Preliminary Evaluation of GPS Performance for Low-Cost General Aviation

Preliminary results of a simulation effort to evaluate the requirements and feasibility of the global positioning system (GPS) as a civil air navigation system are presented. Evaluation is made of GPS requirements, from operational considerations, such as application to nonprecision approaches. The conceptual low-cost GPS receiver simulated here does not correct for the ionospheric or trophospheric delay, is sequential in nature, tracks only four satellites, and is not mechanized to make independent range rate measurements based on the Doppler shift of the GPS carrier frequency. The proposed GPS system has significantly different performance characteristics from the presently used VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) solidus distance-measuring equipment (DME) system. The GPS is a low signal level system and many have a relatively slow data rate due to the low-cost sequential receiver design. The results indicate that although the conceptual low-cost GPS receiver/ navigator is potentially more accurate than a VOR, the accuracy may degrade during aircraft turns and satellite shielding periods.     

基于强跟踪滤波的GPS/INS组合导航系统对准技术研究

针对卡尔曼滤波鲁棒性较差的问题,研究了基于强跟踪滤波方法的GPS/INS对准。建立了GPS/INS组合导航系统对准的误差模型,对机载装备系统进行GPS/INS组合导航系统的对准仿真分析,验证该方案的可行性及强跟踪滤波器的性能。仿真结果表明,采用强跟踪滤波能够根据残差的变化求出渐消因子,能够在机动过程中有效跟踪系统状态量,从而提高对准精度和速度。采用强跟踪滤波的GPS/INS组合导航系统对准技术可以保证对准的快速性及对准精度,对工程应用具有重要的参考价值。     

Analysis of GPS and Loran-C performance for land vehicle navigationin the Canadian Rockies

Loran-C and GPS were assessed for vehicular navigation along selected roads of British Columbia during the winter of 1991. The general topography of this mountainous area is described, together with the specific topographic features and tree coverage characteristics of the 2000 km of roads tested on the mainland and on Vancouver Island. The configuration and characteristics of the Loran C Canadian West Coast chain along the roads used are described. The portable vehicle-mounted system used to collect and analyze the Loran-C and GPS signals along road profiles is described. The performance of Loran-C is analyzed in terms of signal to noise ratios (SNR), field strength, and time-difference distortions, as measured by differential GPS. These distortions, which can reach several hundred meters over distances of less than 20 km, are analyzed in terms of topographic features. The possibility of using these time-independent distortions to calibrate Loran-C for use along the above roads is discussed. Masking of GPS signals due to topographic features and tree coverage along the roads is analyzed. A comparative analysis of both Loran-C and GPS is presented in terms of signal availability and accuracy     

基于UWB/SINS组合的行人导航研究

在特殊环境下全球定位系统(GPS)信号强度被严重削弱,此时基于GPS技术的导航设备将受到严重影响。针对不依赖GPS的行人导航定位需求,提出了一种基于微机电捷联惯导系统(SINS)与超宽带(UWB)定位系统相结合的行人导航方法。该系统由捷联惯导系统与超宽带定位系统组成,行人导航算法在传统的捷联算法的基础上引入了零速修正技术用于检测零速时刻,并使用阈值法剔除了超宽带错误信息,通过联邦Kalman滤波融合了零速、位置和航向信息,并对系统速度、位置、航向进行了校正。行人导航实验表明,该方法能够提升系统定位精度,并进一步加强系统的稳定性与可靠性。     

GPS/BDS组合定位精度分析

随着定位技术的不断发展及多系统导航定位技术的逐步推广，多系统组合导航定位已经成为了GNSS导航定位领域中的主要发展趋势。主要阐述了GPS/BDS组合相对定位的观测方程和数学模型，并根据实测数据对比分析，从卫星可见性、精度因子、定位精度和均方根误差等方面对GPS、BDS及GPS/BDS组合定位系统的定位性能、定位精度进行了比较。研究结果表明，较单一的GPS和BDS系统定位，采用GPS/BDS组合定位可有效提高卫星可见数目和DOP值，且稳定性更好。GPS/BDS组合定位的定位精度也明显优于单一系统，这对GNSS高精度导航定位具有重要的参考价值。     

GPS/惯性组合方式讨论与导航精度分析

 本文讨论GPS/惯性组合两种方式的优缺点。并以GPS伪距和伪距率与惯导组合为例,按GPS测量误差的不同,以及使用差分机等情况,仿真计算了机载使用的组合导航性能,进行了详细的精度分析。结果表明,这种组合的导航精度比GPS和惯导各自的导航精度高。在采用差分GPS机与惯导组合后,位置误差将进一步减少,使组合导航具有开辟例如飞机进场着陆等新的使用领域的可能性。     

On precision of GPS C/A code

The accuracy of clear acquisition (C/A) code for civilian users of the Global Positioning System, in comparison with precise (P) code, is discussed. Different design techniques for GPS receivers are presented. The 1-ms range ambiguity of C/A code is discussed, and a solution is given. Intentional degradation of GPS signals and denial of accuracy is discussed, and some predictions are presented. The issue of government support and protection of domestic GPS industry against possible unfair international competition is briefly discussed     

差分GPS在飞行试验中的应用

ＧＰＳ是美国正在大力发展的高精度卫星导航系统。主要叙述差分ＧＰＳ在飞行试验中的应用，首先介绍ＧＰＳ的伪距测量定位原理和测速原理，ＤＧＰＳ提高定位精度的原理。     

Performance evaluation of GPS augmentation using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

The current global positioning system (GPS) provides limited availability and capability for a country like Japan where mountainous terrain and urban canyons do not allow a clear skyline to the horizon. At present, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is under investigation through a cooperative effort between the government and the private sector. QZSS is considered a multi-function satellite system, as it is able to provide communication, broadcasting, and positioning services for mobile users in a specified region with a high elevation angle. The additional GPS compatible signals from QZSS can remarkably improve the availability, accuracy, and capability of GPS positioning. This work focuses on the performance of GPS augmentation using the proposed QZSS. The QZSS satellite constellation and signal structure are briefly reviewed. Positioning with pseudo-range and carrier phase are discussed. The performance of GPS augmentation using QZSS in the Asian-Pacific and Australian area is studied using software simulations. The results are presented using the number of visible satellites as a measure of availability, GDOP as a measure of accuracy, and ambiguity success rate as a measure of capability of carrier-phase-based positioning with spatial and temporal variations. The results show that the QZSS will improve not only the availability and accuracy of GPS positioning, but will also enhance the capability of the GPS carrier-phase-based positioning in Japan and neighboring regions.     

Attitude determination with GPS: experimental results

An approach to global positioning system (GPS) attitude determination and the results of an experimental evaluation are presented. The most outstanding features of the method are the fundamental observable used for attitude calculation, the triple difference, and the introduction of a new parameter, the differential dilution of precision (DDOP), which relates the GPS satellite geometry to the GPS accuracy when measuring angular magnitudes. The experiment used two commercial off-the-shelf GPS C/A code receivers delivering integrated Doppler measurements. The algorithm is robust with respect to phase cycle slips and does not require solving the usual integer ambiguity of the measurements. The preliminary results show that absolute attitude determination requires a calibration of the baseline and that the relative attitude accuracy is on the order of 0.1° or 2 mrads for the case of a 2-m-long baseline     

用于SAR运动补偿的DGPS/SINS组合系统研究

使用考虑位置误差相关项的伪距率观测模型 ,研究了用于合成孔径雷达运动补偿的差分 GPS/ SINS伪距率组合系统。结果表明 ,组合系统的长期位置精度能达到 1 m左右。 GPS数据更新率低于 INS,在 GPS测量时间间隔内 ,组合系统的性能仅由 INS决定。虽然 INS误差随时间积累 ,在 GPS数据更新率为 1 s的情况下 ,即使采用中等精度的惯性仪表 ,其相对位置精度为厘米级 (这里相对位置精度指组合系统在 GPS测量时间间隔内位置误差的变化范围)。     

Railway track inspection using INS-BINS-N

The results of an integrated strap-down inertial system development and tests are presented. The system includes laser gyros and accelerometers and is intended for measuring railway track angular parameters. To raise the accuracy of angles and distance measurements the inertial system is integrated with a GPS receiver and an odometer. Test results showed that BINS-N accuracy is better than the accuracy of an issued system     

星载全空间可见GPS接收系统定位精度分析及验证

针对低轨空间科学卫星在轨任意姿态无固定对天面造成的无法连续GPS(Global Positioning System,全球定位系统)定位的问题,在HXMT(Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope,硬X射线调制望远镜)卫星中提出了星载全空间可见的GPS接收系统,并指出了双天线多径干扰对定位精度的影响。建立模型,对双天线下主瓣直达信号和后瓣镜像干扰信号叠加合成的信号进行定位精度分析,结果表明,空间中83.3%以上的GPS卫星信号对该系统带来的定位误差影响不大于单天线的定位误差影响。通过半物理动态仿真验证以及外场试验进行验证,实际工程测试数据结果表明采用剔星策略后定位精度提高约13.4%。从而证明了星载全空间可见的GPS接收系统方案的正确性,并可广泛应用于工程实际。     

GPS速度法确定飞机空速系统位置误差

飞机空速系统位置误差的测定,飞行试验中有多种常规方法,但期精度只能满足常规型号空速系统的验证要求。针对这一问题提出了ＧＰＳ速度法,叙述了该方法的原理、实施过程和数据处理方法,讨论了方法的系统精度并给出了误差估算结果。通过对某型飞机的验证试飞,表明该方法简便易行,可满足气动补偿型空速系统的试飞验证要求。     

一种无人机推测导航(DR)抗侧风控制策略

随着无人机应用领域的不断扩大，要求无人机在GPS信号失效时仍然能够保证一定的航迹跟随性能。在不给现役无人机增加其他的硬件配置的前提下，本文采用推测导航作为唯一的导航手段，并针对影响推测导航 精度的侧风扰动，研究了一种对抗侧风的控制策略。该策略的实质就是将普通的PID控制律改为一种容错控制律。仿真结果表明，这种控制策略在无人机作直线航迹跟踪时，效果十分理想。     

GPS在多航天器相对导航和姿态确定中的应用

研究了ＧＰＳ在一类没有结构和力约束,但存在运动约束的多航天器系统中的应用。首先分析了ＧＰＳ在该系统中应用的模式和方案。重点研究了相对ＧＰＳ（ＲＧＰＳ）导航和ＧＰＳ姿态确定的方法和算法。然后提出了ＧＰＳ在该系统中应用的总体结构和功能结构。最后对ＧＰＳ在该系统中应用的选星、滤波器设计、误差消除等问题进行了讨论。研究结果有助于ＧＰＳ在多航天器系统中应用的标准化。     

GPS/INS integration on the Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM)

The Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) is a worldwide, all-weather, precision-strike weapon system deployed from carrier-based aircraft. In the primary mode of operation, target location and other mission data are generated from intelligence sources available on the aircraft carrier and loaded into the missile prior to aircraft takeoff. After missile launch, the SLAM inertial navigation system (INS) guides the missile along the planned trajectory. Updating the missile INS from the Global Positioning System (GPS) during flight provides precise midcourse navigation and enhances target acquisition by accurate, on-target pointing of the SLAM Maverick seeker. The GPS/INS avionics and software integration used for SLAM are described in detail, along with some of the design tradeoffs that led to the approach. The avionics configuration integrates the Harpoon midcourse guidance unit, which includes a strapdown inertial sensor package and digital processor, with a Rockwell-Collins single-channel, sequential GPS receiver processor unit (RPU), a derivative of the GPS phase-III user equipment. In addition to the GPS receiver elements the RPU contains the navigation processor, which executes the SLAM navigation, Kalman filter algorithms, and other guidance algorithms including seeker pointing. Flight-test results of the SLAM GPS-aided INS are also included     

低成本U-blox模块的单频GPS/BDS增强PPP定位性能分析

以U-blox单频接收机采集数据,在GPS与GPS/BDS两种解算模式下进行局域增强精密单点定位(PPP)解算,并进行模糊度固定,对其在不同环境下的定位性能进行实验研究和分析。实验结果表明:在静态环境下,GPS/BDS浮点解收敛至cm级需3min左右,较GPS缩短64%,GPS/BDS定位精度RMS在平面与高程方向分别为(3.2cm,2.7cm),较GPS提升(47%,59%);GPS/BDS在30s左右可固定模糊度,固定后定位精度为(0.4cm,1.0cm),较GPS/BDS浮点解提升(88%,63%)。在动态环境下,GPS/BDS浮点解收敛至cm级需4min左右,较GPS提升59%,定位精度为(3.1cm,5.9cm),较GPS提升(34%,43%);GPS/BDS获得固定解需2min左右,固定后定位精度为(0.7cm,1.0cm),较GPS/BDS浮点解提升(77%,83%)。     

平均场退火算法在GPS姿态确定中的应用

研究了基于GPS载波相位测量载体姿态的技术 ,采用了精度高速度快的平均场退火算法(MFANN)。MEFANN是竞争性的Hopfield神经网络和随机模拟退火算法结合起来的一种算法 ,用来求解最优姿态确定问题。首先阐述了GPS载波相位姿态测量基本原理 ,接下来建立了姿态测量系统数学模型 ,应用MFANN算法来解算整周模糊度和方位角 ,最后给出了应用MFANN方法求解的实例 ,说明该方法是有效的     

Preoperational testing of data link-based air traffic managementsystems in Magadan, far East Russia

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used in many ways which were unimagined by its original planners and implementers. This paper discusses one such application; the surveillance of commercial aircraft in a developing airspace environment. GPS provides system users with the ability to determine their own position with an accuracy, reliability and cost that is unprecedented. Voice procedures augmented by radar have been the primary tools for air traffic surveillance since the end of World War II. But for some countries the equipage of aircraft with GPS and a data link capable of carrying position reports to the ATC authorities is providing a viable alternative to long-range secondary radar systems. In the summer and fail of 1995, ARINC installed and demonstrated equipment in Magadan, Russia which permits air traffic controllers of MagadanAeroControl to monitor GPS position reports generated by aircraft as far away as Canada and the South Pacific. The position reports were displayed against maps and flight tracks. This equipment has clearly demonstrated an alternative technology for the upgrading of the ATC system in Siberia and other remote areas