Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.     

推进剂中燃烧铝滴直径分布和聚集状态的研究

本文给出了含铝推进剂燃烧时,气相中燃烧铝滴的直径大小与分布,讨论了配方中氧化剂粒度和铝粉粒度对铝的凝聚程度的影响。实验表明,由粗氧化剂组成的推进剂其燃烧时铝的凝聚是很明显的;并且,对应于相同的粗氧化剂,细铝粉比粗铝粉更易凝聚。实验结果支持复合推进剂中铝凝聚的“口袋模型”。本文还用显微密度分析方法对铝的凝聚燃烧机理进行探讨,发现有三种不同类型的光密度分布曲线,文中称之为液滴型,微滴型和液—汽过渡型,它们分別对应于铝的一种聚集状态。此外,还有一种在底片上无铝亮条出现的称之为气相型,它们的燃烧效率是依次升高的。     

喉部曲率半径对最大推力喷管性能的影响

针对不同喉部结构进行了最大推力喷管型面设计计算,分析了不同曲率半径对喷管流量系数、几何效率、推力系数、扩张损失和分离点位置的影响。结果表明：流量系数随上游曲率半径的增大而增大,推力系数和几何效率随下游曲率半径的增大而减小;下游曲率半径的增大导致扩张损失在小范围内不断减小,分离点位置后移。     

Analytical solution for a single droplet diffusion combustion problem accounting for several chain reaction stages

In the present study we investigate steady-state combustion of a liquid fuel droplet in the atmosphere of oxidizer under the condition of non-equilibrium evaporation from the surface.Utilizing the fact that chemical interactions of fuel with oxidizer involve a chain mechanism or several reaction stages, we transform the Shvab-Zel'dovich method so as to obtain exact analytical solution accounting for the possibility of several chain reactions.The obtained results show that this method is effective for solving the combustion problem and allow to define the values of parameters in gas around the droplet more accurately than the original method having taken into account one brutto-reaction.     

Droplet vaporization in supercritical pressure environments

For most liquid-fueled combustion systems the behavior of the fuel as it is introduced to the combustion zone, often by spray injection, will have a significant impact on combustion. The subsequent combustion may be affected to a considerable degree by the initial spread of the liquid, break-up of larger fuel sheets and droplets into droplets of various sizes, droplet vaporization, and diffusion of gaseous fuel. Among the many factors which affect spray break-up and droplet vaporization are the environmental conditions into which the spray is introduced. For both diesel engines and rockets the environment pressure and temperature may be above the critical pressure and temperature of the injected fuel. In a compression-ignition internal combustion engine, the environment consists primarily of air, at pressures from 20 to 100 atmospheres and temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500 K. Even higher pressures are encountered in turbocharged diesels. A typical diesel reference fuel, dodecane, has a thermodynamic critical pressure of about 17 atmospheres, and a critical temperature of 600 K. Fuel is injected into a diesel engine environment in which ambient pressures exceed the critical pressure. While droplet temperatures are subcritical at first, they may rise to the critical temperature or higher.This paper will survey current understanding of supercritical pressure droplet vaporization. Specifically, the topics covered will include: liquid phase behavior; vapor phase behavior; thermodynamic and transport properties; droplet distribution and break-up; micro-explosions; and effects of microgravity.     

Ignition of fuel sprays by shock wave mathematical modeling and numerical simulation

The paper presents the results of developing of physical and mathematical model making it possible to take into account the effect of droplets non-uniformity in space and size distribution on ignition conditions for fuel sprays. The influence of condensed phase volume fraction on ignition and combustion of sprays was studied, physical and mathematical models for multi-phase flows, mixture formation and combustion of liquid fuels based on solving Navier–Stokes equations for gas phase accounting for thermal and mechanical interaction with poly-dispersed droplets array. The problems of particulate phase dynamics are regarded accounting for the interaction with gas phase atomization, evaporation and combustion.It was shown that depending on droplet size distribution and aerosol cloud density different flow scenarios were possible.Several ignition zones could be formed behind incident shock wave depending on mixture properties and initiation parameters. The possibility of numerical simulation permitting variation of definite parameters only made it possible to explain this fact.     

非化学平衡条件下膏体富燃料推进剂的热力计算

膏体富燃料推进剂一次燃烧处于非平衡条件下,本文建立了非平衡条件下热力计算的理论模型以及不同热力学状态下求解平衡组分和燃烧温度的控制方程组。对给定配方的膏体富燃料推进剂在非平衡条件下的燃烧温度进行了计算,并对本文采用的方法进行了验证,证明是可行的。     

状态方程对煤油液滴高压蒸发计算的影响

分别基于RK、SRK和PR等不同真实流体状态方程(EoS)建立了包含亚临界和超临界两种不同机制的瞬态液滴高压蒸发模型。针对我国新一代高压补燃液氧/煤油发动机,对煤油液滴在高压N 2 环境下的蒸发过程进行数值研究,重点分析了不同状态方程对N 2 -C 12 H 26 二元系统高压气液相平衡,及进一步对煤油液滴高压蒸发计算的影响。结果表明：对液滴蒸发速率影响最大的参数是液滴表面蒸气质量分数,而对该参数影响最大的则是所选取的状态方程。基于SRK和PR EoSs的高压气液相平衡及液滴高压蒸发计算结果均与试验数据符合较好,可正确描述液滴高压蒸发特性;而基于RK EoS的相平衡计算结果显著高估液滴表面蒸气质量分数和环境气体溶解度,并低估临界混合温度和偏摩尔相变热,进而在亚临界蒸发状态下高估蒸发速率,在超临界蒸发状态下低估蒸发速率。另外,基于RK EoS的计算中液滴发生跨临界转变所需的环境温度显著低于基于SRK和PR EoSs的。     

Eddy currents induced migration of droplets in electrically conducting fluid in microgravity environments

Electrical eddy currents induced migration of droplets, whose conductivity differs from that of surrounding fluid, is analysed. Eddy currents in a dilute suspension under consideration, which fills the dielectric tube, are induced by alternating magnetic field parallel to the tube axis. In the case where the droplet radius is small as compared to the skin depth, the distributions of magnetic fields, currents and electromagnetic forces inside and outside the droplet have been calculated. For small Reynolds numbers, with neglecting inertial and thermocapillary effects and the gravity, the flow of fluids around the droplet and inside it, caused by electromagnetic forces, has been studied. The formula is obtained, which relates the droplet migration velocity to the electro-magnetic field, the droplet size and physical properties of fluids.     

Two-phase flow effect on hybrid rocket combustion

This study numerically explores the aerodynamic and combustion processes in a hybrid rocket combustor, under a two-phase turbulent flow environment, considering the evaporation, combustion and drag of droplet and droplet ignition criterion. The predictions of temperature, reaction mode, reactant mass fraction, velocity, oxidizer consumption, fuel regression and droplet number distribution enhance understanding of the two-phase combustion aerodynamics inside the combustor. A parametric study of the inlet spray pattern, including spray cone angle, spray injection velocity and droplet size, is performed to improve the operation of reactant mixing and higher fuel regression rate. Analytical results indicate that both the oxidizer consumption and the fuel regression increase with increasing spray cone angle and spray injection velocity in the practical range of operation. However, for stoichiometric operation, the superior spray cone angle is within 20–60°, and spray injection velocity within 20–40 m/s, under a volume-mean droplet radius of 50 μm. The power dependence of solid-fuel regression on total mass flux is found to decrease with rising of droplet mean size.     

化学非平衡效应对返回舱再入气动力特性的影响

高空高马赫数条件下,化学非平衡效应将对飞行器气动特性产生影响,影响飞行器气动布局优化和飞行弹道设计。文章通过三维化学非平衡流动求解程序,针对再入返回器开展数值研究与机理分析,通过对比完全气体模型和化学非平衡气体模型获得的气动力参数,揭示化学非平衡效应对流场结构和气动力特性的影响和规律。结果表明,对Apollo的气动力计算结果验证了模型和计算方法;化学非平衡效应影响下,激波层内化学反应消耗大量能量,致使激波脱体距离减小,气体压缩性增强;典型状态高度为70 km,Ma=30条件下,化学非平衡效应导致返回器升力系数增大约6%、阻力系数增大约1.3%～3.3%、升阻比增大3%左右、俯仰力矩系数增大,从而使配平攻角减小约2.5＆#176;;通过机理分析,发现化学非平衡效应影响下表面压力系数发生变化的原因是飞行器周围激波形状及驻点压力改变,表现为气体沿流线经激波层、压缩区和膨胀区的历程变化;对于钝体形状的返回器,迎风面前体压力系数增加和后体压力系数降低,造成轴向力和法向力系数增大。     

凝胶燃料单滴燃烧的建模、实验及应用

讨论了凝胶燃料单个液滴燃烧的建模、实验研究和应用问题。单滴燃烧建模的关键在于依据凝胶燃料的胶凝结构和组份物性,确定燃烧过程的关键步骤,提炼主要影响因素。单滴燃烧实验研究的水平主要依赖于微小液滴的生成技术,高分辨率和高速成像技术,燃气成份的准确快速测量技术等光学测试技术的发展。单滴燃烧研究的主要应用在于揭示燃料的燃烧机理,分析燃料的燃烧特性,提高燃烧装置的设计水平。     

固液火箭冲压发动机燃烧室流场数值仿真

固液火箭冲压发动机通过固液两种燃料匹配工作,相比传统的固体火箭冲压发动机和液体燃料冲压发动机具有较为明显的优势.基于离散相模型和单步反应模型,采用Fluent 对设计点飞行参数下,不同结构和不同工况条件下的燃烧室两相反应流场进行了数值仿真.结果表明,燃气发生器喷管参数和进气道进气角度主要影响空气与燃气流的撞击以及头部区...     

液滴发生器均匀液滴生成过程的动态特性

为了提高液滴发生器生成均匀液滴的稳定性,研究了液滴生成过程的动态特性。在传统射流表面波不稳定性理论的基础上,考虑液滴发生器动态特性的影响,建立了组合动力学模型,确定了传递函数与传递矩阵,并就Re数与We数等对射流表面波增长率的影响以及喷嘴长径比对液滴生成过程动态特性的影响规律进行了分析。采用丙二醇作为液体工质进行了计算与试验校验,结果表明当生成的液滴速度大于19m/s时,组合动力学模型计算得到的最优无量纲波数较射流表面波不稳定性模型结果偏差超过6%;而对于液滴速度30m/s设计工况,两种模型计算结果偏差近10%,此时液滴发生器动态特性的影响不能忽略。     

湍流、喷雾模型对氢氧火箭发动机燃烧仿真的影响

基于完善的压力隐式算子分裂(PISO)算法,通过改变κ-ε两方程湍流模型和喷雾模型,对氢氧火箭发动机不稳定燃烧进行数值仿真。比较理论分析和数值仿真的结果得出,在二维情况下,液滴碰撞模型和TAB液滴破碎模型不适于模拟氢氧火箭发动机不稳定燃烧;TVB液滴破碎模型与κ-ε两方程湍流模型的组合情况能够捕捉到燃烧室中的压力振荡,但不能体现出振荡频率;而采用Realizableκ-ε湍流模型不考虑液滴雾化模型时不但能够捕捉燃烧室内压力振荡情况,还能够很好地得出振荡频率的分布情况。     

气相速度脉动对JP-10液滴破碎的影响

在不同时均气相速度、初始液滴尺寸和速度脉动频率条件下,研究了气相速度脉动对JP-10液滴破碎速率的影响。计算结果表明,低时均气相速度时,小尺寸液滴较难破碎;达到破碎条件的情况下,随着脉动强度的增大液滴破碎所用时间缩短,而气相速度脉动频率对JP-10液滴破碎的影响不明显。     

超临界环境下煤油和UDMH单滴燃烧现象

采用重活塞实验系统,对煤油和UDMH在超临界环境下的蒸发和燃烧现象进行了初步研究,结果表明:无论液态或者凝胶燃料,在超临界环境下均存在蒸发现象。在空气超临界环境下,煤油和UDMH均产生自燃现象。自燃呈现多点着火现象,类似于"森林火灾"模式,且持续时间较长。燃烧大致可分为蒸发、点火、燃烧前期和燃烧后期4个阶段。     

水冲压发动机燃烧稳定性数值研究

建立了水冲压发动机燃烧稳定性计算模型,对一次进水水冲压发动机燃烧室内流场进行数值模拟。研究了燃烧室长度、水燃比、液滴直径等因素对水冲压发动机燃烧稳定性的影响。研究表明,适当增加燃烧室长度、采用多次进水以减小局部水燃比并选取适当的雾化器,有利于水冲压发动机的稳定燃烧。