雷达隐身与反隐身

隐身飞机现代战场的出现带来了航空技术的另一场革命。本文综述了美国的各种雷达隐身技术；介绍了雷达反隐身技术和提高雷达对隐身目标测能力所采取的措施。     

飞机隐身技术

隐身技术广泛应用于新一代军用飞机上,本文分析了隐身飞机所采用的主要隐身技术,如反雷达探测隐身技术和反红外探测隐身技术等。     

反舰导弹的隐身技术

通过对而向新世纪反舰导弹作战需求的分析,介绍了红外隐身技术和雷达隐身技术在反舰导弹中的应用,并指出隐身技术应用于反舰导弹需要解决的几个问题,为其发展提供参考.     

巡航导弹隐身与雷达反隐身技术

提出了巡航导弹采取隐身技术是一种必然的趋势,着重指出巡航导弹隐身技术中的反雷达技术,总结了针对反巡航导弹隐身方法中运用到的雷达技术.     

从二次世界大战到海湾战争的隐身技术

为了改进作战生存能力,近代美国军用飞机应用隐身技术以缩小飞机的雷达散射截面积(RCS)。本文从结构设计和雷达吸波材料研制两方面对隐身技术进行评述。     

美国探索视觉隐身

在进行了近30年雷达隐身技术研究之后，美国航空航天工业界正在探索新的隐身技术，包括视觉隐身技术。     

飞机隐身技术的变革

介绍了飞机隐身技术发生的变革,隐身技术的重点将从雷达隐身转向视觉隐身。     

航空发动机隐身技术研究及管理工作探讨

隐身技术是提高军用飞机生存力、作战效能的有效手段。航空发动机红外隐身和雷达隐身是飞机隐身的重点和难点。在对航空发动机红外、雷达隐身技术简要分析的基础上,给出了对航空发动机隐身技术研究及管理工作的一些思考,指出了航空发动机隐身技术研究和管理应重点开展发动机隐身要求和作战效能分析,加强发动机隐身专业体系建设,梳理发动机隐身技术研究流程和路线图,注重发动机隐身技术研究配套保障条件建设等。     

道高一尺魔高一丈——反隐身技术的发展

隐身技术已经经过了30多年的发展,并日臻成熟。与此同时,与其针锋相对的反隐身技术也在不断发展。隐身技术目前还远未达到无懈可击的水平,新型和特种雷达、雷达组网、红外／声学探测技术等都可以成为打破“隐身”神话的利器。     

飞机后向红外隐身技术应用探讨

随着雷达隐身的快速发展,新一代作战飞机的雷达隐身性能较为原来有了显著提高,来自敌方雷达的威胁显著减小,但没有采取红外隐身措施的作战飞机在日益发展的红外探测系统面前生存力大打折扣,本文通过对国外先进战机的红外隐身技术应用现状进行了分析和整理,总结其后向红外隐身技术应用规律,探讨了其发展趋势。     

Rotating Blades Radio Interference in a Helicopter-Borne CW Doppler Radar

Radio interference generated in a helicopter-borne continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar system due to the rotating blades is analyzed. This problem has been previously treated for the case of pulse Doppler radar systems with very narrow (near zero) beamwidth. In this case the strong interference component returning directly from the blades (with no ground reflection) need not be considered as it reaches the receiver when it is still blinded. In the case of a CW Doppler radar, however, this interference component must be included. Numerical calculations show that the total blade interference power level, dominated by the direct component, is higher than that of the direct ground clutter in the radar clutter region. It decreases approximately as (f - fo)-4 in the radar clear region. It stays, however, well above the thermal noise level which might cause false alarm and degrade the radar performance.     

A new CFAR sidelobe canceler algorithm for radar

Signal or target detection is sometimes complicated by the presence of strong interference. When this interference occurs mainly in the sidelobes of the antenna pattern, a solution to this problem is realized through a sidelobe canceler (SLC) implementation. Since the false-alarm probability is a system parameter of special importance in radar, an interference-canceling technique for radar application should maintain the false-alarm probability constant over a wide range of incident interference power. With the requirements of sidelobe interference cancellation and constant false alarm rate (CFAR), a new algorithm for radar detection in the presence of sidelobe interference is developed from the generalized likelihood ratio test of Neyman-Pearson. In this development, the received interference is modeled as a nonstationary but slowly varying Gaussian random process. Cancellation of the sidelobe interference is based upon a `synchronous' estimate of the spatial covariance of the interference for the range gate being tested. This algorithm provides a fixed false-alarm rate and a fixed threshold which depend only upon the parameters of the algorithm     

Performance analysis of radar antenna systems

If modern airborne radar systems are to function properly, the radar antenna radiation patterns must meet certain specifications. Until recently, most radar antennas were designed and tested in a clean antenna environment, i.e., there is no near field scattering from host structures or radome effects. However, these higher order effects are the matter of increasing concern with added performance demands in the ever-increasing jammer and clutter interference environments. We investigated the capabilities and limitations of currently available analysis techniques and computer codes for installed performance of airborne radar antenna systems. Then we developed an extended ray-optical technique that could predict total installed performance of airborne radar antenna systems, i.e., the near field scattering from aircraft structures and radome effects. The new analysis technique utilized a ray-tracing method in both airframe and radome simulation. Thus, it can efficiently predict the total installed performance of large radar antenna systems on an aircraft structure     

Angle/Doppler estimation in heavy-tailed clutter backgrounds

This work describes new methods on the modeling of the amplitude statistics of airborne radar clutter by means of alpha-stable distributions. We develop joint target angle and Doppler, maximum likelihood-based estimation techniques from radar measurements retrieved in the presence of impulsive uncorrelated noise modeled as an alpha-stable random process. We derive the Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) for the additive Cauchy interference scenario to assess the best case estimation accuracy which can be achieved. In addition, we introduce a new joint spatial- and Doppler-frequency high-resolution estimation technique based on the fractional lower order statistics of the measurements of a radar array. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods can be of interest in the study of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) for airborne pulse Doppler radar arrays operating in impulsive interference environments     

火控雷达在有源干扰环境中的作用距离评估

火控雷达在有源干扰环境中的作用距离直接关系到武器系统在电磁干扰环境中的实战效能和生存能力,因此提高火控雷达在有源干扰环境中的探测距离是雷达技术发展的最主要内容。文中分析了干扰环境里火控雷达的接收特性,探讨了火控雷达在有源噪声干扰环境中的作用距离模型,并根据模型绘制出了在自卫干扰和支援干扰情况下的火控雷达作用距离曲线,最后得出改进雷达抗干扰参数的几点结论。     

Radio Interference in Helicopter-Borne Pulse Doppler Radars

Radio interference generated in a helicopter-borne pulse Doppler radar system due to rotating blades is analyzed for the case that blades are located in the far field region of the radar antenna. A first-order estimate of the blade interference power spectrum is obtained as a function of antenna depression angle and radar (helicopter) altitude and speed. Numerical calculations show that blade interference is very weak compared with the direct ground clutter. It extends, however, into the clutter-free region which causes false alarms and degrades the radar performance.     

On the Design of a Large Aperture Radar for Target Imaging

This paper describes the design, construction, and performance of an experimental radar, in which an electronically scanned X-band array is employed as the receiving antenna. Backscatter from targets uniformly illuminated from a separate transmitting antenna is intercepted by 128 horn antennas, unequally spaced over a nine-foot circular aperture. The received signals are processed electronically to provide a complete scan of a 30X30 degree field every ten milliseconds. Resulting target images were displayed on a cathode ray tube and recorded on 16-mm motion picture film, for varying conditions of target motion using monochromatic and frequency-modulated X-band illumination. Sequences of motion picture frames obtained from a rotating copper cone are presented, which demonstrate significant changes in the image and side-lobe interference patterns for small changes in target aspect angle. Side-lobe interference effects were reduced by integrating many antenna scans as the target rotated; a clear image of a foil letter R is presented that demonstrated this result. The main objective of this work was to test this radar technique as an approach to target recognition.     

干扰机应对自适应捷变频雷达的一种干扰方法

雷达干扰机与雷达抗干扰相互促进发展,现在自适应捷变频雷达具有很强的抗窄带瞄准式干扰和宽带阻塞式干扰的能力。文章中提出了现有干扰机对自适应捷变频雷达实施干扰的一种新方法及实施方案——频谱拖引。     

The sondrestrom radar and accompanying ground-based instrumentation

The Sondrestrom radar facility, funded by the NSF Upper Atmospheric Facilities Program, is operated and managed by SRI International. The facility is located on the west coast of Greenland, just north of the Arctic Circle, near 75 deg invariant magnetic latitude. The principal instrument at the facility is the incoherent scatter radar. The incoherent scatter technique allows the direct measurement of ionospheric electron number density, ion velocity, and electron and ion temperature along the radar beam. Because the radar antenna is fully steerable these parameters can be determined as functions of horizontal distance and altitude. Additional ionospheric quantities can be derived using these measured parameters. As part of the ISTP mission, the radar will measure the spatial (horizontal and altitudinal) and temporal variations of ionospheric parameters including electron density, large scale electric field. conductivity, currents, and energy input. Repetitive measurements define variations of parameters with local time, as well.     

The Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) Onboard the KAGUYA (SELENE) Spacecraft

The Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) onboard the KAGUYA (SELENE) spacecraft has successfully performed radar sounder observations of the lunar subsurface structures and passive observations of natural radio and plasma waves from the lunar orbit. After the transfer of the spacecraft into the final lunar orbit and antenna deployment, the operation of LRS started on October 29, 2007. Through the operation until June 10, 2009, 2363 hours worth of radar sounder data and 8961 hours worth of natural radio and plasma wave data have been obtained. It was revealed through radar sounder observations that there are distinct reflectors at a depth of several hundred meters in the nearside maria, which are inferred to be buried regolith layers covered by a basalt layer with a thickness of several hundred meters. Radar sounder data were obtained not only in the nearside maria but also in other regions such as the farside highland region and polar region. LRS also performed passive observations of natural plasma waves associated with interaction processes between the solar wind plasma and the moon, and the natural waves from the Earth, the sun, and Jupiter. Natural radio waves such as auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) with interference patterns caused by the lunar surface reflections, and Jovian hectometric (HOM) emissions were detected. Intense electrostatic plasma waves around 20 kHz were almost always observed at local electron plasma frequency in the solar wind, and the electron density profile, including the lunar wake boundary, was derived along the spacecraft trajectory. Broadband noises below several kHz were frequently observed in the dayside and wake boundary of the moon and it was found that a portion of them consist of bipolar pulses. The datasets obtained by LRS will make contributions for studies on the lunar geology and physical processes of natural radio and plasma wave generation and propagation.