多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器设计

多段柔性变体扑翼模仿海鸥翅膀的复杂运动.观察海鸥翅膀的运动周期,设计了包含慢频率扑动、展向折弯、弦向扭转和结构柔性变形的扑翼模型,并应用准定常方法计算气动力,为该扑翼飞行器设计提供依据.在CATIA和3DMAX中设计多段柔性变体扑翼机的三维模型和运动模拟,制作样机进行飞行试验,研究其平飞、爬升、偏航等飞行姿态,结果表明升力和推力与数值计算结果吻合.相较于原有扑翼飞行器,多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器可以慢频率扑动飞行,调整扑翼形状.      

可差动扭转扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞试验研究

常规的仿鸟扑翼飞行器在飞行时机翼只是单纯地上下扑动。为提高扑翼飞行器横航向和航迹控制的品质,设计了一种机翼在扑动的同时可差动扭转的仿鸟扑翼飞行器;在低速风洞中对其进行了一系列测力试验,研究了可差动扭转扑翼飞行器的升力、推力特性,以及机翼差动扭转角、扑动频率、风速、机翼柔性对滚转力矩系数的影响;对设计的扑翼飞行器做了飞行试验,验证了设计的可行性,并与常规扑翼飞行器作了对比,试验结果表明：可差动扭转扑翼可以用于扑翼飞行器的横向控制,并且可以提高其抗风能力和航迹控制精度。     

扑翼的变刚度设计及其对升力和推力的影响

为提高扑翼飞行器的升力和推力以提高其飞行性能,运用生物扑翼的仿生原理,研究扑翼飞行器的扑翼升力和扑翼推力随扑翼刚度变化的机理。借鉴"变刚度关节机构和平面转动冗余并联机构通过调节张力改变刚度"这一机构学原理,运用变刚度关节机构相互串联实现扑翼在扑动方向上变刚度,同时运用平面转动冗余并联机构实现扑翼在扭转方向上变刚度。建立扑翼的扑动关节刚度和扭转机构刚度随预张力变化的模型,并通过实验和仿真验证扑翼扑动关节刚度和扭转机构刚度随预张力的变化。研究扑翼的升力和推力与扑翼刚度之间的关系,验证了通过调节扑翼刚度匹配其扑动频率可以提高扑翼的升力和推力。     

微型扑翼仿生“0”字和“8”字型扑动方式气动特性研究

微型扑翼飞行器的气动特性由扑翼的运动规律所决定,为了研究复杂翼梢轨迹对扑翼气动特性的影响,通过对上下扑动、弦向扭转和前后掠动三个自由度的运动设计不同的参数,运用数值模拟方法研究微型扑翼采用仿生"0"字形和"8"字形运动时的气动特性.结果表明:相比于传统的扑动运动,增加了扫掠运动的"0"字形和"8"字形扑动可有效增加升力,特别是"8"字形扑动的增升效果更加显著,但同时也会造成阻力略增,可以通过调整扭转角度来增加推力.本文的研究结果可为复杂运动规律下微型扑翼飞行器设计提供参考.     

微型扑翼飞行器升力特性研究

为了对微型扑翼飞行器升力机理进行探索性研究,本文利用西北工业大学微型飞行器专用风洞进行了扑动翼频率、风速、迎角、扑动翼弯度对其升力特性影响的研究.并且利用示波器对扑动翼扑动相位角和产生升力大小之间的关系进行了研究.试验结果表明升力特性的研究为微型扑翼飞行器总体设计和气动布局设计提供了一定的工程指导.     

柔性扑翼微型飞行器升力和推力机理的风洞试验和飞行试验

为探讨柔性扑翼微型飞行器产生升力和推力的机理,在研究考虑柔性大变形扑翼气动力计算方法基础上,利用南京航空航天大学低速风洞进行了不同扑动频率、迎角、速度下微型扑翼升力、推力的变化和动态流场显示等风洞实验,并与计算结果进行了比较分析,为微型扑翼机的设计提供了的参考依据.自行研制的微型柔性结构扑翼机成功地进行了飞行试验.      

微型扑翼飞行器扑动机构相关研究进展

微型扑翼飞行器(FMAV)具有独特的外形和飞行优势,具有重要的军事和民用价值。扑动机构是微型扑翼飞行器实现能量转换和机翼仿生运动的核心部件,是扑翼飞行器研究中极其重要的一环。阐述了扑动机构仿生规律实现、设计方法的最新进展,同时就设计中的关键技术进行了评述,主要为:仿生扑动规律的实现;提高系统效率的机构匹配设计方法;扑动机构的发展趋势。     

微型扑翼飞行器风洞试验初步研究

 为了对微型扑翼飞行器空气动力学基本特性进行定量研究，利用西北工业大学微型飞行器专用风洞对微型扑翼飞行器机翼进行初步风洞吹风试验。试验中进行了扑动频率、风速、迎角、机翼平面形状、翼型弯度对机翼气动特性影响的研究。通过试验得出了微型扑翼飞行器升力、推力产生的基本规律，为微型扑翼飞行器总体设计和气动设计提供了参考。     

扑翼飞行器机翼开孔对气动特性的影响研究

论述了扑翼飞行器扑动升力产生的基本原理,提出采用机翼开孔的方式获得扑动升力的方法。通过风洞试验研究了翼面开孔对机翼气动特性的影响,结果表明机翼开孔可以有效获得扑动升力,降低扑动功耗,但会损失一定的推力。采用正交实验方法对风洞实验进行设计,构建机翼气动力关于实验参量的二次响应面方程,并通过响应面方程对开孔机翼的气动特性进行评价。结果表明所设计的开孔机翼最大起飞重量与无孔机翼相当,但其低速飞行能力较好,功率消耗较少,有望实现悬停飞行。     

扑翼升力特性的非定常涡格法计算研究

针对西北工业大学航空学院微型飞行器研究室研制的PY-1型扑翼机,建立了扑翼的运动模型,并采用非定常涡格法模拟了该扑翼的升力特性,分析了迎角、飞行速度对升力特性的影响。计算结果与实际飞行试验吻合,验证了非定常涡格法模拟扑翼非定常气动特性的正确性和有效性。研究结果可为扑翼机的气动设计提供参考。     

The thrust and lift of an ornithopter's membrane wings with simple flapping motion

Human beings flying with the help of aircrafts of various kinds have been able to fly for about one century. Although the flapping wings of animals served as an inspiration to pioneers of human flight, we don't really understand how they work. In this study, we employ the concept of four-bar linkage to design a flapping mechanism which simulates a flapping motion of a bird. Wind tunnel tests were performed to measure the lift and thrust of the mechanical membrane flapping wing under different frequency, speed, and angle of attack. It is observed that the flexibility of the wing structure will affect the thrust and lift force due to its deformation at high flapping frequency. The lift force will increase with the increase of the flapping frequency under the corresponding flying speed. For the same flapping frequency, the flying speed can be increased by decrease of the angle of attack with the trade of loosing some lift force. An angle of attack is necessary in a simple flapping motion in order to derive a lift force. The flapping motion generates the thrust to acquire the flying speed. The flying speed and angle of attack combine to generate the lift force for flying.     

Aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics

Natural flyers have extraordinary flight skills and their prominent aerodynamic performance has attracted a lot of attention. However, the aerodynamic mechanism of birds' flapping wing kinematics still lacks in-depth understanding. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics extracted from a free-flying owl wing has been numerically investigated. The overset mesh technique is used to deal with the large range movements of flapping airfoils. The bio-inspired kinematics consist of plunging and pitching movement. A pure sinusoidal motion and a defined motion composed of plunging of sinusoidal motion and pitching of the bio-inspired kinematics are selected for comparison. The other two NACA airfoils are also selected to figure out the advantages of the owl-like airfoil. It is found that the cambered owl-like airfoil can enhance lift during the downstroke. The bio-inspired kinematics have an obvious advantage in lift generation with a presence of higher peak lift and positive lift over a wider proportion of the flapping cycle. Meanwhile, the bio-inspired motion is more economical for a lower power consumption compared with the sinusoidal motion. The sinusoidal flapping motion is better for thrust generation for a higher peak thrust value in both upstroke and downstroke, while the bio-inspired kinematics mainly generate thrust during the downstroke but produce more drag during the upstroke. The defined motion has similar lift performance with the bio-inspired kinematics, while it consumes more energy and generates less thrust. The unsteady flow field around airfoils is also analyzed to explain the corresponding phenomenon. The research in this paper is helpful to understand the flight mechanism of birds and to design a micro air vehicle with higher performance.     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

采用智能材料的变弯扭机翼实验研究

以飞翼布局为研究对象,对常规和智能两种后缘襟翼模型进行了对比试验,在风洞中探索用智能材料植入机翼代替常规铰接式后缘襟翼的气动效益。本文给出了在北航D1风洞1/20半模模型对比风洞试验的结果,结果表明:在与常规襟翼相同偏角情况下,智能襟翼具有更大的增升效益;在常规襟翼失效的偏角情况下,智能襟翼仍能提供额外升力;在实验攻角范围内智能襟翼比常规襟翼平均增升20%以上。