Aeroelastic dynamic response of elastic aircraft with consideration of two-dimensional discrete gust excitation

Design loads generally require a one-dimensional discrete gust profile without consideration of the spanwise effect, and this profile cannot represent the true gust field exactly. For a high aspect ratio aircraft, two-dimensional gusts may cause critical load conditions, and approaches for calculating dynamic responses under two-dimensional discrete gust excitation are rarely presented. In this paper, a spanwise non-uniform vertical discrete gust field is established based on a one-dimensional ‘1-cos’ gust profile in reference to a DARPA proposal, while frequency and hybrid approaches to the dynamic response analysis of flexible aircraft under this two-dimensional gust excitation are presented. Solution techniques have been applied to a high aspect ratio aircraft to assess the different response characteristics with a comparison between one-dimensional and two-dimensional discrete gust field conditions. The results show that the two-dimensional discrete gust model produces a higher bending moment than that of the one-dimensional condition. Therefore, the critical load conditions that are derived from the two-dimensional discrete gust for high aspect ratio aircraft should be seriously considered. According to the analysis, an active control scheme to alleviate the bending loads caused by the two-dimensional gust is designed, and alleviation effects in different gust conditions are compared.     

Gust response analysis and wind tunnel test for a high-aspect ratio wing

A theoretical nonlinear aeroelastic response analysis for a flexible high-aspect ratio wing excited by harmonic gust load is presented along with a companion wind tunnel test. A multidisci-plinary coupled numerical calculation is developed to simulate the flexible model wing undergoing gust load in the time domain via discrete nonlinear finite element structural dynamic analysis and nonplanar unsteady vortex lattice aerodynamic computation. A dynamic perturbation analysis about a nonlinear static equilibrium is also used to determine the small perturbation flutter bound-ary. A novel noncontact 3-D camera measurement analysis system is firstly used in the wind tunnel test to obtain the spatial large deformation and responses. The responses of the flexible wing under different static equilibrium states and frequency gust loads are discussed. The fair to good quanti-tative agreements between the theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the presented analysis method is an acceptable way to predict the geometrically nonlinear gust response for flex-ible wings.     

阵风载荷减缓系统故障分析

阵风引起的额外载荷会引起飞机结构疲劳,降低结构使用寿命。采用非定常气动力有理函数拟合方法建立时域状态空间下的动力学系统,设计了阵风载荷减缓系统。研究了阵风载荷减缓系统3种典型故障模式(副翼偏转饱和、舵机卡死、副翼偏转延时)的力学建模方法,并对机翼在阵风减缓系统故障模式下的阵风响应进行分析。仿真结果表明,3种故障模式均不利于阵风载荷减缓系统对阵风载荷的减缓,对于一些特定情况,故障模式下的阵风载荷减缓系统不仅不能减缓阵风载荷,还会带来由副翼偏转不当引起的额外负载。     

民用飞机阵风载荷及减缓技术的研究

由于民用飞机机翼具有大展弦比的特点,因此阵风载荷经常成为民用飞机飞行载荷的严重情况,是各国适航标准重点考察的飞行情况。而且,阵风干扰还会因飞机机体的自身弹性引起结构弹性振动,使飞机结构刚度降低,造成机体疲劳损伤,甚至引起颤振。因此,在民用飞机载荷设计过程中对阵风载荷及其减缓技术进行研究具有非常重要的意义。介绍了民用飞机阵风载荷的原理及相关技术,以及阵风载荷减缓技术中用直接升力控制方法来实现机翼的阵风载荷减缓。     

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Gust Response Alleviation Using Neuro-fuzzy Control Law for a Flexible Wing Model

Two kinds of neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control laws are designed for a flexible large-aspect-ratio wing model. Simulations and comparisons of random gust alleviation using the two control laws are performed. Based on the better neuro-fuzzy control law, experiments and simulations of sinusoidal gust alleviation using one-control-surface control system and two-control-surface control system are developed. The investigations show that the two kinds of neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control laws can alleviate random gust responses effectively. The neuro-fuzzy gust response alleviation control law including a modifying factor is better than the other one without it. Further, the better one has good effects on the sinusoidal gust alleviation at different frequencies and flow velocities. The two-control-surface control system has better effects on gust response alleviation than the one-control-surface control system when the gust is strong. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. These results can be usefully referenced to the design of actual gust alleviation control systems.     

基于CFD降阶模型的阵风减缓主动控制研究

飞行器飞行时会受到大气紊流的影响,降低飞行品质。阵风减缓控制是改善飞行器飞行性能的关键技术。现有的阵风响应分析多以离散阵风为研究对象,对更加真实描述大气紊流的连续型阵风时域分析关注较少。采用成形滤波器方法将频域形式给出的大气紊流信号转换为时域信号。在跨声速区域内,利用系统辨识技术,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法建立阵风激励下的气动载荷状态空间降阶模型(ROM)。为方便控制器设计,借助平衡模态法进行模型的进一步降阶。使用模型预测控制(MPC)算法通过控制操纵面偏转实现阵风减缓主动控制。以AGARD445.6标模作为仿真算例,验证基于ROM设计的阵风减缓控制律的有效性。仿真结果表明,在跨声速飞行状态下,模型预测控制器能够在满足操纵面偏转范围的约束下,对连续阵风激励下的翼根弯矩输出进行有效抑制。     

阵风减缓直接升力控制方案的仿真研究

阵内减缓技术可有效地抑制飞机飞行过程中受到阵风和湍充影响所产生的附加过载。研究阵风载荷减缓的基本原理及各种控制方案,结合我国的实际情况,提出了以副翼作为直接升力操纵面的阵风减缓控制方案,建立了直接升力控制的阵风减缓系统的数学模型,并就阵风减缓系统进行了计算机辅助设计与仿真,验证了方案的可行性。     

Integrated fault estimation and fault-tolerant control for a flexible regional aircraft

The article focuses on the design and application of an active reconfigurable controller that mitigates the effects of gust load and actuator faults on a flexible aircraft. A novel integrated adaptive output feedback scheme is investigated to address the actuator faults. The real-time fault values provided by the fault estimation module are considered in the reconfigurable control law to improve the fault-tolerant capability. The estimate values of faults and control gains are calculated by anal...     

气动弹性系统的阵风减缓与颤振主动抑制

针对Ｊ８飞机模型，研究了阵风减缓与颤振主动抑制的综合控制问题，应用现代控制理论设计控制系统，分别对机翼／外挂系统模型作开环和闭环分析。由数字式控制实现了阵风减缓与颤振主动抑制的风洞实验，风洞实验结果表明：设计控制律具有抑制颤振和减缓阵风响应的双重功能。     

直升机旋翼阵风响应研究

简要综述了当前直升机旋翼阵风响应的理论研究和试验对比研究的成果及发展方向，事实表明，旋翼的阵风响应是一个比较复杂的动态现象，它是研究旋翼在遭遇到一定形式的阵风后，旋翼由阵风诱导的响应参量的动态变化规律，它不仅影响直升机的驾驶品质，而且影响直升机的疲劳载荷和强度，其研究目的不仅在于进行理论分析和试验对比研究，而且还在于研究阵风减缓的机理和装置，阵风响应的研究对于具有较高动应力与振动水平的无铰旋翼的设     

阵风载荷减缓系统LQG/LTR多变量控制器设计

给出了阵风载荷减缓系统LQG/LTR多变量控制器设计方法,以某大型运输机为对象,设计了阵风载荷减缓系统控制器。根据系统回差矩阵的最小奇异值理论和通用相角、幅值裕度估算图,给出了系统两个通道的相角和幅值同时变化时系统的稳定裕度。仿真结果表明,该控制器能有效减缓阵风引起的飞机法向过载,其鲁棒性满足通用规范GJB185-86的要求。     

压电纤维复合材料驱动的机翼动态形状控制

利用压电材料实现柔性机翼的主动形状控制,能够有效提高机翼结构效率和气动性能;要实现连续、光滑的高精确形状控制效果,机翼变形过程必须满足一定的动态要求。本文利用在上下翼面反对称铺设的新型压电纤维复合材料——宏纤维复合材料(MFC)提供驱动力矩,研究了机翼扭转变形的前馈轨迹跟踪控制。首先建立了机翼结构有限元模型和气动力载荷模型,采用载荷比拟法得到MFC作动器的控制载荷向量,给出了气动弹性控制方程及其状态空间表达形式。为跟踪预设的变形参考轨迹,以跟踪误差的时域积分为目标函数,对MFC作动器的电压加载历程进行了优化设计。结果表明,采用规划后的电压加载历程,机翼气动弹性响应很好地跟踪了预期参考轨迹,实现了连续、光滑的动态形状控制效果,提高了控制精度。     

Aeroelastic scaling laws for gust load alleviation control system

Gust load alleviation (GLA) tests are widely conducted to study the effectiveness of the control laws and methods. The physical parameters of models in these tests are aeroelastic scaled, while the scaling of GLA control system is always unreached. This paper concentrates on studying the scaling laws of GLA control system. Through theoretical demonstration, the scaling criterion of a classical PID control system has been come up and a scaling methodology is provided and veri-fied. By adopting the scaling laws in this paper, gust response of the scaled model could be directly related to the full-scale aircraft theoretically under both open-loop and closed-loop conditions. Also, the influences of different scaling choices of an important non-dimensional parameter, the Froude number, have been studied in this paper. Furthermore for practical application, a compen-sating method is given when the theoretical scaled actuators or sensors cannot be obtained. Also, the scaling laws of some non-linear elements in control system such as the rate and amplitude sat-urations in actuator have been studied and examined by a numerical simulation.     

基于直接力控制的阵风响应及阵风减缓研究

考察某无人机模型的阵风气动响应特性和基于直接力操纵的阵风减缓效果.在求解非定常Euler方程时引入“网格速度”方法模拟阵风边界条件,通过动态嵌套网格技术实现舵面运动.首先对NACA0006翼型迎角阶跃型阵风的气动力响应进行了验证计算,计算结果与理论结果、文献计算结果吻合良好.在此基础上对某无人机模型在迎角阶跃型、One-minus-cosine型阵风作用下的气动力响应过程进行了数值模拟,并分析评估了不同舵面运动方式对飞机气动性能的影响.最终研究比较了不同舵面运动方式下阵风气动响应的减缓效果.结果表明:通过合理设计舵面运动,可以有效达到抑制阵风引起的非定常气动干扰的目的.     

Wind tunnel test of gust load alleviation for a large-scale full aircraft model

Wind tunnel test is an important way to test the performance of Gust Load Alleviation(GLA). At present, some component-level wind tunnel tests have been carried out in big aviation countries, but there is a lack of full aircraft model GLA tests. In this study, a set of large-scale GLA test system in low-speed wind tunnel is developed, which includes a gust generator, a fivedegree-of-freedom suspension system, a full elastic aircraft model with control system, and gust load measuring devices. Two...     

智能结构模糊振动控制的在环仿真

提出了采用压电材料作为传感器和驱动器,基于模糊逻辑的柔性结构主动振动控制方法,并在嵌入式微处理器上实现模糊控制策略.柔性智能梁结构为例,以单片机为控制器,采用数值方法在计算机上模拟柔性结构模型,利用计算机与单片机的串行通讯技术实现了梁结构振动控制的硬件在环仿真,并编制出良好的人机界面和硬件接口程序.仿真结果表明本文提出的模糊控制方法能够很好的实现对智能梁结构的振动抑制.     

压电纤维复合材料铺层用于翼面设计的驱动特性与刚度影响

压电纤维复合材料驱动器在形状控制、振动控制、颤振抑制与抖振控制等方面有广泛的应用前景。首先简单介绍了压电应变驱动的比拟载荷方法,并采用该方法讨论了压电陶瓷片状驱动器与压电纤维复合材料驱动器在驱动特性上的主要差异。在此基础上,对压电纤维复合材料在不同铺设方式、铺设角度与铺设层数下的驱动特性进行了分析,在刚度影响方面展示了不同铺设角度下模型刚轴的移动。分析结果表明:对称铺设反向电场可以同时获得弯曲与扭转变形,而反对称铺设同向电场主要获得扭转变形;两种铺设方式下45°铺设角均获得最大弦向转角,而0°铺设角将获得最大挠度;多铺层可以增加驱动载荷,但总体变形效果还取决于结构系统的刚度比例;对称铺设方式下铺设角对结构刚轴移动的影响非常明显,在气动弹性控制中应着重关注。     

Time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and wind tunnel test of a flexible wing using strain-based beam formulation

A theoretical formulation for time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of a flexible wing model is presented and validated by wind tunnel tests. A strain-based beam model for nonlinear structural analysis is combined with the Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method (UVLM) to form the complete framework for aeroelastic analysis. The nonlinear second-order differential equations are solved by an implicit time integration scheme that incorporates a Newton-Raphson sub-iteration technique. An advanced fiber optic sensing technique is firstly used in a wind tunnel for measuring large structural deformations. In the theoretical study, the nonlinear flutter boundary is determined by analyzing the transient response about the nonlinear static equilibrium with a series of flow velocities. The gust responses of the wing model at various gust frequencies are also studied. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for determining the nonlinear flutter boundary and simulating the gust response of flexible wings in the time domain.     

柔性翼微型飞行器水平阵风响应特性实验研究

设计研制了一种飞翼布局的柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器,并在风洞中研究了两种微型飞行器在定常风和水平阵风作用下的气动特性,给出了柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器气动特性的差别。研究结果表明：不论是在定常风情况下,还是在水平阵风环境下,柔性翼的气动特性要优于刚性翼结构,柔性翼具有延迟失速和缓和阵风影响的能力,有利于稳定飞行。PIV测量结果表明：由于柔性翼的变形使刚性翼和柔性翼翼面上的流态不同,从而使微型飞行器的气动特性发生改变。     

机翼的气动伺服弹性设计优化研究

以气动伺服弹性特性为约束和目标,对一个大展弦比机翼进行了结构/控制设计优化。该机翼具有双梁式结构和一个用于阵风响应减缓的主动控制面。在气动伺服弹性分析模型的基础上,建立了优化问题的数学描述。选取结构刚度和控制器参数为设计变量,以发散、无控和有控情况的颤振为约束条件,以结构重量和阵风响应组合性能为目标函数。采用遗传算法进行优化,得到的最优设计结果与原基准模型相比,机翼在满足气动弹性稳定的约束条件下,结构重量有所减轻,且阵风响应显著地减缓。