短引脚PGA选择性波峰焊工艺技术

文摘针对装联过程中,PGA封装器件引脚过短的问题,分析了三种主要焊接工艺方法,采用选择性波峰焊接对短引脚PGA进行焊接试验,进而优化焊接工艺参数,并通过外观、X射线、金相剖切对焊接质量进行分析。结果表明:经过目视和X射线检测,选择性波峰焊接的短引脚PGA焊点无明显缺陷,金相图中焊锡与器件引脚、焊盘孔壁结合处良好,符合合格焊点要求。选择性波峰焊工艺方法具备焊接短引脚PGA的能力,有一定的应用价值。     

无铅焊点热疲劳状态估计

为获取元器件焊点的热疲劳状态信息,采用了焊点剪切力测试方法和非线性最小二乘数据拟合法。以1210片式电阻器件无铅焊点为研究对象,开展了剪切力-热疲劳状态试验研究工作。依据0、300、600、900、1200、1 500个周期温度冲击下的焊点剪切力试验数据,采用非线性最小二乘的Gauss-Newton法,并利用Matlab编程的手段获取了剪切力数据的拟合曲线。以"剪切力值下降30%"的失效标准划定失效界线,利用拟合曲线推算出焊点失效时的循环周期数为1 439.04。试验证明焊点剪切力能够反映出焊点的热疲劳状态,该方法可用于焊点的疲劳状态监测、估计,满足对于焊点疲劳状态的监测需要,同样适用于其他类型焊点的疲劳状态估计。     

无铅焊点的可靠性研究

基于环保和可持续发展,各国开始限制电子封装中铅的应用,而无铅焊料的研究是目前发展的重要趋势,随着钎焊材料和工艺的改变,给无铅钎焊焊点可靠性的评估带来一系列的相关问题,焊点的破坏往往导致整个封装结构的失效,本研究就无铅焊料焊点的力学测试方法和焊点寿命预测进行了讨论。     

Solar Cell Interconnector Design

Various solar cell interconnector designs are analyzed for fatigue failures under extended temperature cycling. Test results are presented for several configurations. The stresses and failures of the solder joint between interconnector and silicon cell are discussed in light of test results, new long-term cycling data showing much greater incipient failures than previously expected based on extrapolation. Data are also presented for solder creep strength at elevated temperatures. A comparison between soldered and welded joints shows that both approaches have their weaknesses. The bonding method of cells to substrate must be integrated with the interconnector design to obtain optimum performance, mechanically as well as electrically.     

AutoScan系列复杂零件自动化三维测量装备开发与应用

自动化三维测量可实现复杂零件的精度检测,为后续工艺优化提供基础数据,是保证航空航天领域复杂零件成形精度的关键技术,但应用时尚存在以下问题：其一,自动化三维测量视点规划仍以人工示教为主,规划效率低、效果差;其二,锻造成形等工业现场工况恶劣,易使系统预先标定的参数发生漂移,测量精度难以保证;其三,多视测量数据拼接仍主要采用标志点拼接的方式,过程繁琐,应用局限大;其四,在线自动化测量时受工装夹具等影响,测量点云中存在大量背景噪声,影响数据自动处理的精度与稳定性。针对上述难题,介绍了基于双目测头的自动化测量视点规划、基于耦合焦距比例约束的系统参数自标定、基于全局优化的多视测量数据拼接、基于自适应阈值迭代最近点（ICP）点云背景噪声自动去除等关键技术;在此基础上,研制了系列自动化三维测量装备,包括PowerVirtualPlan视点规划软件、PowerScan三维测量软件、iPoint3D数据处理软件的开发;最后,介绍自动化三维测量装备在航天航空等领域的工程应用情况。     

真空汽相焊冷却速率对多层板焊点质量的影响

为解决多层印制板真空汽相焊由于焊后冷却不足导致的焊点纹路问题,本文确定多层板焊点纹路出现的根本原因,对焊后冷却区进行改造,进而研究不同焊接工艺对焊点表面形貌、内部组织形貌及焊点力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,快冷下焊点形成的界面金属化合物（IMC）更薄,焊点组织也更加均匀,即Pb在Sn中的分布更弥散。快冷下形成的IMC层晶粒直径在1μm左右,剪切强度为17.26 MPa,较慢冷提高了43%,达到细晶强化的目的。此外,由于冷却速度过慢导致的焊点表面纹路缺陷也得到明显改善。     

AuNi9 导电环刷丝的钎料成分改进及性能分析

采用Sn Pb、In Pb和In Pb Ag三种钎料对航天器控制系统中的Au Ni9刷丝进行了钎焊试验,对钎焊接头的力学性能、断口形貌以及微观组织、化合物相成分进行对比分析,探讨改进后钎料对钎焊接头化合物层形成的影响。结果表明,Sn Pb钎料钎焊Au Ni9刷丝接头区域靠近金合金一侧产生了明显的化合物,主要包括:Au Sn4及Au Ni2Sn4和Ni3Sn4化合物相。In Pb钎料能明显降低钎焊接头脆性,接头区域未发现金属间化合物的产生。InPb Ag钎料不仅能保护铜导线的镀银层,而且钎焊接头还会产生细小的强化相Ag2In,增强接头剪切强度。     

复合材料发射架无损检测研究进展

本文介绍了复合材料缺陷对发射架构件的影响,论述了MMS公司的线性扫描热波检测、声-超声波检测、超声波检测技术,比较了检测方法的准确率、可信度和效率。指出将无损检测技术与自动化检测、信号采集、图像处理等现代化技术相结合,将在复合材料发射架检测中发挥重大作用。     

基于机器视觉技术的飞机绕机外观检查方法研究

大型民用飞机试飞和航线运营期间,对其外观表面进行绕机外观检查是适航性安全检查的必要工作。目前飞机的绕机检查主要采用人工绕机方式,该方式,且成本高、效率低,易出现漏检、误检等人为因素,因此智能外观表面检查方法的研究是一项迫切的任务。相比于其他工业检测任务,飞机外观检查智能识别目前无公开数据集,且飞机真实外观损伤类型多样。通过对飞机外观图像的采集和处理,研究基于YOLO V3的飞机表面检查工程方法,初步建立了飞机外观损伤图像数据集框架。首先采用YOLO检测网络粗略获取飞机外观损伤位置和损伤类型,其次针对不同损伤类型的特点,用水平集算法获取图像块中更精准的损伤位置,最后根据精细化后的结果进行量化分析。提出了能够解决机器深度学习网络智能检测已知类别损伤的方法,对未知损伤具有较强容忍度和较大的灵活性与适应性。实践表明,本文提出的方法可以解决传统人工目视检测的部分弊端,可以为机器人智能绕机检查的工程应用提供技术参考,对降低飞机试飞和运营阶段的维修、维护成本有重要意义。     

水银温度计视觉检定系统中的数字图像处理技术研究

提出了一种基于计算机视觉的水银温度计自动检定系统。首先构建了水银温度计自动检定系统的体系结构,重点研究了数字图像处理技术在温度计读数上的应用,研究了直方图均衡化处理,并根据OTSU原理,把温度计图像进行分割,采用Canny算子提取温度计边缘,并根据Hough变换得到温度计刻度线和液柱,最后给出了与人工读数对比的实验结果及结论。     

Improved imaging for X-ray inspection systems

A number of advancements for X-ray inspection systems have recently been implemented in the image presented to the operator. Advances in the use of color and image fusion techniques have been developed to maximize the information available in the initial view shown on the monitor. Different techniques are appropriate depending upon the size of the inspection item. Inspection of checked and carry-on baggage requires imaging methods that would not be appropriate for use on larger, more complex objects such as cargo containers or whole trucks. Color-coded presentation of CT images of baggage imposes yet other demands. Comparative images and analyses are presented to support choices for imaging on L-3 Communications systems in terms of the conflicting requirements of cost, sensitivity, resolution, and penetration. A number of enhancements are available to the operator and their influence on system performance is explored. Some experimental enhancements are demonstrated and their trade-offs discussed. The imaging system is ultimately based on hardware, and the choice of detectors, amplifiers, and sampling methods plays an important role in overall performance. Image degradation can be caused by deficiencies in the imaging hardware. Effects such as detector cross-talk and afterglow will negatively impact system performance. Recognition of these factors and steps to mitigate them are discussed. The effect of X-ray source choices such as beam voltage, milliamps, and sampling rate has a direct influence on the image quality and bag dose. Results of theoretical modeling as well as results on actual systems are presented. For a given bag dose, the trade-off between sensitivity, resolution, and penetration are considered. Possibilities for future advancements in imaging for X-ray inspection systems are explored.     

MGH956合金钎焊接头力学性能分析

以MGH956合金钎焊接头高温抗拉强度为考察对象进行了正交试验设计。结果表明,考察的3个因素对接头性能影响的主次顺序为:钎料成分﹥保温方式﹥焊缝间隙;对应较优工艺参数为:钎料为KCo3,保温方式为:1240℃/10min加1000℃/30min;焊缝间隙为0.02mm。在所进行试验中,1000℃拉伸试验结果最好的焊缝强度接近了母材水平。     

New Developments in Radar and Radio Sensors for Aircraft Navigation

Recent developments in airborne Doppler and ground mapping navigation radars and ground and satellite based radio systems are described. Simultaneous lobing and slope tracking techniques can remove the well-known Doppler sea bias error in fast and slowly moving vehicles. Doppler velocity information can be extracted from coherent forward-looking mapping radars, and high position fixing accuracy can be achieved by synthetic aperture radars. In radio navigation systems, such as Loran, Omega, and satellite systems, direct-ranging and differential techniques greatly reduce the geometric dilution and propagation effects which have plagued conventional radio navigation systems. The advantages gained by mixing of the data from these and other navigation sensors in a digital multisensor system are discussed and approaches for processing these data are suggested.     

基于知识图谱的装配语义信息建模

针对总成产品的装配数据通常分散于CAD模型与装配工艺文档中,因而不同类型的装配语义信息由于异构性无法相互关联的问题,基于知识图谱提出一种面向装配语义信息的建模方法,结合传统的数据映射与人工智能中的自然语言处理技术,实现了CAD模型的几何信息与装配工艺文档中工艺过程信息的智能集成。首先阐述了不同层次的语义特征在基于知识图谱的装配语义模型(KG–ASM)中所代表的概念、实体类及关系类;其次根据CAD模型文件与装配工艺文档,基于数据抽取、语义映射及自然语言处理技术自动构建KG–ASM中的实例节点;最后以航空航天产品中速度调节机构的试装过程为例验证KG–ASM及其构建方法的可行性。     

干涉仪测量数据联合定位的方法

提出了干涉仪测量系统的六通道测量数据联合定位的处理思想，并提供了具体的计算处理方法。该新方法是将测速数据与定位数据联合确定运载火箭的位置坐标，进而可计算其速度、加速度等其它弹道参数，这无疑会提高测量数据的利用率和改进弹道计算结果的精度。     

分布式接收宽带多目标信号盲检测迭代处理方法

随着软硬件技术的飞速发展和宽带接收机的广泛使用,频谱检测向着高瞬时带宽的方向发展,传统基于信道化处理的频谱检测方法存在搜索速度慢、处理效率低下的问题。文章提出了 1种新的分布式接收宽带多目标信号盲检测迭代处理方法,在无须预先知道信号数目及信号频谱位置的情况下,能够实现特定虚警概率多信号盲检测,具备较高的灵活性和稳健性。首先,在对信号特征进行分析的基础上,通过构造线性模型,将分布式接收多目标信号检测转化为线性模型求解问题进行处理;然后,基于贝叶斯多参数联合求解模型,在对未知参数先验分布进行合理假设的基础上,推导了各未知参数变分分布及信号检测门限的解析表达式,采用变分分布软信息迭代的方式实现多传感器信号、多参数联合估计,并利用每次迭代参数估计结果,对信号检测门限进行更新,通过置零操作实现预设虚警概率下的多信号盲检测;最后,通过仿真实验对所提方法性能进行了分析,并与相关方法进行了对比。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效利用多路接收信号信息,实现宽带未知多目标信号的盲检测,有效提升短数据下的算法处理效能,与现有方法相比,在接收单元数目较多以及信噪比较低时具有明显优势。     

三维CAD/CAE技术在内燃机设计中的应用

机械设计手段从20世纪70年代的手工绘图转向计算机绘图,大大提高了绘图效率和绘图质量。二维CADCAE技术的普及结束了手工绘图的历史,对减轻人工劳动强度,提高经济效益起到了很明显的作用。随着技术的发展,CAD/CAE技术正从二维CAD/CAE向三维CAD/CAE过渡。为此介绍并讨论了三维CAD/CAE技术及其在内燃机设计中的应用。     

Sum-difference Reduced-dimensional Processing in SAR Image Domain and Statistical Analysis for Ground Moving Target Indication

In this article, a new reduced-dimensional adaptive processing algorithm based on joint pixels sum-difference data for clutter rejection is proposed. The sum-difference data are obtained by orthogonal projection of the joint pixels data of different synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images generated by a multi-satellite radar system. In the sense of statistical expectation, the sum-differ- ence data contain the common and different information of the SAR images. Therefore, the objective of clutter cancellation can be achieved by adaptive processing. Moreover, based on the residual image after clutter rejection, statistical analysis of constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detection of moving targets is also presented. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm even with heterogeneous clutter and image co-registration error.     

Sea fog detection based on unsupervised domain adaptation

Sea fog detection with remote sensing images is a challenging task. Driven by the different image characteristics between fog and other types of clouds, such as textures and colors, it can be achieved by using image processing methods. Currently, most of the available methods are datadriven and relying on manual annotations. However, because few meteorological observations and buoys over the sea can be realized, obtaining visibility information to help the annotations is difficult. Considering t...     

Geometric Approach in Solving Inverse Kinematics of PUMA Robots

A geometric approach for deriving a consistent joint solution of a six-point PUMA1 robot is presented. The approach calls for the definition of various possible arm configurations based on the link coordinate systems and human arm geometry. These arm configurations are then expressed in an exact mathematical way to allow the construction of arm configuration indicators and their corresponding decision equations. The arm configuration indicators are prespecified by a user for finding the joint solution. These indicators enable one to find a solution from the possible four solutions for the first three joints, a solution from the possible two solutions for the last three joints. The solution is calculated in two stages. First a position vector pointing from the shoulder to the wrist is derived. This is used to derive the solution of the first three joints by looking at the projection of the position vector onto the xi-1-yi-1(i = 1,2,3) plane. The last three joints are solved using the calculated joint solution from the first three joints, the orientation matrices, and the projection of the link coordinate frames onto the xi-1-yi-1 (i = 4,5,6) plane. From the geometry, one can easily find the arm solution consistently. A computer simulation study conducted on a VAX-11/780 computer demonstrated the validity of the arm solution.