基于改进CO-RS的平流层飞艇总体设计与优化

为改进响应面协同优化(CO-RS,Collaborative Optimization based on Response Surface)方法的工程实用性,提出改进的CO-RS方法.在响应面建立中应用广义乘子法和信赖域法,取消响应面更新对梯度的依赖性.针对平流层飞艇的总体设计与优化问题,基于改进的CO-RS框架,进行了系统任务分析和学科耦合分析.对气动与推进子系统、结构子系统和能源子系统进行了学科分析,以最小化平流层飞艇的质量为目标,建立基于改进CO-RS框架的多学科设计优化(MDO,Multidisciplinary Design Optimization)模型和相应的学科分析模型.利用iSIGHT软件搭建求解平台,采用改进的CO-RS算法进行仿真计算,并得到合理结果,验证了所建立的MDO模型的合理性和改进的CO-RS算法在平流层飞艇总体设计优化中的有效性.     

考虑风场条件的一类平流层飞艇返回过程建模与航迹规划研究

对一类气囊内外压差恒定的平流层软式飞艇,在考虑大气密度、温度变化以及大气风场的基础上,建立了飞艇三维空间运动的动力学模型;并针对能量消耗最少和航行时间最短两个指标函数,利用高斯伪谱法设计了飞艇从平流层返回地面的航迹,并对飞艇飞行高度、速度以及推力等状态变化进行分析研究.     

一类平流层飞艇质量和惯量特性的计算方法与分析

针对一类具有双拼椭球体外形的平流层飞艇,根据适当假设,给出该类飞艇质量和惯量特性的解析计算方法.以飞艇上升过程为例,通过仿真计算给出该过程飞艇质量、质心位置和转动惯量的变化曲线,结合理论分析,验证该计算方法的合理性.最后,简要分析了质量和惯量特性变化对飞艇运动稳定性和能控性的影响.     

基于PSO-BP神经网络的平流层风场短期快速预测

平流层风场环境对临近空间低速飞行器驻空飞行性能有重要影响。研究了基于PSO-BP神经网络的平流层区域风场建模与快速预测方法,根据历史风场数据,采用主成分分析法对数据进行降维处理,通过BP神经网络对风场进行预测建模,利用粒子群优化（PSO）算法对其进行优化,采用Biharmonic样条曲面插值方法构建区域预测风场。以南海地区5年历史风场为对象,对比分析了基于BP神经网络和基于PSO-BP神经网络的风场预测模型,结果表明:使用具有全局寻优特性的PSO算法改进BP神经网络,能够有效避免传统BP神经网络易陷入局部最优的缺点,提高预测精度;通过结合PSO-BP神经网络预测与Biharmonic样条曲面插值,可实现区域风场的预测。研究结果可为临近空间低速飞行器的轨迹规划与区域驻留等任务的高精度区域快速预报风场提供解决途径。      

综合热力学模型的平流层飞艇上升轨迹优化

针对平流层飞艇的上升轨迹优化问题,综合热力学模型进行了研究.主要分析了飞艇基本热力学行为,研究了蒙皮及内部气体的能量方程并建立了详细的飞艇动力学和运动学模型.在热力学、动力学和运动学分析的基础上,建立了以飞行时间为优化目标的平流层飞艇的轨迹优化模型.利用直接配点法将轨迹优化问题转化为非线性优化问题,再通过非线性求解器SNOPT(Sparse Nonlinear Optimizer)对不同场景的问题进行最优化轨迹求解.优化结果表明:热力学效应对优化轨迹有较大影响,在上升过程中,太阳能辐射为主要影响因素,另外风场也对换热量有一定影响.     

升力体式浮升混合飞艇多学科设计优化

升力体式混合飞艇是全球远距离大载重运输的重要选择,随着全球贸易的发展,逐渐成为国内外的研究热点。作为航空宇航技术、新能源技术和高性能材料技术相结合的新概念飞行器,混合飞艇设计过程需对多个学科进行综合考虑和优化。为了将多学科设计优化（MDO）方法引入到混合飞艇的总体设计中,将其分解为能源子系统、气动和推进子系统以及结构和重量子系统。在子系统模型构建的基础上,提出具有自适应能力的基于响应面的并行子空间优化（CSSO-RS）算法,将重量平衡和能量平衡作为实现远距离载重运输的约束条件,并提出爬升、日间巡航、滑翔和夜间巡航的多阶段任务剖面,以充分利用太阳能电池、燃料电池和锂电池的优势,实现混合飞艇的最优化设计。优化结果表明:具有自适应能力的优化算法在精确度和计算效率上均有明显的优势,同时重量分配的结果也为混合飞艇结构轻量化设计和能源系统设计提出了更高的要求。      

径向变体飞艇总体参数估算方法

为突破临近空间可操纵浮空器的关键技术难点,使可操纵浮空器往返地面至临近空间成为可能,提出了一种径向变体飞艇的总体参数估算方法,该方法基于阿基米德浮力定律和李式变体飞艇原理(Li-Style Transformable Airship Theory),通过艇体结构的径向变形来实现艇体截面积的自适与可控变化,控制飞艇容积变化以改变净升力大小,并使飞艇在容积变化中始终保持可操纵的气动外形,从而实现飞艇的升、降与驻空和飞行等控制.通过设计变形方案估算内气囊与外气囊尺寸,分析力学平衡与能源平衡估算飞艇长度.在拟定设计参数的基础上,给出了一种太阳能径向变体飞艇的总体设计方案,并通过设计实例验证了此方法的可行性与实用性.     

平流层飞艇热力学验证温度测量方法研究

平流层飞艇的热力学分析是平流层飞艇关键技术之一。针对热力学分析的工程验证及模型完善,提出了适合于平流层飞艇的艇囊内气体及囊体表面的温度测量方法,包括采集点的分布,传感器的选型,数据传输和处理及数据准确性评价等。经过两次平流层飞艇的缩比飞行试验,对比同艇发放的探空仪采集的温度数据,验证了该方法测量到的数据的准确性。     

平流层飞艇太阳能源系统研究

以平流层太阳能飞艇平台为背景,对平流层太阳能飞艇能源系统展开了分析和研究。文中建立了飞艇表面太阳能电池接收太阳直接辐射、散射辐射、反射辐射的模型。利用该模型对某飞艇太阳能电池进行计算,结果显示飞艇接收的太阳辐射能量与飞艇的工作纬度、季节、太阳能电池阵列表面面积、飞行姿态密切相关。当飞艇的脊背从日出到日落时刻正对太阳光线时,太阳能电池接收到的太阳辐射能量将是最大的。     

A general calculation method to specify center-of-buoyancy for the stratospheric airship with multiple gas cells

As the lighter-than-air (LTA) flight vehicle, the stratospheric airship is a desirable platform to provide communication and surveillance services. During the ascent from sea-level to the mission altitude, the volume of the lifting gas may change significantly, which will result in the change of the center-of-buoyancy (CB). A general calculation method is developed to specify CB for the stratospheric airship with a double-ellipsoid hull and an arbitrary number of the gas cells. The cross-section-integral (CSI) method is used as a basic calculation scenario to specify CB. Considering the complexity in determining the boundary between the helium and air in the gas cell, a searching algorithm is put forward and the specification of CB can be conducted by the iterative calculation. As an important application, the stable condition of the pitch angle is analyzed when the change of CB is involved. Under different initial configurations, the stable pitch angle of the stratospheric airship during the ascent is specified and compared, which shows the advantages of the multi-gas-cell configuration. The results of this paper may provide an important reference for the engineering application of the stratospheric airship.     

Matching trajectory optimization and nonlinear tracking control for HALE

This paper concerns optimal trajectory generation and nonlinear tracking control for stratospheric airship platform of VIA-200. To compensate for the mismatch between the point-mass model of optimal trajectory and the 6-DOF model of the nonlinear tracking problem, a new matching trajectory optimization approach is proposed. The proposed idea reduces the dissimilarity of both problems and reduces the uncertainties in the nonlinear equations of motion for stratospheric airship. In addition, its refined optimal trajectories yield better results under jet stream conditions during flight. The resultant optimal trajectories of VIA-200 are full three-dimensional ascent flight trajectories reflecting the realistic constraints of flight conditions and airship performance with and without a jet stream. Finally, 6-DOF nonlinear equations of motion are derived, including a moving wind field, and the vectorial backstepping approach is applied. The desirable tracking performance is demonstrated that application of the proposed matching optimization method enables the smooth linkage of trajectory optimization to tracking control problems.     

The yaw stability analysis for stratospheric airships in float situation

When a stratospheric airship free floats at pressure altitude, the sideslip angle of the airship is neither random nor against the wind, but is stable on certain values. According to classical potential flow theory, a simplified two-dimensional ellipse and three-dimensional ellipsoid are firstly analyzed respectively, which implied that the airship could present crosswind orientation. The numerical investigations (CFD) on the yaw stability based on a bare hull and a finned airship are employed for verifying the theory conclusion. It is found that the finned airships can remain stable when its sideslip Angle is 55–70°, which is less than 90° of the stable angle of the ellipsoid and bare hull, but statically unstable at low sideslip angles, its static instability is similar to that of dynamic flight. Then the fight data of three stratospheric airships is analyzed. The yaw stability in flight data generally agrees with expectations drawn of theoretical and numerical simulation. These investigations serve to provide references for yaw control and configuration design of airships.     

Station-keeping control for a stratospheric airship platform via fuzzy adaptive backstepping approach

This paper presents a novel approach for station-keeping control of a stratospheric airship platform in the presence of parametric uncertainty and external disturbance. First, conceptual design of the stratospheric airship platform is introduced, including the target mission, configuration, energy sources, propeller and payload. Second, the dynamics model of the airship platform is presented, and the mathematical model of its horizontal motion is derived. Third, a fuzzy adaptive backstepping control approach is proposed to develop the station-keeping control system for the simplified horizontal motion. The backstepping controller is designed assuming that the airship model is accurately known, and a fuzzy adaptive algorithm is used to approximate the uncertainty of the airship model. The stability of the closed-loop control system is proven via the Lyapunov theorem. Finally, simulation results illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control approach.     

Effect of vapor condensation on ascending performance of stratospheric airship

This paper reports a numerical investigation on the effects of water vapor condensing inside the air bag of a stratospheric airship on its ascending performance. The kinetic and thermal model considering vapor condensation was established, based on which a computer program was written in Fortran. The simulation results show that the vapor condensation remarkably affects the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship in the ascent process. During the ascent process below 11 km, a large amount of latent heat is released when the water vapor in the air inside the air bag of the stratospheric airship condenses, which results in the increase of the temperature and the reduction of the weight of the air in the air bag, causing the airship to speed up, the accelerated expansion of the helium, and the decrease of the helium temperature in the helium bag. When the flight altitude is higher than 11 km, the effect of vapor condensation on the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship is negligible because vapor is virtually nonexistent in the air.     

Modeling and analysis of floating performances of stratospheric semi-rigid airships

In recent years, the study of semi-rigid airship has revived with the development of airships. Semi-rigid airships have some characteristics of rigid airships and non-rigid airships. Due to the flexibility of the envelope of the non-rigid airship, the variation of the temperature of the inner gas will lead to its structure deformation and affect its flight altitude. This paper develops the structural mechanics model, thermodynamic model and dynamic model of the semi-rigid airship, based on which nonlinear finite element analysis is employed for geometrically nonlinear deformation of the airship upper film in consideration of thermodynamics and structural mechanics coupling. Based on the thermal-structural interaction, the thermal characteristics and flight performances of the airship during floating flight are investigated. The 3-D solar radiation and temperature distribution of the airship skin and the temperature variation of the inner gas are presented to investigate the thermal performance of the airship, flight velocity, acceleration and flight altitude are simulated to investigate the flight performance, and the variations of the volume and pressure difference of the inner gas are calculated to provide a basis for structure design. The results of the simulation can be referenced for the design of the semi-rigid airship, and can be used for the further study on the attitude control of the airship during its floating flight.     

考虑倍率的平流层飞艇储能电池建模与分析

准确掌握储能电池的实际电量是确保平流层飞艇实现长航时飞行的关键因素之一。首先，建立了平流层飞艇能源系统仿真模型，对能量输入和消耗进行动态分析。随后，对储能电池进行不同电流倍率的充放电测试，采用多项式拟合的方法，根据测试数据建立了储能电池充放电过程中荷电状态(SOC)、剩余放电时间(RDT)、剩余充电时间(RCT)的分析模型。最后，结合能源系统能量输入、消耗模型和储能电池模型进行飞行模拟仿真，获取各部分变化数据，与已有试验数据进行量化对比分析。结果表明:所构建储能电池模型在SOC、RDT、RCT的计算误差分别小于3%、1.5%、1.5%，能够准确反映电池工作过程中SOC、RDT、RCT的变化，可为平流层飞艇平台制定优化的飞行策略提供量化支撑。