伸缩机翼变形技术研究

变体飞机可以根据需要改变气动外形,以便在不同的飞行状态都能获得最佳的气动性能,提高飞机的任务适应能力。伸缩机翼变形技术在国外已经过几十年的研究和探索,是变体飞机技术的主要发展方向之一。本文综述了伸缩机翼技术的发展历史及国内外研究情况,阐述了伸缩机翼变形原理及其优缺点,提炼了设计伸缩机翼所涉及的关键技术,展望了伸缩机翼技术在飞机、导弹、地效翼飞行器以及飞行汽车等方面的应用前景。     

基于CFD／CSD的大展弦比机翼气动弹性分析

大展弦比飞机在飞行过程中受气动载荷影响,其大展弦比机翼产生弯曲和扭转变形,这种弹性变形严重影响飞机的飞行性能和飞行安全,不能将此种飞机机翼当作传统的刚性机翼进行气动分析。针对一大展弦比机翼,采用气动／结构耦合分析方法,利用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件CFX和计算结构动力学（CSD）软件ANSYS联合求解,研究了在不同载荷情况下大展弦比机翼静气动弹性变形对机翼气动特性的影响。结果表明,大展弦比无人机机翼受载变形后升阻比降低,升力下降明显,阻力略有上升,机翼翼尖容易失速。     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动布局初步研究

针对侦察-打击一体化飞机的性能需求,提出了一种伸缩机翼变体飞机气动布局概念方案,采用气动力计算、风洞试验、缩比飞行模型研究等手段,对其机翼展开与收缩等不同状态的气动特性进行了分析,验证了机翼展开状态升阻比高、续航时间长和机翼收缩状态阻力小、加速冲刺性能好的设计思想。研究结果表明,伸缩机翼变体飞机能够适应侦察-打击一体化飞机的需要,具有广阔的应用前景。     

民用超声速飞机面临的技术挑战

人类追求超声速度脚步并没有停止,有关新一代民用超声速飞机技术的研究仍在延续,人们通过不断开发出新的气动技术,包括机体、发动机和环保技术。未来超声速民用飞机的基本设计要求首先是超声速巡航状态下具有高升阻比,低油耗,远距离飞行性能,同时更为突出的是它的低噪声、低声爆、低排放的环境友好性。气动技术箭形机翼具有在超声速飞行条件下最佳的气动性能,但是采用箭形机翼的飞机在起     

旋转机翼飞机旋翼飞行验证平台设计

为了更好地研究旋转机翼飞机旋翼模式下的飞行性能,针对旋转机翼飞机的特点,开展旋转机翼飞机旋翼飞行验证平台的设计,主要包括旋转机翼的结构设计、动力系统设计.通过数值计算的方法,对不同相对厚度椭圆翼型气动特性进行分析研究.建立旋转机翼悬停气动特性的估算方法,地面试验结果和计算结果的对比表明所建立的估算方法是有效的,该方法对今后开展旋转机翼飞机研究具有一定的参考价值和意义.     

大展弦比机翼型架外形优化方法探究

大展弦比飞机一般针对巡航外形设计,以巡航性能作为设计点,而飞机在实际飞行过程中,其气动特性会由于机翼产生弹性变形而变化。文中通过开展大展弦比飞机CFD/CSD耦合方法,对巡航外形进行多次静气动弹性分析,进行位移比对,进而获得满足要求的型架外形,从而初步得到机翼型架外形优化设计方法,为之后的大展弦比飞机气动结构设计一体化打下基础。     

变形飞机动态气动特性数值模拟研究

根据近年来国内外提出的折叠翼变形飞机方案,设计了一种折叠翼变形飞机的3D数模,利用作者发展的动态混合网格技术和非定常计算方法,对该折叠翼变形飞机机翼折叠和展开过程中的动态气动特性进行了数值模拟,并与准定常计算结果进行了对比分析.计算结果表明:机翼在展开/折叠的过程中,飞机的气动特性会发生剧烈变化,在变形飞行控制率设计时需要引起高度的重视.     

考虑螺旋桨滑流影响的机翼气动优化设计

涡桨飞机的机翼、短舱等部件在滑流作用下周围的流场特性与无滑流状态下截然不同。所以,应该在涡桨飞机的机翼气动设计过程中考虑螺旋桨滑流的影响,从而使得机翼在真实飞行时滑流作用下表现出更好的气动特性。采用基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的多重参考坐标系(MRF)方法对螺旋桨滑流进行高精度准定常数值模拟,通过自由变形(FFD)技术实现螺旋桨飞机机翼的参数化构建,应用径向基函数(RBF)插值的动网格技术进行网格自动生成,获得样本机翼在滑流影响下的气动数据后,建立目标函数和状态函数的Kriging代理模型,结合随机权重粒子群优化(PSO)算法、Kriging代理模型和对应的EI(Expected Improvement)函数加点准则进行加样本点以及代理模型重建,从而建立滑流影响下机翼气动优化设计系统。使用该系统对某型螺旋桨飞机进行了滑流影响下的优化设计,结果表明,优化后的构型机翼和短舱在巡航状态下减阻达3.98counts,升阻比提高了3.325%。因此,建立的考虑滑流影响下的机翼优化设计方法是可行的。     

机翼结冰分析与防除冰系统设计验证

飞机在结冰条件下飞行时可能发生结冰,飞机一旦结冰,会对安全飞行带来较大的隐患,如何降低飞机结冰带来的危害已成为飞机设计研究的重点内容.通过FENSAP-ICE对机翼进行数值模拟,并通过改进Messinger结冰热力学模型模拟更加真实的飞行情况;分析不同飞行环境下,飞机结冰前后机翼气动特性的变化,同时针对机翼设计一套防除冰系统并验证其可行性.结果表明:飞行速度越大,机翼表面的局部水收集系数越大;环境温度会影响机翼结冰的类型和结冰厚度,机翼发生结冰时,其升力系数减小、阻力系数增大,机翼的气动特性受到严重的影响;设计的电热防冰系统可以有效地预防机翼表面结冰,也可以进行周期性除冰.     

一种柔性蒙皮设计技术及其在后缘变弯度机翼结构中的应用

变体飞机可在飞行包线内的不同飞行状态下获得最优气动效能,增强执行多种任务目标的能力,实现变体飞机结构的关键技术之一是柔性蒙皮的设计。本文介绍一种基于可变形蜂窝的柔性蒙皮结构,并研究了这种柔性蒙皮在后缘变弯度机翼结构上的应用,通过仿真分析和全尺寸原理样件地面试验验证,该结构满足真实飞行载荷条件下对变形能力和承载能力的要求。     

Computational aerodynamic analysis on perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing

Abstract Implementing the morphing technique on a micro air vehicle （MAV） wing is a very chal- lenging task, due to the MAWs wing size limitation and the complex morphing mechanism. As a result, understanding aerodynamic characteristics and flow configurations, subject to wing structure deformation of a morphing wing MAV has remained obstructed. Thus, this paper presents the investigation of structural deformation, aerodynamics performance and flow formation on a pro- posed twist morphing MAV wing design named perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing. The numerical simulation of two-way fluid structure interaction （FSI） investigation consist of a quasi- static aeroelastic structural analysis coupled with 3D incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes and shear-stress-transport （RANS-SST） solver utilized throughout this study. Verification of numerical method on a rigid rectangular wing achieves a good correlation with available exper- imental results. A comparative aeroelastic study between PR-compliant to PR and rigid wing per- formance is organized to elucidate the morphing wing performances. Structural deformation results show that PR-compliant wing is able to alter the wing＇s geometric twist characteristic, which has directly influenced both the overall aerodynamic performance and flow structure behavior. Despite the superior lift performance result, PR-compliant wing also suffers from massive drag penalty, which has consequently affected the wing efficiency in general. Based on vortices investigation, the results reveal the connection between these aerodynamic performances with vortices formation on PR-comoliant wing.     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

Z型翼变体飞机的纵向多体动力学特性

机翼变形时,变体飞机的翼面积、惯性特性、全机焦点和重心位置等均会发生较大的变化,从而引起飞机的动态特性也随之改变。为此对机翼变形过程中的Z型翼变体飞机进行了纵向多体动力学建模仿真;推导了变形过程中变体飞机的六自由度非线性动力学方程,并通过简化得到了解耦后的纵向动力学方程。机翼折叠动态过程的气动特性数值模拟结果表明,不同折叠角速度下飞机的气动力相差不大。在机翼折叠角速度较小且忽略非定常气动效应的情况下,采用气动力准定常假设对变形过程中不同机翼折叠角速度下变体飞机的纵向响应进行了数值仿真,并研究了重心位置移动和气动特性变化对飞机变形过程动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,折叠过程中气动特性的变化是影响飞机动态特性的主要因素,机翼折叠后飞机的速度和迎角增加,且飞行高度下降较大。     

A Distributed Coordinated Control Scheme for Morphing Wings with Sampled Communication

To investigate the control of morphing wings by means of interacting effectors, this article proposes a distributed coordinated control scheme with sampled communication on the basis of a simple morphing wing model, established with arrayed agents. The control scheme can change the shape of airfoil into an expected one and keep it smooth during morphing. As the interconnection of communication network and the agents would make the behavior of the morphing wing system complicated, a diagrammatic stability analysis method is put forward to ensure the system stability. Two simulations are carried out on the morphing wing system by using MATLAB. The results stand witness to the feasibility of the distributed coordinated control scheme and the effectiveness of the diagrammatic stability analysis method.     

Transient aeroelastic responses and flutter analysis of a variable-span wing during the morphing process

To investigate the transient aeroelastic responses and flutter characteristics of a variablespan wing during the morphing process,a novel frst-order state-space aeroelastic model is proposed.The time-varying structural model of the morphing wing is established based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory with time-dependent boundary conditions.A nondimensionalization method is used to translate the time-dependent boundary conditions to be time-independent.The time-domain aerodynamic forces are calculated by the reduced-order unsteady vortex lattice method.The morphing parameters,i.e.,wing span length and morphing speed,are of particular interest for understanding the fundamental aeroelastic behavior of variable-span wings.A test case is proposed and numerical results indicate that the flutter characteristics are sensitive to both of the two morphing parameters.It could be noticed that the aeroelastic characteristics during the wing extracting process are more serious than those during the extending process at the same morphing speed by transient aeroelastic response analysis.In addition,a faster morphing process can get better aeroelastic performance while the mechanism comlexity will arise.     

Nonlinear hysteresis identification and compensation based on the discrete Preisach model of an aircraft morphing wing device manipulated by an SMA actuator

The conception of aircraft morphing wings thrives in aeronautics since the appearance of shape memory alloys(SMAs). An aircraft morphing wing device, manipulated by an SMA actuator, inherits the intrinsic nonlinear hysteresis from the SMA actuator, ending up with control disadvantages. Conventionally, systems with SMA actuators are constrained to bi-stable states to bypass the hysteresis region. Rather than retreating a morphing wing device to bi-stable states, this paper is dedicated to transcend the morphing wing device beyond the customary limit. A methodology of discrete Preisach modeling, which identifies the hysteresis of the morphing wing device, is proposed herein. An array of discrete equal-distance points is applied to the Preisach plane in order to derive the Preisach density over the partitioned unit of the Preisach plane. Discrete Preisach modeling is fulfilled by the discrete first-order reversible curve(DFORC). By utilizing the discrete Preisach model, the aircraft morphing wing device is simulated; the validity and accuracy of discrete Preisach modeling are demonstrated by contrasting the simulated outcome with experimental data of the major hysteretic loop and the wingspan-wise displacement over time; a comparison between simulation and experimental results exhibits consistency. Afterwards, a hysteresis compensation strategy put forward in this paper is implemented for quasi-linear control of the aircraft morphing wing device, which manifests a compensated shrinking hysteresis loop and attains the initiative of extending the morphing range to the intrinsic hysteretic region.     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

A compliant polymorphing wing for small UAVs

This paper presents the development of a novel compliant polymorphing wing capable of chord and camber morphing for small UAVs. The morphing wing can achieve up to 10% chord extension and ±20° camber changes. The design, modeling, sizing, manufacturing and mechanical testing of the wing are detailed. The polymorphing wing consists of one continuous front spar fixed to the fuselage and a rear spar on each side of the wing. Each rear spar can translate in the chordwise direction (chord morphing) and rotate around itself (camber morphing). A flexible elastomeric latex sheet is used as the skin to cover the wing and maintain its aerodynamic shape whilst allowing morphing. The loads from the skin are transferred to the spars using the compliant cellular ribs that support the flexible skin and facilitate morphing. Pre-tensioning is applied to the skin to minimize wrinkling when subject to aerodynamic and actuation loads. A rack and pinion actuation system, powered by stepper motors, is used for morphing. Aero-structural design, analysis and sizing are conducted. Performance comparison between the polymorphing wing and the baseline wing (non-morphing) shows that chord morphing improves aerodynamic efficiency at low angles of attack while camber morphing improves efficiency at high angles of attack.     

Prediction of transient responses of a folding wing during the morphing process

Accurate prediction of the structural dynamic characteristics of a folding wing during the morphing process is a prerequisite for performing transient aeroelastic analysis. In view of this fact, this paper develops a set of differential-algebraic equations that govern the time evolution of the folding wing during the morphing process by using the floating frame approach. Using the established equations of motion, the transient responses of the wing during the morphing process are computed. The developed equations can be further integrated with the CFD codes to carry out the transient aeroelastic analysis of the morphing wing.