立了四旋翼无人机非线性数学模型;然后,设计了基于极值搜索的自抗扰控制器,对无人机的位置和姿态进行控制;同时,设计扩张状态观测器估计系统内部及外部总扰动,对系统扰动进行补偿。仿真结果表明,所提方法不仅能抑制外界干扰,而且能显著改善飞行控制系统的瞬态性能和稳态性能。     

直升机飞行动力学数学建模问题

直升机飞行动力学数学模型是飞行控制系统设计的基础,也是直升机飞行品质设计和评估的主要手段。直升机是一个多体系统,在直升机飞行动力学建模过程中,必须考虑旋翼、机体与升力面等的运动耦合、惯性耦合、结构耦合和气动耦合以及非定常、非线性特性,给出各个运动部件的物理模型及其数学表达形式,是对不同假设、子模型进行分析和综合的一个复杂的过程。鉴于此,简要回顾了单旋翼带尾桨直升机飞行动力学数学模型的研究现状,着重描述了直升机飞行动力学数学建模中的旋翼气动力建模、直升机气动干扰建模、旋翼/发动机建模以及直升机飞行动力学模型的集成与综合的研究现状与研究进展。最后,针对直升机飞行动力学的数学建模提出了今后的研究重点。     

基于在线滚动LS-SVR的涡轴发动机混合预测控制

提出了一种串级PID+非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)的混合控制方案,用于涡轴发动机控制系统中。其中:主控制回路采用串级PID控制器以消除静差保证系统稳定;带约束优化的预测控制器则用于实时燃油补偿,以增强发动机系统对直升机功率需求的快速跟随能力。该预测控制器是基于在线预测模型实现,首先在VC环境下设计在线滚动最小二乘支持向量回归机(OSLS-SVR),在线训练高精度、实时性好的内嵌式预测模型,其测试精度可达3‰;而后利用该模型与序列二次规划(SQP)算法完成滚动优化,建立预测控制器;最后,在UH-60A直升机/T700涡轴发动机综合模型仿真环境下,通过模拟直升机大幅急速升降操作,验证了该混合预测控制方案对大扰动具有较强的抑制能力及鲁棒性,从而使直升机获得更好的机动性能。     

小型无人直升机建模与鲁棒飞行控制研究

以某小型无人直升机为对象,采用分体法分析了机体各部分受力情况。根据力与力矩的平衡关系,获得了无人直升机完整的非线性飞行动力学数学模型。基于所建模型,进行了所有飞行状态下无人直升机的配平计算。根据配平结果,获得了悬停时的线性状态空间模型,在考虑风扰动前提下,采用H∞静态输出反馈控制方法对无人直升机内外回路控制器进行了设计。仿真结果表明,所建模型的配平结果与实际直升机特性基本相符,验证了模型的有效性;H∞综合控制方法较好地实现了对扰动下无人直升机状态的控制,表明该算法具有良好的鲁棒性、解耦性及跟踪特性。     

小型无人直升机活塞式电喷发动机冲速段的控制策略

针对小型无人直升机使用的活塞式电喷发动机的冲速段特性, 给出了折线法的转速指令控制策略, 并与常用的固定斜率转速指令增量的方法进行比较。通过开车试验数据分析, 折线法能够有效地解决冲速段的富油和冲速问题, 实现冲速段的转速控制, 并且具备较强的鲁棒性。      

考虑输入饱和的固定翼无人机自适应增益滑模控制

针对复杂环境下的固定翼无人机飞行控制问题，考虑输入饱和以及复杂外界干扰的影响，提出一种基于自适应滑模控制方法的固定翼无人机飞行控制策略。首先，对固定翼无人机模型进行介绍，将模型分为姿态子系统和速度子系统；其次，针对姿态子系统和速度子系统的特点以及控制需求，分别采用自适应多变量螺旋滑模和自适应快速超螺旋滑模设计姿态控制器和速度控制器，该策略无需设计干扰观测器对外界干扰进行估计，仍然可以实现固定翼无人机对姿态参考指令和速度参考指令的有限时间精确跟踪，并基于Lyapunov的稳定性分析方法证明了闭环系统的稳定性。最后，对本文所提出的控制策略进行了仿真验证，结果表明该控制策略具有良好的控制性能。     

Novel adaptive neural control of flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles based on sliding mode differentiator

A novel adaptive neural control strategy is exploited for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle(FAHV).By utilizing functional decomposition method, the dynamics of FAHV is decomposed into the velocity subsystem and the altitude subsystem.For each subsystem, only one neural network is employed for the unknown function approximation.To further reduce the computational burden, minimal-learning parameter(MLP)technology is used to estimate the norm of ideal weight vectors rather than their elements.By introducing sliding mode differentiator(SMD) to estimate the newly defined variables, there is no need for the strict-feedback form and virtual controller.Hence the developed control law is considerably simpler than the ones derived from back-stepping scheme.Finally, simulation studies are made to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach in spite of the flexible effects, system uncertainties and varying disturbances.     

Time-varying linear control for tiltrotor aircraft

Tiltrotor aircraft have three flight modes: helicopter mode, airplane mode, and transition mode. A tiltrotor has characteristics of highly nonlinear, time-varying flight dynamics and inertial/control couplings in its transition mode. It can transit from the helicopter mode to the airplane mode by tilting its nacelles, and an effective controller is crucial to accomplish tilting transition missions. Longitudinal dynamic characteristics of the tiltrotor are described by a nonlinear Lagrange-form model, which takes into account inertial/control couplings and aerodynamic interferences. Reference commands for airspeed velocity and attitude in the transition mode are calculated dynamically by visiting a command library which is founded in advance by analyzing the flight envelope of the tiltrotor. A Time-Varying Linear (TVL) model is obtained using a Taylor-expansion based online linearization technique from the nonlinear model. Subsequently, based on an optimal control concept, an online optimization based control method with input constraints considered is proposed. To validate the proposed control method, three typical tilting transition missions are simulated using the nonlinear model of XV-15 tiltrotor aircraft. Simulation results show that the controller can be used to control the tiltrotor throughout its operating envelop which includes a transition flight, and can also deal with vertical gust disturbances.     

基于干扰观测器的四旋翼无人机离散时间容错控制

为了飞行控制方案便于在计算机上实现，针对具有外部干扰和执行器加性故障的四旋翼无人机（UAV）角度运动方程，给出一种基于干扰观测器的离散时间跟踪控制方案。通过设计离散时间干扰观测器抑制外部干扰和执行器故障的不利影响，并结合干扰观测器设计离散时间控制器。通过数值仿真验证了基于干扰观测器的离散时间容错控制方案的有效性。仿真结果表明，设计的离散控制器能够保证外部干扰和执行器故障综合作用下的四旋翼UAV系统跟踪控制性能。     

Nonlinear Adaptive Robust Force Control of Hydraulic Load Simulator

This paper deals with the high performance force control of hydraulic load simulator. Many previous works for hydraulic force control are based on their linearization equations, but hydraulic inherent nonlinear properties and uncertainties make the conventional feedback proportional-integral-derivative control not yield to high-performance requirements. In this paper, a nonlinear system model is derived and linear parameterization is made for adaptive control. Then a discontinuous projection-based nonlinear adaptive robust force controller is developed for hydraulic load simulator. The proposed controller constructs an asymptotically stable adaptive controller and adaptation laws, which can compensate for the system nonlinearities and uncertain parameters. Meanwhile a well-designed robust controller is also developed to cope with the hydraulic system uncertain nonlinearities. The controller achieves a guaranteed transient performance and final tracking accuracy in the presence of both parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities; in the absence of uncertain nonlinearities, the scheme also achieves asymptotic tracking performance. Simulation and experiment comparative results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed control strategy and the tracking accuracy is greatly improved.