大飞机数字化制造关键技术

大型飞机数字化制造是一个非常复杂的系统工程,主要关键技术包括数字化并行协同技术、仿真技术、数字化测量技术、智能集成技术、柔性制造技术、飞机部件便捷传送技术、数字化信息处理技术、脉动线制造技术等,通过这些关键技术保证大飞机数字化制造的每个环节高效、顺利地进行,从而保证大飞机研制和生产周期短、质量高、成本低.对关键技术进行了综述分析,指出了关键技术中技术要点和关键问题,对更好地开展大飞机数字化制造具有参考作用.     

飞机总装脉动生产线智能制造技术研究与应用

为促进我国飞机总装生产线智能化转型升级,探讨了总装脉动生产线中智能制造技术的研究与应用.首先,结合中航工业智能制造总架构,给出了总装脉动生产线智能制造发展的总体思路;然后,从信息采集、智能管控、智能物流、部件对接和线缆检测等方面,分析了智能制造关键技术的研究思路;最后,以某型飞机总装生产线建设为背景,介绍了智能制造技术的相关应用情况.     

飞机结构件数控加工工序计算技术

近年来,智能制造已引起国内制造业广泛关注,成为学术界的研究热点.零件自动加工是智能制造的重要组成,也是智能制造的一项具体体现,数控加工自动编程是实现零件自动加工的关键.首先,立足于加工工程实际和本质重新梳理数控加工编程流程,提出自动编程技术思路并确立技术实施的核心和关键;然后,简述了当前数控加工自动编程相关关键技术的发展现状以及存在的问题;最后,基于当前的研究基础,指出自动编程技术的核心并预测了未来的发展趋势.     

航空发动机智能制造生产线构建技术研究

结合航空发动机制造生产线特点,研究了智能制造的特征及要素,设计了面向航空发动机的智能制造生产线架构,并阐述了实施内容、关键技术及实现方法,为智能制造技术在航空发动机制造企业以及装配制造业应用提供了重要参考.     

航空发动机智能加工技术进展研究

针对航空发动机复杂构件加工领域,智能加工技术是关键构件加工过程的重要技术保障.通过分析目前航空发动机智能加工技术中存在的问题,揭示智能加工技术的内涵、意义和特点;阐明智能加工过程中的关键技术及发展现状和进展,指出对应的科学问题和实现方法,从而为航空发动机高品质、高可靠、高效率制造提供技术支撑.     

多品种变批量产品智能生产线应用框架

为推动智能制造技术在多品种变批量产品生产中的应用,研究了智能生产线的应用框架,提出了智能生产线的应用流程和体系架构,梳理了重点内容和关键技术,对于发展智能制造技术、构建智能生产线和落实智能制造在生产中的应用具有较好的参考价值。     

数字化车间及航空智能制造实践

智能制造作为一种新的制造模式已经成为制造业未来的发展方向。世界各国纷纷采取措施,推进本国智能制造技术发展。在航空制造领域,智能制造也成为未来的发展趋势。在现有数字化车间基础上,提出了涵盖基础物理层、中间管理层及顶端智能管控层的飞机结构件智能数字化车间架构,并对智能工艺、智能装备、智能管控等飞机结构件智能制造关键技术进行了研究,以为智能制造在航空工业领域的应用提供参考。     

智能移动机器人导航控制技术综述

智能移动机器人在制造业、服务业、军事、星际探测等领域获得了广泛的应用,导航是智能移动机器人实现自主控制需要解决的重要问题.对不同领域智能移动机器人导航技术发展现状进行了调研.针对环境感知与建模、定位和路径规划等机器人导航控制关键技术,深入分析了其实现方法.在此基础上归纳出智能移动机器人导航控制未来的发展趋势.     

超精密加工技术的地位、现状和发展趋势(上)

超精密加工技术是制造尺寸精度和形状精度高于0.1微米,表面粗糙度值小于Ra0.01～0.02微米的产品所需的综合性的高新工艺技术。超精密加工技术主要包括:超精密加工方法、加工设备、超精密测量技术、控制技术、环境技术和相应的材料处理技术。超精密加工技术是一种制造尖端产品的关键技术手段。超精密加工技术不仅是航空、航天、电子、仪表、核能和机械等技术发展的关键技术,其本身的发展又促进上述各项技术的发     

重型火箭贮箱大型结构制造技术现状及发展分析

大型结构件制造技术是发展重型运载火箭的关键技术之一,直径8～9m级重型运载火箭大型贮箱将带来成型、焊接装配等工艺和装备方面新的制造技术挑战.吸取以往人类历史上研制经验教训,有助于权衡大型结构件制造实现和制造经济性.需开展先进制造技术升级,加强大型轻质化结构制造技术和装备技术基础,适应发展要求.     

Mars Science Laboratory Mission and Science Investigation

Scheduled to land in August of 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission was initiated to explore the habitability of Mars. This includes both modern environments as well as ancient environments recorded by the stratigraphic rock record preserved at the Gale crater landing site. The Curiosity rover has a designed lifetime of at least one Mars year (～23?months), and drive capability of at least 20?km. Curiosity’s science payload was specifically assembled to assess habitability and includes a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and gas analyzer that will search for organic carbon in rocks, regolith fines, and the atmosphere (SAM instrument); an x-ray diffractometer that will determine mineralogical diversity (CheMin instrument); focusable cameras that can image landscapes and rock/regolith textures in natural color (MAHLI, MARDI, and Mastcam instruments); an alpha-particle x-ray spectrometer for in situ determination of rock and soil chemistry (APXS instrument); a?laser-induced breakdown spectrometer to remotely sense the chemical composition of rocks and minerals (ChemCam instrument); an active neutron spectrometer designed to search for water in rocks/regolith (DAN instrument); a weather station to measure modern-day environmental variables (REMS instrument); and a sensor designed for continuous monitoring of background solar and cosmic radiation (RAD instrument). The various payload elements will work together to detect and study potential sampling targets with remote and in situ measurements; to acquire samples of rock, soil, and atmosphere and analyze them in onboard analytical instruments; and to observe the environment around the rover. The 155-km diameter Gale crater was chosen as Curiosity’s field site based on several attributes: an interior mountain of ancient flat-lying strata extending almost 5?km above the elevation of the landing site; the lower few hundred meters of the mountain show a progression with relative age from clay-bearing to sulfate-bearing strata, separated by an unconformity from overlying likely anhydrous strata; the landing ellipse is characterized by a mixture of alluvial fan and high thermal inertia/high albedo stratified deposits; and a number of stratigraphically/geomorphically distinct fluvial features. Samples of the crater wall and rim rock, and more recent to currently active surface materials also may be studied. Gale has a well-defined regional context and strong evidence for a progression through multiple potentially habitable environments. These environments are represented by a stratigraphic record of extraordinary extent, and insure preservation of a rich record of the environmental history of early Mars. The interior mountain of Gale Crater has been informally designated at Mount Sharp, in honor of the pioneering planetary scientist Robert Sharp. The major subsystems of the MSL Project consist of a single rover (with science payload), a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, an Earth-Mars cruise stage, an entry, descent, and landing system, a launch vehicle, and the mission operations and ground data systems. The primary communication path for downlink is relay through the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The primary path for uplink to the rover is Direct-from-Earth. The secondary paths for downlink are Direct-to-Earth and relay through the Mars Odyssey orbiter. Curiosity is a scaled version of the 6-wheel drive, 4-wheel steering, rocker bogie system from the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity and the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner. Like Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity offers three primary modes of navigation: blind-drive, visual odometry, and visual odometry with hazard avoidance. Creation of terrain maps based on HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) and other remote sensing data were used to conduct simulated driving with Curiosity in these various modes, and allowed selection of the Gale crater landing site which requires climbing the base of a mountain to achieve its primary science goals. The Sample Acquisition, Processing, and Handling (SA/SPaH) subsystem is responsible for the acquisition of rock and soil samples from the Martian surface and the processing of these samples into fine particles that are then distributed to the analytical science instruments. The SA/SPaH subsystem is also responsible for the placement of the two contact instruments (APXS, MAHLI) on rock and soil targets. SA/SPaH consists of a robotic arm and turret-mounted devices on the end of the arm, which include a drill, brush, soil scoop, sample processing device, and the mechanical and electrical interfaces to the two contact science instruments. SA/SPaH also includes drill bit boxes, the organic check material, and an observation tray, which are all mounted on the front of the rover, and inlet cover mechanisms that are placed over the SAM and CheMin solid sample inlet tubes on the rover top deck.     

科学与人文的统一——访长江学者、西北工业大学材料学院刘峰教授

正刘峰LIU Feng长江学者特聘教授Chang Jiang Scholar国家杰出青年科学基金获得者Winner of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scientists西北工业大学教授,博士生导师,德国洪堡学者,中国科协全国委员。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,教育部"长江学者"特聘教授,中组部"万人计划"科技创新领军人才;"百千万人才"工程国家级人选,入选中青年科技创新领军人才推进计划;获中国青年科技奖,享受国务院政府特殊津贴。主要研究方向为非平衡凝固理论与技术;固态相变动力学理论;相变热力学动力学相关性、先进亚稳(钢铁、铝镁合金、纳米)材料研究;先进金属功能材料等。获陕西省科学技术一等奖1项、二等奖2项。发表SCI论文280余篇,包括本领域顶级期刊Acta Materialia 30余篇以及3篇Inter.Mater.Rev.综述。     

Magnetospheric and Plasma Science with Cassini-Huygens

Magnetospheric and plasma science studies at Saturn offer a unique opportunity to explore in-depth two types of magnetospheres. These are an ‘induced’ magnetosphere generated by the interaction of Titan with the surrounding plasma flow and Saturn's ‘intrinsic’ magnetosphere, the magnetic cavity Saturn's planetary magnetic field creates inside the solar wind flow. These two objects will be explored using the most advanced and diverse package of instruments for the analysis of plasmas, energetic particles and fields ever flown to a planet. These instruments will make it possible to address and solve a series of key scientific questions concerning the interaction of these two magnetospheres with their environment. The flow of magnetospheric plasma around the obstacle, caused by Titan's atmosphere/ionosphere, produces an elongated cavity and wake, which we call an ‘induced magnetosphere’. The Mach number characteristics of this interaction make it unique in the solar system. We first describe Titan's ionosphere, which is the obstacle to the external plasma flow. We then study Titan's induced magnetosphere, its structure, dynamics and variability, and discuss the possible existence of a small intrinsic magnetic field of Titan. Saturn's magnetosphere, which is dynamically and chemically coupled to all other components of Saturn's environment in addition to Titan, is then described. We start with a summary of the morphology of magnetospheric plasma and fields. Then we discuss what we know of the magnetospheric interactions in each region. Beginning with the innermost regions and moving outwards, we first describe the region of the main rings and their connection to the low-latitude ionosphere. Next the icy satellites, which develop specific magnetospheric interactions, are imbedded in a relatively dense neutral gas cloud which also overlaps the spatial extent of the diffuse E ring. This region constitutes a very interesting case of direct and mutual coupling between dust, neutral gas and plasma populations. Beyond about twelve Saturn radii is the outer magnetosphere, where the dynamics is dominated by its coupling with the solar wind and a large hydrogen torus. It is a region of intense coupling between the magnetosphere and Saturn's upper atmosphere, and the source of Saturn's auroral emissions, including the kilometric radiation. For each of these regions we identify the key scientific questions and propose an investigation strategy to address them. Finally, we show how the unique characteristics of the CASSINI spacecraft, instruments and mission profile make it possible to address, and hopefully solve, many of these questions. While the CASSINI orbital tour gives access to most, if not all, of the regions that need to be explored, the unique capabilities of the MAPS instrument suite make it possible to define an efficient strategy in which in situ measurements and remote sensing observations complement each other. Saturn's magnetosphere will be extensively studied from the microphysical to the global scale over the four years of the mission. All phases present in this unique environment — extended solid surfaces, dust and gas clouds, plasma and energetic particles — are coupled in an intricate way, very much as they are in planetary formation environments. This is one of the most interesting aspects of Magnetospheric and Plasma Science studies at Saturn. It provides us with a unique opportunity to conduct an in situ investigation of a dynamical system that is in some ways analogous to the dusty plasma environments in which planetary systems form. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

当今炭素材料的研究热点和发展趋势

在系统地分析了当今炭素材料研究的基础上，结合科学技术发展的方向提出了炭素科学的研究热点，认为多孔碳材料、纳米碳材料和碳基复合材料是当今炭素材料的研究热点，而由能源的开发与利用、环境的保护与治理和生命科学的发展所引出的新型应用领域则代表了未来几年乃至几十年的研究热点和发展趋势，这些炭素材料的应用则构成了当今炭素材料应用科学的主要研究内容。炭素材料的基础研究主要围绕着炭素材料的性能和应用展开。     

THEMIS Science Objectives and Mission Phases

The five THEMIS spacecraft and a dedicated ground-based observatory array will pinpoint when and where substorms occur, thereby providing the observations needed to identify the processes that cause substorms to suddenly release solar wind energy stored within the Earth’s magnetotail. The primary science which drove the mission design enables unprecedented observations relevant to magnetospheric research areas ranging from the foreshock to the Earth’s radiation belts. This paper describes how THEMIS will reach closure on its baseline scientific objectives as a function of mission phase.     

理工科院校毕业设计工作的思考

为提高学生的综合素质，加强对本科生毕业设计工作的重视，就当前理工科院校毕业设计工作中存在的主要问题进行了归纳和分析，提出了一些应对措施。     

上海市科技经费投入分析

通过上海市2000～2011年科技经费投入分析,我们发现:12年来,上海市科技经费投入强度大但是后劲不足;地方财政科技拨款不断增加,但是“财政科技拨款占科技经费比”不断下降,政府财政科技支出履职程度严重不足;企业是科技经费来源主体,政府资金比例太低;经费支出中,企业科技经费占65％左右,科研机构次之,高等院校比例太少;经费活动分配结构畸形,重试验发展与应用研究,轻基础研究;人均科技经费增长缓慢,难以与西方发达国家相比.政策建议是:加大科技经费投入力度,增强发展后劲,创新财政投入方式;加大政府对企业的研发经费投入;优化科技经费的使用结构;加强国内外科技交流与合作;改革与完善科技管理体制机制.     

Science with GRASP

The GRASP mission — Gamma Ray Astronomy with Spectroscopy and Positioning — is currently under assessment by ESA as a future space astronomy mission. The GRASP telescope will be the first high-resolution spectral imager to operate in the gamma-ray region of the spectrum. This, coupled with its high sensitivity, will enable GRASP to address many basic questions related to the physics of celestial objects thus offering a major step forward in high-energy astrophysics.     

材料科学与工程的新时代

论述材料科学与工程“四要素”,它包含成分(组成)与结构、合成与加工、性质和服役行为.“四要素”的提出结束了材料发展的混沌状态,弥合了理论和技术产业脱节,获得极限固有性能的可靠材料,推动了先进材料大发展.提出材料科学与工程的“两个全过程”概念,即材料研制全过程和材料应用研究全过程,唯有做好两个全过程工作,才能保证获得具有极限固有性能和极限服役性能的可用可靠材料,促进“材料科学与工程”进入一个新时代.对材料科学与工程进行“两个全过程”研究,成就中国成为材料强国.