船舶柴油机比例模型实验的理论基础与技术挑战

采用相似比例模型实验进行新型船舶柴油机研发可以极大地节约研发时间、成本及能源。本文回顾了柴油机燃烧相似性理论的发展历程,总结了实现燃烧相似性的三种单值条件相似法则,重点阐述了喷雾混合气形成过程相似性理论与实验验证的最新研究成果,同时指出船舶柴油机相似比例模型实验亟待攻克的技术挑战。建立柴油机喷雾燃烧相似性理论体系有助于制定科学合理的相似比例模型实验规范,推动船舶柴油机研发实现快速发展。     

Scaling procedures of cabin noise generated by turbulent boundary layer excitation

This paper presents a new method for measuring the cabin noise of a structure in a wind tunnel. A method for scaling the cabin sound was derived to obtain the cabin noise of a structure, and the derivation of the scaling procedure was based on a theoretical hypothesis regarding the cabin noise prediction for a scaled model in a wind tunnel. A frequency offset was generated because of the error introduced by model manufacture and installation, and a proposed modal test method was used to eliminate the frequency offset. Both a full-scale structure and scaled structure were measured in the wind tunnel tests. The cabin noise of the full-scale model was compared with the results obtained using the scaling procedure based on the scaled model. The comparisons of the measurement results indicate that the scaling procedures developed in this paper are effective for vibro-acoustic predictions in wind tunnels. Moreover, background noise tended to affect the results of the cabin sound for the wind tunnel test, and thus background noise should be prevented through specific design efforts.     

Wind tunnel test of gust load alleviation for a large-scale full aircraft model

Wind tunnel test is an important way to test the performance of Gust Load Alleviation(GLA). At present, some component-level wind tunnel tests have been carried out in big aviation countries, but there is a lack of full aircraft model GLA tests. In this study, a set of large-scale GLA test system in low-speed wind tunnel is developed, which includes a gust generator, a fivedegree-of-freedom suspension system, a full elastic aircraft model with control system, and gust load measuring devices. Two...     

RESEARCH ON DIGITAL ACTIVEFLUTTER SUPPRESSION

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Dynamo Scaling Laws and Applications to the Planets

Scaling laws for planetary dynamos relate the characteristic magnetic field strength, characteristic flow velocity and other properties to primary quantities such as core size, rotation rate, electrical conductivity and heat flux. Many different scaling laws have been proposed, often relying on the assumption of a balance of Coriolis force and Lorentz force in the dynamo. Their theoretical foundation is reviewed. The advent of direct numerical simulations of planetary dynamos and the ability to perform them for a sufficiently wide range of control parameters allows to test the scaling laws. The results support a magnetic field scaling that is not based on a force balance, but on the energy flux available to balance ohmic dissipation. In its simplest form, it predicts a field strength that is independent of rotation rate and electrical conductivity and proportional to the cubic root of the available energy flux. However, rotation rate controls whether the magnetic field is dipolar or multipolar. Scaling laws for velocity, heat transfer and ohmic dissipation are also discussed. The predictions of the energy-based scaling law agree well with the observed field strength of Earth and Jupiter, but for other planets they are more difficult to test or special pleading is required to explain their field strength. The scaling law also explains the very high field strength of rapidly rotating low-mass stars, which supports its rather general validity.     

某小型无人机编队控制器设计及试飞验证

以某小型固定翼无人机作为研究平台,按前向、侧向和垂直方向3个通道设计僚机编队控制器.利用自动驾驶仪的航路飞行模态简化侧向通道编队控制器的设计,并采用在长机航向角发生较大变化时加入基于视线方位角的方法,使僚机保持编队精度.试验结果表明,所提出的编队算法是可用的,并能够很好地控制无人机的编队飞行精度.     

Gust load alleviation wind tunnel tests of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing with piezoelectric control

An active control technique utilizing piezoelectric actuators to alleviate gust-response loads of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing is investigated. Piezoelectric materials have been exten-sively used for active vibration control of engineering structures. In this paper, piezoelectric mate-rials further attempt to suppress the vibration of the aeroelastic wing caused by gust. The motion equation of the flexible wing with piezoelectric patches is obtained by Hamilton's principle with the modal approach, and then numerical gust responses are analyzed, based on which a gust load alle-viation (GLA) control system is proposed. The gust load alleviation system employs classic propor tional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers which treat piezoelectric patches as control actuators and acceleration as the feedback signal. By a numerical method, the control mechanism that piezo-electric actuators can be used to alleviate gust-response loads is also analyzed qualitatively. Further-more, through low-speed wind tunnel tests, the effectiveness of the gust load alleviation active control technology is validated. The test results agree well with the numerical results. Test results show that at a certain frequency range, the control scheme can effectively alleviate the z and x wing-tip accelerations and the root bending moment of the wing to a certain extent. The control system gives satisfying gust load alleviation efficacy with the reduction rate being generally over 20%.     

缩比模型飞机及其飞控系统与原型机的相似关系

从量纲理论出发，简单地导出了原型飞机与缩比模型飞机各物理量的相似比例关系．说明了在构成缩比模型飞机数学方程时应注意的问题。用所得的方法，求取了现代战斗机缩比模型飞机的数学方程，并对其进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明，该方法是正确的。此外，还推导了缩比模型飞机飞行控制系统动态环节相关特征量的相似比例关系．并依据相似的要求提出了在构成模型机飞控系统时应注意的问题。     

A scaling procedure for measuring thermal structural vibration generated by wall pressure fluctuation

This paper attempts to develop a scaling procedure to measure structural vibration caused simultaneously by wall pressure fluctuations and the thermal load of hypersonic flow by a wind tunnel test. However, simulating the effect of thermal load is difficult with a scaled model in a wind tunnel due to the nonlinear effect of thermal load on a structure. In this work, the temperature variation of a structure is proposed to indicate the nonlinear effect of the thermal load,which provides a means to simulate both the thermal load and wall pressure fluctuations of a hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer(TBL) in a wind tunnel test. To validate the scaling procedure,both numerical computations and measurements are performed in this work. Theoretical results show that the scaling procedure can also be adapted to the buckling temperature of a structure even though the scaling procedure is derived from a reference temperature below the critical temperature of the structure. For the measurement, wall pressure fluctuations and thermal environment are simulated by creating hypersonic flow in a wind tunnel. Some encouraging results demonstrate the effectiveness of the scaling procedure for assessing structural vibration generated by hypersonic flow. The scaling procedure developed in this study will provide theoretical support to develop a new measurement technology to evaluate vibration of aircraft due to hypersonic flow.     

降雨对飞机气动性能影响的研究综述

研究了降雨的自然特性,分析了降雨条件下机翼表面复杂的物理现象.重点从实验测试和数值模拟两方面论述了国内外关于降雨对飞机气动性能影响的研究进展,内容涉及降雨条件下机翼的气动性能损失、降雨对机翼气动性能的影响机理和机翼对各种影响因素的敏感度研究等方面.指出了当前国内外关于这一研究在自然飞行测试、实验相似准则、风洞实验中边界层固定转捩和多相流数值建模等方面所面临的关键问题和重大技术挑战.      

燃气轮机弹性数学模型

本文根据燃气轮机各部件的基本工作原理,从已有部件的试验特性推导出具有不同设计参数的新设计部件的特性。将这种方法与燃气轮机数学模型相结合,构成设计参数可以变化的燃气轮机“弹性”数学模型。      

小型气氢气氧火箭发动机试验系统设计研究

根据小型气氢气氧火箭发动机试验工况的要求设计完成1 000 N级的气氢气氧火箭发动机试验系统.介绍了供气系统的设计过程,详细讨论了气氢气氧流量与管径的选取过程,完成了比对式推力测量装置和计算机测量与控制系统的设计,并进行系统标定及冷流验证试验.该试验系统能在不同工况下开展小型火箭发动机冷热试验研究,同时实现远程计算机监控,具有较高精度.      

具有二阶环节的导弹最优导引律

本文研究了具有二阶环节的导弹其对目标的最优导引律。利用极小值原理分别研究了1)脱靶量为零、最小控制能量指标的最优导引律;2)终态为零控拦截曲面、最小能量指标的最优导引律。最后得出了与具有一阶延迟环导弹所得结果类似,但计算工作量更大,结果应更准确。     

适于飞控系统设计的缩比直升机建模

在传统的旋翼、尾桨、机身的气动力模型基础上,引入了缩比直升机的舵机、航向控制系统模型,建立了适合缩比直升机飞行控制系统设计的非线性飞行动力学数学模型。深入探讨了稳定杆对缩比直升机飞行动力学的影响,并进行了仿真计算,结果表明所建立的数学模型能反映缩比直升机的飞行动力学特点,适合其飞行控制系统设计。     

导弹纵向机动飞行的非线性鲁棒控制研究

将非线性无源方法用于导弹纵向机动飞行控制，并通过变结构控制器补偿系统的不确定性，这样设计的控制器能保证系统的鲁棒稳定性。将此方法用于导弹地形跟踪控制，仿真结果表明：此方法在导弹纵向机动飞行中控制效果较好。     

Modeling and control for cooperative transport of a slung fluid container using quadrotors

In this paper, dynamic modeling and control problem for transfer of a sloshing liquid container suspended through rigid massless links from a team of quadrotors are investigated. By the proposed solution, pose of the slung container and fluid sloshing modes are stabilized appropriately. Dynamics of the container-liquid-quadrotors system is modeled by Euler-Lagrange method. Fluid slosh dynamics is included using multi-mass-spring model. According to derived model, a proper control law is designed for a system with three or more quadrotors. Implementing the proposed control law, quadrotors can control pose of the container, directions of the links and liquid sloshing modes simultaneously. Stability of closed loop system of tracking errors and sloshing modes are demonstrated using a theory of singularly perturbed systems and Lyapunov stability theorem. Also, the capability of the proposed feedback control laws in solving a formerly organized transport problem of a liquid filled container has been demonstrated in simulations. Moreover, priority of the proposed control scheme to an existing slung load controller in the literature is demonstrated.     

数字式颤振主动抑制系统的研究

介绍了数字式颤振主动抑制系统的控制律综合、风洞实验及其工程特性。控制律的设计采用连续域离散化的方法。对４种不同控制律进行了风洞实验,验证了理论计算与实验设计的正确性。实验中控制律用微机和工业控制机联合实现;还根据工程应用的观点提出了颤振主动抑制系统应该具有的特性。对一个与实际飞机动力相似的机翼／外挂系统的研究表明,颤振速度提高了２０％左右,并且系统的工程特性也是基本可行的。     

过冷大水滴条件下结冰相似准则

虑到中国现有结冰风洞在过冷大水滴(SLD)结冰条件模拟能力方面的局限,发展SLD结冰风洞及其相应的缩比方法迫在眉睫。研究了大水滴运动机理,并依据绕流流场相似、水滴运动和撞击特性相似、结冰过程热力学特性相似原理,提炼出SLD结冰条件下的6种相似缩比准则,利用结冰数值模拟软件FENSAP-ICE对所提相似缩比准则进行筛选与比较,从而基于结冰相似百分比量化判断准则找出给定条件下的最优准则法。结果表明:考虑SLD运动特性的撞击参数与ONERA法相耦合的方法以及撞击参数与Ruff法相耦合的方法的计算结果与实际成冰构型吻合良好；此外,撞击参数与ONERA法相耦合的方法在计算直径为171 μm的SLD时优于其他。      

程序调参飞行控制律的神经网络实现

为保证飞行品质,现代飞机中多采用程度调参飞行控制律,由于调参规律的高度非线性,使得控制律的工程实现相当困难。为此,对程序调参飞行控制律的神经网络实现方法进行了研究。通过应用ＢＰ神经网络逼近非线性调参规律。探讨了用ＢＰ网络实现程序调参飞行控制律的一般方法,给出了网络的结构及其优化算法,并以某型飞机电传操纵系统倾斜阻尼通道的程序调参控制律为例,对该实现方法进行降验证。结果表明,实现精度符合工程要求。     

主动变形扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞测力试验研究

主动变形扑翼可以模仿鸟翼飞行时的复杂运动。为了了解主动变形扑翼飞行器的气动特性,在研究鸟类骨骼结构和翅膀及尾翼运动规律的基础上,设计并制造了一种基于机器人技术的主动变形扑翼飞行器;给出了主动变形扑翼飞行器的机构运动规律函数,并设计出机构运动控制系统;在低速风洞中对此飞行器进行了一系列测力试验,研究了主动变形扑翼的升力、推力特性,以及风速、扑动频率、扑动幅度、伸展相位等参数对升力和推力的影响,并与常规扑翼进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,较之常规扑翼,主动变形扑翼可以显著增加升力和增强对不同飞行状态的适应能力。