跨、超声速X形鸭翼-弹身组合体旋涡运动

应用蒸汽屏方法显示跨、超声速X形鸭翼-弹身组合体旋涡运动.实验马赫数0.90～4.01,攻角范5°～32°.截面图象表明随马赫数增大,涡迹尺度减小.在低马赫数小攻角下,截面流场中旋涡结构呈现对流和扩散效应,旋涡间相互诱导生成流面;在中等攻角下,弹身上方出现四个鸭翼涡,在横流平面上形成"蛙跃”趋势;在大攻角下,流场由弹身不对称涡主导,鸭翼涡被体涡缠绕、合并.在高马赫数下,截面流场上,翼涡紧缩成"点涡”状.体涡两侧产生横流激波.     

鸭翼边条翼布局俯仰非线性抑制研究

采用CFD方法,研究鸭翼抑制边条翼布局俯仰非线性上仰的可行性。研究结果表明,边条翼布局具有复杂的多涡系旋涡流动结构,而导致俯仰非线性的主要因素是主翼涡的破裂。鸭翼对边条翼翼身组合体俯仰非线性上仰具有很强的抑制作用;鸭翼负偏度可提高鸭翼对俯仰非线性上仰的抑制能力,在更大迎角范围内对俯仰非线性具有明显的减缓作用。     

组合体大迎角侧向气动特性研究

本文通过实验和理论分析，集中研究小展弦细长翼的翼身组合体的大迎角横向气动特性。研究表明，在大迎角定常非对称涡的范围内，由于翼身组合段对后柱体的边界层分离起遮蔽作用，大大削弱了非对称头涡在后柱体上诱导的侧力。实验证实，平置式翼身组合体的侧力要比单独体的侧力大；带两对弹翼的一般翼身组合体，它的侧力主要由前体以及弹翼组成，如果前体涡在弹翼上诱导的侧力与前体的侧力同向，则该侧力要比平置式布局“-О-”的侧力大得多。     

小展弦比弹翼和翼-身组合体大攻角气动特性的数值计算

大攻角时,绕尖前缘细长弹翼上的附面层从前缘分离而形成脱体涡,对于翼-身组合体,除了弹翼上产生脱体涡以外,在弹身背风面上的气流亦发生分离而形成脱体涡(如图1所示),在这些涡系的作用下,使弹翼或翼-身组合体的气动特性随攻角呈非线性变化。     

一组近耦合鸭式布局的低速气动力数值模拟

本文使用位流中前缘离体涡模拟的数值计算方法,对于不可压流动,大迎角情况下的气流流经一组近耦合鸭式布局的流动,进行了数值模拟。分析表明,在大迎角下,在一定的主翼-鸭翼的参数选择和位置配置下,鸭式布局的升力较之单独主翼为高的主要原因是因为鸭翼有推迟主翼离体涡破碎的作用,鸭翼离体涡在主翼翼面上形成的负压以及鸭翼离体涡流动造成的主翼流场的变化,也是提高主翼升力的因素。     

非线性涡格法应用于大攻角战术弹新进展

应用非线性涡格法（ＮＶＬＭ）计算了大攻角战术弹的气动性能。通过迭代方法、分离涡理论模型的改进，以及采用一系列算法技巧，克服了收敛性上的困难。成功地模拟带弹身脱体涡的翼体组合和翼体尾组合各种分离涡和非线性气动性能；其中包括更为复杂的“××”布局。大大增加了ＮＶＬＭ在工程实用中的适应性和灵活性。     

翼身组合体大迎角前体非对称涡流动性态研究

在亚临界流动范围内,对于带有鸭翼、机翼的翼身组合体,在其头尖部带有确定扰动的条件下,研究模型大迎角下的非对称背涡结构及其气动力特性随扰动周向角的演化规律。通过对模型表面的压力分布和侧向力分布分析,结合流场显示结果,表明翼身组合体绕流中鸭翼前各截面均处于非对称二涡区,头部截面侧向力分布随头尖部滚转而呈现出双稳态特性,鸭翼和机翼上方的流动在大迎角下处于完全分离流动状态,从而使得模型上鸭翼之后的截面侧向力接近为零。     

战术弹大迎角气动特性研究

本文基于多种气动外形导弹的实验数据和分离涡理论的研究表明,具有短前弹身的组合体可以抑制低速雷诺数变化对气动力和压力中心的重大影响,除极小展弦比外,通过的翼身组合体对大迎角横向气动力特性具有“整流”的效应,它对控制有利;揭示了导致翼身组合“＋”,“Ｘ”差别的机理,分析表明,引起差别的根源在于“＋”,“Ｘ”分离涡对粘性升力的贡献不同,因此弹簧后掠角越大,展弦比越小,引起的差别也越大,大迎角实验数据的零     

基于数值风洞的鸭翼-前掠翼布局涡干扰特性研究(英文)

基于高性能数值风洞,在低雷诺数下对前掠翼布局中鸭翼涡和主翼涡之间的干扰机理进行了研究,着重研究了前掠翼鸭式布局中鸭翼位置对纵向气动特性影响的机理,发现鸭翼和主翼之间的气动力干扰与相互的耦合作用在全机的升力特性和稳定性方面做出了很大的贡献。随着鸭翼的引入,可以从根本上改善主翼表面的流态,由它产生的自身脱体涡涡系对主翼涡系能够产生有利干扰,可以有效的控制边界层的气流分离。中小迎角时,其气动特性的提高主要取决于鸭翼和主翼的相互位置;而大迎角飞行时,则还与主翼和鸭翼自身产生涡系的强度、位置、破裂早晚以及相互的控制力有关等。并展开速度矢量图、空间流线图以及压力云图对其不同的气动布局和涡系进行了分析.     

动态复杂流动显示

本文给出不同后掠角的三角翼模型在低速风洞中大幅度俯仰运动时和带鸭翼飞机模型主翼面上的动态流显示；分析了动态流动迟滞特性的流动机理及缩减频率的影响和鸭翼涡对主翼涡的干扰影响及随鸭翼振动时主翼涡位置、强度、涡破散点位置的变化。     

窄条翼布局导弹摇滚特性及流动机理

钝头体窄条翼布局导弹在大攻角下拥有极为优异的纵向气动特性,但横向容易失稳,做快速机动时容易诱发非指令的横向不稳定运动。通过开展高速风洞自由摇滚试验和数值模拟,研究了窄条翼导弹自由摇滚特性和流动机理,试验与计算吻合较好。研究发现:较大迎角时,窄条翼面积中心距离尾舵前缘根部5~6倍直径时,模型会进入极限环摇滚,窄条翼位置对模型稳定性有显著的影响,去掉窄条翼或尾舵时,模型均不会进入摇滚;模型空间流场特性表明,气流经过窄条翼时形成的片涡,对背风舵产生强烈的干扰,抑制了尾舵涡的形成和发展,使背风舵动态失稳,导致模型进入极限环摇滚。     

细长体空间涡系的观测

本文用流态显示技术和空间总压测量,对于钝头和尖拱形头部两个细长旋成体模型在中等和大迎角状态的复杂背涡系进行了实验研究。侧重于“二次分离区”的流动观察和测量。实验表明:在中等迎角时细长体背风面上存在有一对二次涡,它们的旋转方向相反;靠外侧的一个涡尺度较大,其旋转方向与同侧主涡相同,当同侧主涡破裂时,它也发生破裂。随迎角进一步增加此涡呈现出从物面上间断地形成和脱落。     

细长翼分离涡的布涡计算法

 细长翼在迎角稍大时,前缘卷起螺旋状分离涡,使上表面压力降低,升力增加。涡襟翼技术也是利用前缘涡的这一特性提高升阻比的。为计算有分离涡的机翼特性,须研究分离涡层的卷起和涡层之间相互干扰的计算方法。早期Brown和Michael,Smith等在锥形流假设下,应用细长体理论计算过三角翼的气动特性。Sack和尹协远等放弃锥形流假设,用离散涡代替脱体涡层,但仍用保角转绘法处理横流面内绕翼面流动。这类方法对横截面形状较复杂的细长翼（如带涡襟翼的机翼）,因转绘函数复杂,计算困难。本文为避免转绘带来的困难,采用直接布涡法计算有分离涡的机翼气动特性。     

压气机叶栅内二次流的数值研究

本文应用Beam-Warming近似隐式因子分解格式以及MML代数湍流模型,采用拟压缩性方法求解雷诺平均拟压缩N-S方程组,对压气机叶栅内三维粘性流场进行了数值研究。结果发现,在给定的流动条件下,叶栅内有多涡系组成的二次流旋涡结构。这些涡系的产生、发展、破裂以及相互作用显示了叶栅通道内三维流动的主要特征并对流动损失具有重要影响。计算结果与实验结果比较,两者吻合较好。      

带背鳍平板三角翼分离涡流场的显示与测量

对后掠角82.5°的平板三角翼和在其对称面分别加低、高背鳍后的组合体在低速风洞进行了烟粒子/激光片光流场显示与测量实验,实验迎角29°,侧滑角为0°.结果表明:对于单独平板三角翼和加高背鳍组合体,其流场是对称、锥型和稳定的;而加上低高度背鳍后,涡变得非对称、非锥型和不稳定.实验结果直接验证了前人关于细长锥体分离涡的稳定性理论,并给出了旋涡失稳后流场的具体表现特性.     

HyTRV流场特征与边界层稳定性特征分析

高超声速转捩研究飞行器（HyTRV）是为研究三维复杂外形的边界层转捩问题而设计的一款具备真实飞行器典型特征的升力体标模。为支撑更加全面系统的理论分析、数值模拟、风洞试验和飞行试验研究,采用高精度数值模拟方法、线性稳定性理论（LST）和e^N方法对HyTRV标模的典型流动特征和边界层失稳特征进行了分析。研究表明,HyTRV展现出多个相对独立的横流区域和多个流向涡结构;HyTRV的边界层存在横流失稳模态、第二模态、附着线失稳模态等常见模态。横流失稳模态出现在周向高低压区之间的横流区域,能够主导转捩发生;横流区域同时也存在第二模态,其N值普遍比横流失稳模态小;附着线失稳模态呈现出第二模态特性,且频率非常高。还研究了攻角和单位雷诺数的影响。结果表明,随着攻角增加,标模下表面中心线的流向涡结构逐渐消失,横流雷诺数逐渐减小;上表面流向涡结构逐渐从腰部移向顶端,并出现新的流向涡结构。增加攻角,所有失稳模态的N值总体上逐渐减小;增加单位雷诺数,N值显著增加。基于研究结果,针对流向涡失稳、横流失稳、第二模态和附着线失稳等给出了研究建议。     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

Effects of wing locations on wing rock induced by forebody vortices

Previous studies have shown that asymmetric vortex wakes over slender bodies exhibit a multi-vortex structure with an alternate arrangement along a body axis at high angle of attack. In this investigation, the effects of wing locations along a body axis on wing rock induced by forebody vortices was studied experimentally at a subcritical Reynolds number based on a body diameter. An artificial perturbation was added onto the nose tip to fix the orientations of forebody vortices. Par-ticle image velocimetry was used to identify flow patterns of forebody vortices in static situations, and time histories of wing rock were obtained using a free-to-roll rig. The results show that the wing locations can affect significantly the motion patterns of wing rock owing to the variation of multi-vortex patterns of forebody vortices. As the wing locations make the forebody vortices a two-vortex pattern, the wing body exhibits regularly divergence and fixed-point motion with azimuthal varia-tions of the tip perturbation. If a three-vortex pattern exists over the wing, however, the wing-rock patterns depend on the impact of the highest vortex and newborn vortex. As the three vortices together influence the wing flow, wing-rock patterns exhibit regularly fixed-points and limit-cycled oscillations. With the wing moving backwards, the newborn vortex becomes stronger, and wing-rock patterns become fixed-points, chaotic oscillations, and limit-cycled oscillations. With fur-ther backward movement of wings, the vortices are far away from the upper surface of wings, and the motions exhibit divergence, limit-cycled oscillations and fixed-points. For the rearmost location of the wing, the wing body exhibits stochastic oscillations and fixed-points.     

叶片弯曲对叶顶间隙流动影响的实验研究

详细测量了直叶栅与正、反弯叶栅叶顶间隙中分面以及叶栅前、后横截面内气动参数分布,并对壁面（包括上、下端壁与叶片表面）流场进行了墨迹显示。对比３ 套叶栅的实验结果发现：叶片正弯削弱了泄漏流与端壁流道内横向二次流,泄漏涡与上通道涡合并,二次涡分离由整体分离转变为局部分离,既减少了相对漏气量又降低了掺混损失;叶片反弯加强了泄漏涡与上通道涡的相互作用,虽然使相对漏气量减少,但却增大了掺混损失。     

Experimental investigation of influence of strake wings on self-induced roll motion at high angles of attack

The modern high performance air vehicles are required to have extreme maneuverability,which includes the ability of controlled maneuvers at high angle of attack. However, the nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena, such as flow separation, vortices interaction, and vortices breaking down, will occur during the flight at high angle of attack, which could induce the uncommanded motions for the air vehicles. For the high maneuverable and agile air missile, the nonlinear roll motions would occur at the high angle of attack. The present work is focused on the selfinduced nonlinear roll motion for a missile configuration and discusses the influence of the strake wings on the roll motion according to the results from free-to-roll test and PIV measurement using the models assembled with different strake wings at a = 60°. The free-to-roll results show that the model with whole strake wings(baseline), the model assembled with three strake wings(Case A)and the model assembled with two opposite strake wings(Case C) experience the spinning, while the model assembled with two adjacent strake wings(Case B), the model assembled with one strake wing(Case D) and the model with no strake wing(Case E) trim or slightly vibrate at a certain "×"rolling angle, which mean that the rolling stability can be improved by dismantling certain strake wings. The flow field results from PIV measurement show that the leeward asymmetric vortices are induced by the windward strake wings. The vortices would interact the strake wings and induce crossflow on the downstream fins to degrade the rolling stability of the model. This could be the main reason for the self-induced roll motion of the model at a = 60°.