折叠翼飞机的气动特性分析

常规飞机具有单一的最优性能,折叠翼飞机通过改变机翼的折叠角度来改变飞机的气动性能,从而能够更好地完成多种任务。对折叠翼飞机进行建模并运用计算流体力学软件进行数值计算,根据计算结果分析折叠翼飞机的气动性能。结果表明：机翼折叠角度的改变,对飞机的失速迎角、俯冲性能、副翼操纵响应和纵横向操稳特性等产生很大影响;飞机失速迎角在机翼折叠后变大,飞机机翼折叠后飞机俯冲更迅速。     

Z型翼变体飞机的纵向多体动力学特性

机翼变形时,变体飞机的翼面积、惯性特性、全机焦点和重心位置等均会发生较大的变化,从而引起飞机的动态特性也随之改变。为此对机翼变形过程中的Z型翼变体飞机进行了纵向多体动力学建模仿真;推导了变形过程中变体飞机的六自由度非线性动力学方程,并通过简化得到了解耦后的纵向动力学方程。机翼折叠动态过程的气动特性数值模拟结果表明,不同折叠角速度下飞机的气动力相差不大。在机翼折叠角速度较小且忽略非定常气动效应的情况下,采用气动力准定常假设对变形过程中不同机翼折叠角速度下变体飞机的纵向响应进行了数值仿真,并研究了重心位置移动和气动特性变化对飞机变形过程动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,折叠过程中气动特性的变化是影响飞机动态特性的主要因素,机翼折叠后飞机的速度和迎角增加,且飞行高度下降较大。     

舰载机折叠翼气动特性分析

折叠翼技术是舰载机与航母相匹配的关键,研究折叠翼的气动特性对舰载机飞行动态及安全性具有重要意义。基于离散化的思想对折叠翼进行建模,并利用计算流体力学CAE软件Fluent对其进行数值计算,从升力系数和阻力系数变化及压力分布分析舰载机折叠翼的气动特性。结果表明:当折叠角为75°时,外翼的升力系数及侧向力系数将达到最大,阻力系数最小;一旦折叠机构失效,外翼的折叠将导致机翼整体升力系数及阻力系数大幅度下降,气动特性变差;与折叠机构失效前相比,折叠后的机翼失速迎角变小,且在失速后升力系数有缓慢上升趋势。     

可折叠机翼颤振分析

可折叠机翼飞行器是一种颠覆传统机翼设计的创新设计方案。飞行的飞机在折叠的过程中,机翼形状和面积的变化很大,对气动和结构两个方面影响显著,与传统的固定翼飞机相比,颤振特性有了很多新的特点,是一个崭新的气动弹性设计任务。本文利用准静态方法模拟折叠过程,分析了可变的铰链刚度和折叠角对折叠翼的颤振特性的影响,发现折叠角和铰链刚度对颤振影响较大,同时存在颤振不稳定分支的更替现象。     

变形飞机机翼折叠机构设计及折叠角度测量

针对变形飞机机翼变形机构的设计要求,设计由舵机、蜗轮蜗杆机构、平行四边形机构组合而成的机翼变形机构,并设计基于三轴加速度计和DSP处理器的机翼折叠角度的测量算法和控制系统。利用加速度计分别求得机身和机翼相对于参考坐标系的角度,相减即得机身平面与机翼的夹角,制作一架小型折叠翼飞机模型对测量算法进行验证。结果表明：机翼能够稳定折叠在任一给定角度,测量算法准确,机翼实际折叠角度误差在可接受的范围内。     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

变体飞行器结构振动特性研究

作为变体飞行器方案之一的折叠翼能使机翼面积发生200%的改变,在飞行中机翼面积发生如此大的变化,会使飞行器的动力学特性复杂化.所以对机翼动力学特性有个清晰的了解是很必要的.在本文中,首先用MSC/PATRAN建立了折叠翼的有限元模型,然后用NASTRAN求解出折叠翼在各折叠角下的主要振动模态.在此基础上对各折叠角下铰链刚度对动力学特性的影响进行了研究.我们发现这种结构上的革新使得机翼动力学特性与固定翼飞机有很大不同.尤其是铰链的存在造成了刚度分布的变化,这使得机翼扭转的动力特性发生了很大变化.     

基于CFD／CSD的大展弦比机翼气动弹性分析

大展弦比飞机在飞行过程中受气动载荷影响,其大展弦比机翼产生弯曲和扭转变形,这种弹性变形严重影响飞机的飞行性能和飞行安全,不能将此种飞机机翼当作传统的刚性机翼进行气动分析。针对一大展弦比机翼,采用气动／结构耦合分析方法,利用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件CFX和计算结构动力学（CSD）软件ANSYS联合求解,研究了在不同载荷情况下大展弦比机翼静气动弹性变形对机翼气动特性的影响。结果表明,大展弦比无人机机翼受载变形后升阻比降低,升力下降明显,阻力略有上升,机翼翼尖容易失速。     

机翼静气动弹性数值模拟研究

通过求解基于三维非结构网格的欧拉方程计算机翼气动特性,采用结构柔度影响系数方法进行机翼静弹性变形的计算,利用三维非结构弹性网格技术进行几何外形变形下的网格修正,将以上三部分进行耦合迭代.实现了机翼的静弹性特性的数值模拟.采用开发的数值分析程序,进行了某支线飞机机翼静弹性特性的计算分析,计算结果合理,表明所发展的数值模拟方法可用于机翼静弹性气动特性的分析研究.     

折叠机翼变体飞机纵向操纵性与稳定性研究

针对一种飞翼布局折叠机翼变体飞机方案,建立了相应的研究模型,使用涡格估算方法计算出机翼折叠角度对全机纵向静稳定性的影响.利用飞机纵向小扰动运动方程,分别得到了机翼展开和折叠状态的长、短周期模态,并对其动稳定性进行了讨论.结合工程估算方法和风洞试验方法,计算出内段机翼折叠过程全机力矩系数、升降舵操纵导数以及升降舵配平偏角...     

滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机非定常气动特性研究

为了探索飞机变形过程中的非定常气动特性及其机理,基于滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机这一可变形飞行器大尺度全局变形研究平台,通过风洞实验对其进行了非定常气动特性研究。结果表明:无人机变后掠过程中非定常气动特性曲线在相应的准定常曲线周围形成滞回环;无人机变后掠速率越快,滞回效应越显著;无人机以约7.5°/s的速率变后掠,会使非定常气动特性数值偏离相应的准定常数值5%以上;变后掠无人机非定常气动特性产生的主要原因可能在于流场结构迟滞和机翼附加速度。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

折叠机翼变体飞机非对称变形控制效率分析

折叠机翼变体飞机变形量大,变形引起的气动参数变化显著,提出一种将非对称变形作为操纵输入的控制方案,研究非对称变形的控制效率和有效区间。首先建立能够完整描述变形过程的非线性动力学方程和气动力模型;然后基于非对称变形控制方法建立一种非对称变形操纵模型;最后通过与常规操纵面效率对比和仿真的动态响应总结出非对称变形操纵的最大变形操纵有效区间。结果表明:在较低飞行速度下非对称变形操纵效率高,非对称变形操纵能够在基准折叠角度90°附近提供最高的滚转操纵效率。     

Mechanism analysis of hysteretic aerodynamic characteristics on variable-sweep wings

Variable-sweep wings have large shape-changing capabilities and wide flight envelops, which are considered as one of the most promising directions for intelligent morphing UAVs. Aerodynamic investigations always focus on several static states in the varying sweep process, which ignore the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics. However, deviations to static aerodynamic forces are inevitably caused by dynamic sweep motion. In this work, first, unsteady aerodynamic characteristics on a typical variable-sweep UAV with large aspect ratio were analyzed. Then, deep mechanism of unsteady aerodynamic characteristics in the varying sweep process was studied. Finally, numerical simulation method integrated with structured moving overset grids was applied to solve the unsteady fluid of varying sweep process. The simulation results of a sweep forward-backward circle show a distinct dynamic hysteresis loop surrounding the static data for the aerodynamic forces. Compared with the static lift coefficients , at the same sweep angles, dynamic  lift coefficient in sweep forward process are all smaller, while dynamic sweep backward  lift coefficient are all larger. In addition, dynamic deviations to static  lift coefficient are positively related with the varying sweep speeds. Mechanism study on the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics indicates that three key factors lead to the dynamic hysteresis loop in varying sweep process. They are the effects of additional velocity caused by varying sweep motion, the effects of flow hysteresis and viscosity. The additional velocity induced by sweep motion affects the transversal flow direction along the wing and the effective angle of attack at the airfoil profile. The physical properties of flow, the hysteresis and viscosity affect the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics by flow separation and induced vortexes.     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.