An Analysis of the Performance of the Oscillating Limiter Driven by FM Signals Corrupted by Noise

The behavior of the oscillating limiter (OL) driven by FM signals is surveyed, and its performance with signal corrupted by noise is investigated. For high values of the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), if the frequency deviation of the signal is small in comparison with the locking range of the OL, it is calculated, and experimentally verified, that a system OL discriminator is equivalent to a system bandpass limiter discriminator followed by a linear network whose frequency response has been specified. When the frequency deviation is not so small, the baseband noise power increases with it; a formula is given that allows the calculation of this power when the signal is such that the circuit operates in quasistationary fashion. For low values of the CNR, a mathematical analysis presents unsurmountable difficulties. However, heuristic argumentation leads to an interpretation of the operation of the OL in the threshold region, which is substantiated by an experimental investigation. The results of this paper enable a comparative evaluation of a system OL discriminator and a system bandpass limiter discriminator, to which the former reduces when the feedback path in the OL is open.     

迎角过载边界限制器的设计方法

介绍了迎角过载边界限制器的意义、设计要求和一些有代表性的国内外飞机的边界限制器设计方法。边界限制经历了硬限制、软限制、反馈限制和比较逻辑反馈限制几个阶段。分析了这些设计方法的优缺点,并对比较逻辑反馈限制器的设计方法进了理论推导,提出了这类边界限制器重要参数的确定方法。     

Hard Limiting and Sequential Detection Applied to Loran-C

The combination of an antenna, a 100 kHz bandpass filter, a hard limiter, and a sequential detector can supply highly accurate Loran-C data to a digital processor, even under low signal-to-noise-ratio conditions. For such a simple, low-cost receiver, calculations are given for the accuracy of the envelope and phase tracking of the Loran-C signal as a function of the signal-to-noise (Gaussian and atmospheric) ratio, averaging time, and radian speed of the observer with respect to the transmitter. Mentioned are the quasi-noise censoring effects of the hard limiter. Besides the Loran-C application, the hard limiter-sequential detector system can in general be applied for low-cost, synchronous signal detection under poor signal-to-noise ratio.     

FM Threshold Performance of the Frequency Demodulator with Feedback

The FM threshold performance of the frequency demodulator with feedback (FMFB) is experimentally optimized. Rules of thumb for the practical design of the FMFB with limiter in the loop are proposed. Such design rules provide for optimum FMFB threshold performance given specifications of the received signal. Equivalences among the FMFB, phase-locked loop, and limiter- discriminator offer some additional physical insight into the threshold-extending mechanism of the FMFB not presented by previous investigators.     

Interference Due to Limiting and Demodulation of Two Angle Modulated Signals

Two angle modulated signals (FM or PM) passing through a limiter and then a demodulator are analyzed. The analysis considers the problem of adjacent carrier interference, direct adjacent channel interference (DACI) or cross talk, and adjacent channel interference (ACI). The analysis of adjacent carrier interference shows that if the 3rd order IM is not to overlap the signal spectra, the carrier frequencies must be separated by 2B where B is the bandwidth of each carrier. The ACI analysis shows that the carrier frequencies must be separated by B+2?m for no ACI, since the demodulator reduces the bandwidth of the 3rd order IM from 3B to 2B+2?m where ?m is the maximum frequency of each baseband. The DACI analysis shows that DACI does not exist in a PM system and is -52 dB for an ideal hard limiter with no bandpass filter. But the DACI is -58 dB for an ideal hard limiter with a more realistic bandpass filter.     

Hard Limiter Performance as a Polarity Detector for Extremely Polluted Signals

A hard limiter is a simple, yet highly efficient, RF signal sensor for VLF and LF navigation receivers. The observation reliability is used as the single quality criterion for the hard limiter if applied as a singlebit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The effects of noise (Gaussian and atmospheric), nonsynchronous and synchronous interference, and dc offset on the observation reliability are described extensively. The single parameter determination Pobs is adequate for characterizing the polarity detector. This facilitates rank ordering of influences disturbing the signal and is a useful tool in optimizing digital tracking loops. The ?built-in? noise-censoring properties of the hard limiter in the presence of atmospheric noise are excellent. Therefore, three different atmospheric noise models are used in the determination of the observation reliability Pobs. Some ways for coping with other disturbances that potentially threaten the good performance of the hard limiter are suggested.     

带通限幅器对锁相环噪声性能的影响

锁相环路中,在鉴相器前加上AGC（自动增益控制）,可以使环路性能在输入信噪比发生变化时保持稳定,带通限幅器也可以起到类似作用。尽管有一些文章对限幅器的性能作了研究,但是在PLL（锁相环）闭环条件下,鲜有文章分析其对环路噪声性能的影响。因此,文章以基本PLL环路的数学模型为基础,推导出PLL中分别加入相干AGC和带通限幅器后新的环路数学模型,以一阶PLL为例,计算和比较不同控制方式下环路相位误差均方值的变化,最后说明应当根据飞行任务的不同选择对环路更有利的控制方式。     

New Control Technique in dc/dc Regulators for Space Applications

A new type of control loop is presented for dc/dc regulators, based on the use of a linear analog to pulsewidth modulator. This function, which is independent of operating frequency, permits high sampling frequencies. Combined with a limiter of the analog input, limitation characteristics are automatically available, without any extra sensing on the hot line. The independence of parameters f0 and ?1 is demonstrated, and application of the loop to control the regulator output characteristics is shown. This flexibility finds useful applications in high-power systems (1 kW) by permitting parallel unit operations and utilization of modular units.     

高超声速压缩拐角湍流计算的收敛性分析

应用基于shear stress transport(SST)湍流模型的隐式紧耦合方法对高超声速压缩拐角流动进行了数值计算.考察了差分格式、限制器以及湍流时间步长等7个因素对湍流计算过程稳定性和收敛性的影响.结果表明:差分格式和限制器对收敛性有很大影响,总体而言耗散性越大的差分格式和限制器收敛性越好;增加湍流时间步长对收敛性影响很小;适当降低湍流变量最低限制值有利于湍流方程的收敛;增大Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)数和隐式内迭代次数可显著加速收敛,但均存在最优值,超过最优值则加速效果不明显.      

基于蜂群算法的飞机滑行路径优化

研究了飞机场面滑行路径动态规划问题,将三种滑行冲突作为约束条件,建立了场面运行模块化模型。基于蜂群算法给出了问题的优化算法,并进行了计算机仿真实验,结果表明可以大大减少滑行时间。算法既可以用于滑行路径的动态规划,也可以为繁忙机场的安全运行提供决策支持。     

更替某型飞机电压限定器的研究

文章在介绍某型电压限定器工作原理的基础上,阐述了利用集成电路技术和自动控制技术进行该型电压限定器国产化研制的方法,给出了电压限定器探测及延时电路、均衡控制电路、防止误动作保护电路的详细设计方案,解决了激磁控制、均衡控制、故障鉴别等国产化研制过程中遇到的问题,保证了新研制产品与原有进口产品的可互换使用,提高了设备的工作可靠性。     

LU-AUSMPW混合格式在可压缩无粘和粘性流动数值分析中的应用

本文首先将 AUSMPW格式与三阶 MUSCL格式融合, 给出了其在任意曲线坐标下的三维形式, 并将其与 LU-SGS格式结合, 应用于可压缩 Euler和 Navier-Stokes方程的求解。其次, 构造了一种新的通量限制器。最后, 为了验证 LU -AUSMPW混合格式的性能, 将平面叶栅跨音速无粘流动以及喷管超音速粘性流动作为算例。本文计算结果与文献计算结果和实验数据相符很好, 表明采用 LU-AUSMPW混合格式数值模拟可压缩流场, 具有较高的计算精度、较快的收敛速度和良好的稳定性。      

Compensators for Bandpass Nonlinearities in Satellite Communications

The characteristics of optimum compensators for bandpass non-linearities are described. A predistortion compensator to reduce the nonlinear phase and envelope distortion at the output of a traveling-wave tube (TWT) is developed, and a possible implementation as a simple network of power law devices in cascade with the input to the TWT is given. The overall compensated characteristic of the TWT approximates that of a piecewise linear limiter with a small phase shift. A computer simulation shows that the compensated system yields 0.3 to 0.5-dB improvement in performance of a 2-phase coherent phase shift keying (CPSK) system over the uncompensated system.     

The Detection Performance of the Siebert and Dicke-Fix CFAR Radar Detectors

The Siebert and the Dicke-fix CFAR radar detectors, used to maintain a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) in radar receivers under very similar circumstances, are considered. The Siebert detector represents the maximum-likelihood detection procedure for a signal in Gaussian noise of unknown power level, whereas the Dicke-fix makes use of a bandpass limiter to normalize the input and thus ensure a constant false alarm rate. The detection performance of the two detectors is determined and a comparison shows that over a wide range of parameters, the Dicke-fix introduces a loss which is approximately 1 B larger than for the Siebert detector.     

Limiting the Impulsive Noise in a PLL

This paper analyzes the operation of a phase-locked loop (PLL) preceded by a bandpass limiter (BPL) in the presence of impulsive noise. It is shown that the effect of the limiter consists essentially in a change of the statistics of the pulse strengths of the noise, so that the behavior of a BPL + PLL can be deduced from that of a simple PLL by suitable adjustment of the noise model. It is found that the limiter greatly enhances the PLL performance by reducing both the phase-error variance in the loop and the probability of cycle slippage. Finally, the design of the filter of the BPL is discussed, resulting in the conclusion that the best results are obtained by using a singletuned RLC circuit.     

Overshooting from convective cores: Theory and numerical simulation

Convective overshooting increases the fraction of the star which is effectively mixed, thus altering models of stellar evolution. If the feed back of overshooting on the structure of the star is neglected the estimated extent of overshooting is very small. If the feed back is included in these estimates then the adiabatic core is extended by a distance comparable to a substantial fraction of the radius of the unstable region. An upper limit on convective overshooting is given by the integral constraint (Roxburgh 1978, 1989) with viscous dissipation neglected. If this constraint is applied to small convective cores then the maximum extent of the penetration region is shown to be at most about 0.18 times the radius of the core independent of the details of energy generation and opacity. The ratio of the maximum penetration distance to the scale height at the edge of the “classical boundary” varies very strongly with core size, and modelling overshooting by taking the penetration distance as a multiple of the scale height is likely to give misleading results. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional compressible convection in a fluid where the central regions are naturally convectively unstable, and the surrounding layers are stable, have been undertaken for different values of the Prandtl number. The results indicate that for low Prandtl numbers viscous dissipation is of decreasing importance and the simple integral condition gives a reasonable estimate of the extent of overshooting. Stellar seismology offers the possibility of detecting the location of the core — envelope interface through a periodic variation of the small frequency separation with frequency.     

Performance Degradation of MTI Circuits Due to Amplitude Limiting

The loss in output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to amplitude limiting is obtained for a radar circuit consisting of a bandpass limiter, coherent demodulator, matched filter, and moving-target-indicator (MTI) filter. The circuit is used in scanning MTI radars. The tandem connection of the limiter and coherent demodulator is a model for the saturation of the intermediate-frequency (IF) demodulator of an MTI radar. Results on special functions are used to obtain simple formulas for the loss in output SNR relative to a linear IF demodulator when the input SNR is less than -15 dB and the number of hits per 3-dB beamwidth exceeds 15.     

Signal-to-Noise Ratio Calculations in Pulse and Pulse Doppler Radars

In low pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) pulse radars, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is usually calculated on a per pulse basis and this value is then multiplied by the number of pulses integrated to obtain the SNR for a given duration of target illumination. In high PRF pulse Doppler radars, SNR is usually calculated by using the centerline power of the transmitted signal spectrum as the target return power because the centerline is kept in the receiver and returns of the PRF lines are notched out [1]. We show here that both methods of SNR calculations are entirely equivalent for matched transmit-receive radar systems.     

带副翼三维机翼绕流的N-S方程解

提出了一种求解带副翼偏转三维机翼绕流的N-S方程计算方法。采用对接分区网格与分区求解算法的结合,有效地求解绕此外形的复杂流动。提出了一种满足通量守恒的内边界耦合条件。数值方法中选用vanLeer分裂格式离散无粘通量项,并构造了一种Limiter函数以保证TVD性质,采用中心差分格式来离散粘性通量项。数值算例表明该方法是求解带操纵面偏转的机翼绕流的有效方法。     

MOTION COMPENSATION FOR HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE SAR WITH IMU & GPS

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