Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

Flow separation control on swept wing with nanosecond pulse driven DBD plasma actuators

A 15° swept wing with dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator is designed.Experimental study of flow separation control with nanosecond pulsed plasma actuation is performed at flow velocity up to 40 m/s. The effects of the actuation frequency and voltage on the aerodynamic performance of the swept wing are evaluated by the balanced force and pressure measurements in the wind tunnel. At last, the performances on separation flow control of the three types of actuators with plane and saw-toothed exposed electrodes are compared. The optimal actuation frequency for the flow separation control on the swept wing is detected, namely the reduced frequency is 0.775, which is different from 2-D airfoil separation control. There exists a threshold voltage for the low swept wing flow control. Before the threshold voltage, as the actuation voltage increases, the control effects become better. The maximum lift is increased by 23.1% with the drag decreased by 22.4% at 14°, compared with the base line. However, the best effects are obtained on actuator with plane exposed electrode in the low-speed experiment and the abilities of saw-toothed actuators are expected to be verified under high-speed conditions.     

Turbulent boundary layer separation control using plasma actuator at Reynolds number 2000000

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of symmetrical plasma actuators on turbulent boundary layer separation control at high Reynolds number. Compared with the traditional control method of plasma actuator, the whole test model was made of aluminum and acted as a covered electrode of the symmetrical plasma actuator. The experimental study of plasma actuators' effect on surrounding air, a canonical zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary, was carried out using particle image velocimetry(PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) in the 0.75 m × 0.75 m low speed wind tunnel to reveal the symmetrical plasma actuator characterization in an external flow. A half model of wing-body configuration was experimentally investigated in the  3.2 m low speed wind tunnel with a six-component strain gauge balance and PIV. The results show that the turbulent boundary layer separation of wing can be obviously suppressed and the maximum lift coefficient is improved at high Reynolds number with the symmetrical plasma actuator. It turns out that the maximum lift coefficient increased by approximately 8.98% and the stall angle of attack was delayed by approximately 2° at Reynolds number2 ×10~6. The effective mechanism for the turbulent separation control by the symmetrical plasma actuators is to induce the vortex near the wing surface which could create the relatively largescale disturbance and promote momentum mixing between low speed flow and main flow regions.     

Optimization and design of an aircraft's morphing wing-tip demonstrator for drag reduction at low speeds,Part Ⅱ-Experimental validation using Infra-Red transition measurement from Wind Tunnel tests

In the present paper, an ‘in-house' genetic algorithm was numerically and experimentally validated. The genetic algorithm was applied to an optimization problem for improving the aerodynamic performances of an aircraft wing tip through upper surface morphing. The optimization was performed for 16 flight cases expressed in terms of various combinations of speeds, angles of attack and aileron deflections. The displacements resulted from the optimization were used during the wind tunnel tests of the wing tip demonstrator for the actuators control to change the upper surface shape of the wing. The results of the optimization of the flow behavior for the airfoil morphing upper-surface problem were validated with wind tunnel experimental transition results obtained with infra-red Thermography on the wing-tip demonstrator. The validation proved that the 2D numerical optimization using the ‘in-house' genetic algorithm was an appropriate tool in improving various aspects of a wing's aerodynamic performances.     

Nonlinear hysteresis identification and compensation based on the discrete Preisach model of an aircraft morphing wing device manipulated by an SMA actuator

The conception of aircraft morphing wings thrives in aeronautics since the appearance of shape memory alloys(SMAs). An aircraft morphing wing device, manipulated by an SMA actuator, inherits the intrinsic nonlinear hysteresis from the SMA actuator, ending up with control disadvantages. Conventionally, systems with SMA actuators are constrained to bi-stable states to bypass the hysteresis region. Rather than retreating a morphing wing device to bi-stable states, this paper is dedicated to transcend the morphing wing device beyond the customary limit. A methodology of discrete Preisach modeling, which identifies the hysteresis of the morphing wing device, is proposed herein. An array of discrete equal-distance points is applied to the Preisach plane in order to derive the Preisach density over the partitioned unit of the Preisach plane. Discrete Preisach modeling is fulfilled by the discrete first-order reversible curve(DFORC). By utilizing the discrete Preisach model, the aircraft morphing wing device is simulated; the validity and accuracy of discrete Preisach modeling are demonstrated by contrasting the simulated outcome with experimental data of the major hysteretic loop and the wingspan-wise displacement over time; a comparison between simulation and experimental results exhibits consistency. Afterwards, a hysteresis compensation strategy put forward in this paper is implemented for quasi-linear control of the aircraft morphing wing device, which manifests a compensated shrinking hysteresis loop and attains the initiative of extending the morphing range to the intrinsic hysteretic region.     

双极性等离子体激励器圆柱绕流控制实验研究

在低速风洞中利用多级双极性等离子体激励器控制圆柱绕流的流动分离。实验风速U∞=10m/s,基于圆柱直径的雷诺数Re=2.8×10^4,在实验中将两组三级双极性等离子体激励器布置在圆柱模型肩部,利用粒子图像测速技术测量圆柱的尾流场。实验结果表明,采用定常和非定常激励均能抑制圆柱尾迹区,等离子体激励强度是影响激励器对圆柱绕流控制能力的重要因素;非定常脉冲激励耗电少,对流动控制能力强,效率明显高于定常激励,脉冲激励频率影响等离子体激励器对流动的控制能力。在实验风速为10m/s时,脉冲激励频率与圆柱涡脱落频率一致,流动控制效果较好。     

主动变形扑翼飞行器的设计和风洞测力试验研究

主动变形扑翼可以模仿鸟翼飞行时的复杂运动。为了了解主动变形扑翼飞行器的气动特性,在研究鸟类骨骼结构和翅膀及尾翼运动规律的基础上,设计并制造了一种基于机器人技术的主动变形扑翼飞行器;给出了主动变形扑翼飞行器的机构运动规律函数,并设计出机构运动控制系统;在低速风洞中对此飞行器进行了一系列测力试验,研究了主动变形扑翼的升力、推力特性,以及风速、扑动频率、扑动幅度、伸展相位等参数对升力和推力的影响,并与常规扑翼进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,较之常规扑翼,主动变形扑翼可以显著增加升力和增强对不同飞行状态的适应能力。     

飞翼布局无人机变形机翼设计与模型验证研究

对飞翼布局无人机变形机翼和变形机翼传动机构进行了设计,根据设计结果制作验证模型进行风洞实验和外场飞行试验,以此研究伸缩段机翼对飞行器机翼整体气动性能的影响。结果表明:采用变形机翼技术,可以通过实时控制机翼的气动外形保持较高的气动效率,提高飞机在巡航状态下的升力和高速飞行状态下的机动性,满足飞机在各种任务剖面的战术性能要求。     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

毫秒脉冲等离子体激励改善飞翼的气动性能实验

在来流速度为30m/s时,进行了毫秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体激励改善飞翼气动性能的风洞实验.等离子体激励器布置在飞翼前缘,峰峰值电压为9.5kV时,放电的脉冲能量在0.1mJ/cm量级.通过六分量测力天平测力研究了脉冲激励频率和占空比对升/阻力系数、升阻比和俯仰力矩系数的作用效果.结果表明:等离子体激励可以有效改善飞翼大攻角气动特性;在最佳无量纲脉冲激励频率F+≈1时,临界失速迎角由14°提高到17°,最大升力系数提高10%;占空比对流动控制效果影响较大,减小占空比可以降低能耗,实验中最佳占空比为5%;俯仰力矩系数的变化表明施加等离子体激励改善了飞翼纵向静稳定性.      

采用智能材料的变弯扭机翼实验研究

以飞翼布局为研究对象,对常规和智能两种后缘襟翼模型进行了对比试验,在风洞中探索用智能材料植入机翼代替常规铰接式后缘襟翼的气动效益。本文给出了在北航D1风洞1/20半模模型对比风洞试验的结果,结果表明:在与常规襟翼相同偏角情况下,智能襟翼具有更大的增升效益;在常规襟翼失效的偏角情况下,智能襟翼仍能提供额外升力;在实验攻角范围内智能襟翼比常规襟翼平均增升20%以上。     

Virtual flight test of pitch and roll attitude control based on circulation control of tailless flying wing aircraft without rudders

Circulation Control(CC) realizes rudderless flight control by driving compressed air jet to generate a virtual rudder surface, which significantly improves low detectability. The layout plan of combined control rudder surface is proposed based on the tailless flying wing aircraft. The closed-loop jet actuator system and stepless rudder surface switching control strategy are used to quantitatively study the control characteristics of circulation actuator for pitch and roll attitude through 3-DOF ...     

利用压电驱动器改善飞机横滚性能的试验验证

利用分布粘帖在矩形机翼上下两面的压电驱动器,探索使用该类结构提高飞行器横滚能力的可能性。通过风洞模型设计、材料性能测试、模型固有特性测试、压电柔度矩阵测试等试验项目,保证了有限元模型的计算精度,最终通过模型的风洞试验验证了利用气动弹性效应,获得了附加升力与横滚力矩的方案。该原理性试验说明利用分布式压电驱动器改善横滚性能是可行的。     

含有SMA弹簧驱动器的可变倾斜角翼梢小翼研究

 针对传统翼梢小翼在非设计状态减阻效果不佳的缺点,提出一种含有形状记忆合金(SMA)弹簧驱动器的变体翼梢小翼结构,它能根据飞行状态主动调整小翼的倾斜角,实时优化飞机的阻力特性.采用力-热-应变耦合法设计了所需的SMA弹簧驱动器,并通过有限元仿真与风洞试验验证了变体翼梢小翼的变形能力,最后初步研究了变体翼梢小翼的闭环控制方法.研究结果表明,在飞机的起飞阶段(自由来流流速为26 m/s,迎角为3°),变体翼梢小翼的倾斜角能在1 min内自主完成预定变化过程,倾斜角的最大变化量为23°,控制精度的最大误差为12%,各项指标均符合设计要求.     

基于新型丝状电极等离子体激励器的前体涡控制

本文首次将新型丝状暴露电极DBD等离子激励器应用于大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制。丝状暴露电极的材料的选择对DBD推力以及推力效率至关重要,通过地面精细推力测量对丝状暴露电极等离子体激励器进行了优化,结果表明,本文研究材料中采用钨丝作为暴露电极,其推力效率最优;且随着电极直径从d=0.3 mm减小到d=0.08 mm,DBD推力效率显著提升。基于优化后的DBD激励器,将其应用于前体非对称涡控制:未施加等离子体控制时,压力测量以及PIV结果均表明细长体背风区流场为明显的非对称涡结构;在等离子体激励下,该非对称涡结构可变为对称甚至反向非对称,且非稳态激励控制能力明显优于稳态激励。研究发现,大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制与背风区原始涡系结构有关,其中包含对称涡系和非对称涡系。本文研究为大迎角下细长体非对称涡控制提供了一种新思路,同时也为丝状暴露电极DBD等离子体激励器的应用提供参考。     

不同类型多级等离子体激励器诱导气流的力学特性研究

等离子体激励器通过产生的等离子加速气流,可以实现对流动的控制。单级等离子体激励器由于受到等离子体放电的物理限制,其控制作用较小;为了提高等离子体流动控制的效果,关于多级等离子体激励器的研究得到发展。采用图像采集和粒子示踪测速系统(PIV),对传统多级等离子体激励器和多级双极性等离子体激励器的放电现象以及气流加速进行研究,并通过流场速度分布计算等离子体激励器对空气产生的推力和吸力。结果表明:随着电压的升高,传统多级等离子体激励器产生的推力和吸力会逐渐减弱;而多级双极性等离子体激励器产生的推力和吸力均呈逐渐增强的趋势。     

A compliant polymorphing wing for small UAVs

This paper presents the development of a novel compliant polymorphing wing capable of chord and camber morphing for small UAVs. The morphing wing can achieve up to 10% chord extension and ±20° camber changes. The design, modeling, sizing, manufacturing and mechanical testing of the wing are detailed. The polymorphing wing consists of one continuous front spar fixed to the fuselage and a rear spar on each side of the wing. Each rear spar can translate in the chordwise direction (chord morphing) and rotate around itself (camber morphing). A flexible elastomeric latex sheet is used as the skin to cover the wing and maintain its aerodynamic shape whilst allowing morphing. The loads from the skin are transferred to the spars using the compliant cellular ribs that support the flexible skin and facilitate morphing. Pre-tensioning is applied to the skin to minimize wrinkling when subject to aerodynamic and actuation loads. A rack and pinion actuation system, powered by stepper motors, is used for morphing. Aero-structural design, analysis and sizing are conducted. Performance comparison between the polymorphing wing and the baseline wing (non-morphing) shows that chord morphing improves aerodynamic efficiency at low angles of attack while camber morphing improves efficiency at high angles of attack.     

Optimization and design of an aircraft's morphing wing-tip demonstrator for drag reduction at low speed,Part Ⅰ–Aerodynamic optimization using genetic,bee colony and gradient descent algorithms

In this paper, an ‘in-house' genetic algorithm is described and applied to an optimization problem for improving the aerodynamic performances of an aircraft wing tip through upper surface morphing. The algorithm's performances were studied from the convergence point of view, in accordance with design conditions. The algorithm was compared to two other optimization methods,namely the artificial bee colony and a gradient method, for two optimization objectives, and the results of the optimizations with each of the three methods were plotted on response surfaces obtained with the Monte Carlo method, to show that they were situated in the global optimum region. The optimization results for 16 wind tunnel test cases and 2 objective functions were presented. The 16 cases used for the optimizations were included in the experimental test plan for the morphing wing-tip demonstrator, and the results obtained using the displacements given by the optimizations were evaluated.     

大展弦比机翼低速静气动弹性模型的设计、制作和风洞试验

通过弹性相似模型的风洞试验研究大展弦比机翼在弹性变形下的气动特性是研究飞机静气动弹性特性的重要手段。发展了一种静气动弹性模型低速风洞试验技术,针对某大展弦比机翼,设计、制作了缩比弹性结构相似模型,在南京航空航天大学NH03风洞进行了低速静气动特性风洞试验。详细介绍了弹性模型的各项技术和风洞试验结果,结果表明该项技术适合大展弦比机翼静气动弹性特性的研究,试验结果可作为大展弦比机翼设计的重要参考。     

Gust load alleviation wind tunnel tests of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing with piezoelectric control

An active control technique utilizing piezoelectric actuators to alleviate gust-response loads of a large-aspect-ratio flexible wing is investigated. Piezoelectric materials have been exten-sively used for active vibration control of engineering structures. In this paper, piezoelectric mate-rials further attempt to suppress the vibration of the aeroelastic wing caused by gust. The motion equation of the flexible wing with piezoelectric patches is obtained by Hamilton's principle with the modal approach, and then numerical gust responses are analyzed, based on which a gust load alle-viation (GLA) control system is proposed. The gust load alleviation system employs classic propor tional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers which treat piezoelectric patches as control actuators and acceleration as the feedback signal. By a numerical method, the control mechanism that piezo-electric actuators can be used to alleviate gust-response loads is also analyzed qualitatively. Further-more, through low-speed wind tunnel tests, the effectiveness of the gust load alleviation active control technology is validated. The test results agree well with the numerical results. Test results show that at a certain frequency range, the control scheme can effectively alleviate the z and x wing-tip accelerations and the root bending moment of the wing to a certain extent. The control system gives satisfying gust load alleviation efficacy with the reduction rate being generally over 20%.