Position-fixing using the USSR's GLONASS C/A code

The possibility of the USSR's global satellite navigation system GLONASS and the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System using a common navigation system can only be determined following exhaustive testing of two systems in a variety of satellite and receiver modes and configurations. The authors describe their first attempts to carry out basic position-fixing and timing measurements with a single-channel, sequencing digital receiver in a C/A code phase-measurement mode using the GLONASS satellites. The receiver used to produce the fixes was a digital sequencing unit with a single stage of downconversion and followed by 1-bit quantization. Code acquisition was accomplished using 1-Q channels measuring code phase. The number of satellites available in the present preoperational phase heavily restricts the time and satellite configurations which can be tested. However, the results have encouraged the authors to propose a range of experiments aimed at evaluating the two systems and eventual integration     

基于MAX2769B的多系统兼容GNSS中频采样器设计与实现

GNSS软件接收机具有算法灵活性高、更新方便等特点,逐步发展为一种较为流行的卫星导航研究与应用平台。从处理多频多系统的角度出发,介绍射频前端的基本结构,对比了几款单芯片GNSS射频解决方案,详细介绍一套基于MAX2769B的多频多系统兼容中频采集系统的设计与实现过程,给出了多系统兼容的参数配置方法。对于采样器研制过程中与性能关系较为密切的部分,提供了设计参考建议与测试流程。针对设计的采样器,测试了其采集GPS系统L1频点信号的性能,并通过后端的软件接收机处理得到了信号捕获、跟踪、测量与定位结果,基于这些结果对中频采样系统的基本功能、多频处理能力等进行了分析和评估。     

数字域谱估计的GNSS系统信号带宽测试方法

针对传统的单载波扫频法不适于GNSS（全球导航卫星系统）信号生成通道的带宽测量的问题,提出了采用数字信号处理的信号带宽方法.对实际导航信号进行高速采样,在数字域对采样的导航信号和本地数字生成的理想导航信号进行频谱估计和计算,从而得到GNSS信号带宽.分别使用周期图法和Welch法谱估计,对提出的测试方法进行仿真.仿真结果表明,采用Welch法进行理想信号和实际信号谱估计,对谱估计后的结果进行计算,可以完成GNSS信号带宽精密测量,在Welch法估计参数设置合理的情况下,GNSS信号带宽估计的准确度可以达到99.9％以上.     

全数字宽带接收机的并行结构

介绍了一种FFT并行结构的全数字宽带接收机，接收机中包括载波恢复，定时恢复和匹配滤波器三个主要功能部分。其特点是信号处理速率比输入Nyquist采样速率低得多，而且其中的匹配滤波器和定时校正恢复可以在频域上有效地实现，这种结构特别适合于卫星通信中每秒几百兆比特速率的高速数据传输应用。     

组合GPS和GLONASS在民航中应用的研究

研究了ＧＰＳ和ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ在民用航空中的应用前景。分析了组合ＧＰＳ和ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ所具备的可用性、精确性和完整性潜力。组合ＧＰＳ／ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ在我国民航中具有重要的技术与战略意义。提出了一种集成１２通道ＧＰＳ／ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ接收机的结构与实现。射频前端部分采用３级变频将ＧＰＳ和ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ信号变至中频并采样为同相与正交样本。数字处理部分对各样本加以积累与处理,解调卫星的导航电文。在导航解算中结合了ＷＧＳ－８４和ＰＺ－９０坐标系之间的转换。     

一种高动态低信噪比卫星导航信号捕获方法

为提升高动态低信噪比环境下卫星导航信号的捕获性能,提出了一种基于分数阶傅里叶变换(FrFT)及部分匹配滤波(PMF)的捕获方法。在该方法中,接收机首先利用PMF对接收信号做分段相干积分,随后借助快速傅里叶变换(FFT)对分段积分结果做离散快速FrFT,最后通过检测FrFT输出的峰值完成信号的捕获。由于具有多普勒频率变化率的卫星导航信号在FrFT后呈现能量聚焦特性,所提方法能够显著提高信号的长时间相干积分增益。同时对所提算法的捕获概率、平均捕获时间以及算法复杂度等性能指标进行了理论分析及计算机仿真验证。仿真表明,与传统的PMF-FFT方法相比,所提方法能够通过延长相干积分时间的方式有效提升高动态低信噪比卫星导航信号的捕获概率、降低捕获时间。     

基于VHDL语言的扩频相关器设计与实现

介绍了扩频相关器在信号处理中对特定码字进行相关处理,完成信号的解扩或解码,恢复出传送的信息.扩频相关器采用数字处理方式,处理信号的形式比较灵活,可以对不同的码型、不同的码长进行相关处理,为位同步的提取带来了极大的方便.设计了包含相关器的整个直扩系统,并进行了仿真,验证了所设计的相关器的正确性.     

The Soviet Union's GLONASS Navigation Satellites

GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System) is the most recent satellite navigation system developed by the Soviet Union and currently in the pre-operational stage. Obvious parallels exist between GLONASS and the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) developed in the United States and also, at present, in a pre-operational phase. In the progress towards operational status, the launch capability for NAVSTAR satellites has been seriously affected by the recent failure of the Space Shuttle Challenger, clearly increasing the prospects of GLONASS reaching operational status first. It is therefore the main purpose of this paper to discuss certain aspects of the GLONASS satellite navigation system, in particular its orbital features and radio-frequency signal characteristics. Comparisons with NAVSTAR are inevitable and for this reason, the paper begins with a brief resume of relevant features of the NAVSTAR GPS system for later reference. The main section of the paper then deals with orbital behaviour, radio frequency signal structure and channelisation using NAVSTAR as a reference point for discussion.     

GNSS/INS深组合技术研究进展与展望

在GNSS/INS组合导航领域,深组合是最深层次的组合方式,随着航空、航天、军事等应用对导航系统性能要求的提升,深组合技术逐步成为国内外研究的重点。通过对GNSS/INS深组合的技术起源与结构发展过程的梳理,总结出当前对深组合概念理解的两种立场。按照接收机环路跟踪结构与信息处理方式不同,将深组合结构分为标量深组合、相干矢量深组合以及非相干矢量深组合3种类型,其中相干矢量深组合又可以分为级联式和集中式两种结构。综述了国内外深组合技术的研究现状并指出了当前研究中存在的问题,最后结合实际应用需求对深组合的发展进行了展望。     

加速度冲击对卫星接收机性能影响

基于加速度对晶体振荡器输出频率的影响,研究了加速度冲击对卫星接收机性能的影响。首先,利用ANSYS软件仿真分析了加速度冲击作用对石英晶体形变的影响过程,在此基础上建立加速度冲击环境下卫星接收机参考源晶振的频率偏差数学模型;接着,分析在加速度冲击下由参考晶振频率偏差对接收机射频前端输出中频信号的影响,并结合卫星接收机的工作原理阐述了加速度冲击对其跟踪性能的影响。仿真结果表明,加速度冲击会使接收机跟踪环路的性能恶化,时间较长会引起跟踪环路失锁。     

An evaluation of the radio frequency susceptibility of commercialGPS receivers

The radio frequency (RF) susceptibility characteristics of two commercial Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were evaluated. A first-order analysis was performed to predict the receiver susceptibility thresholds based on the receiver sensitivity and processing gain. The receiver susceptibility thresholds in the post-acquisition mode were then measured for various interference signal frequencies and modulations. Both receivers exhibited very low susceptibility thresholds to in-band continuous wave (CW) signals. In addition, both receivers could be over-driven with an out-of-band signal. In this state the receivers indicated acceptable figures of merit despite loss of satellite signal lock     

多模多频卫星导航系统码偏差统一定义与处理方法

精确处理和修正观测量偏差（OSB）是有效发挥多模多频优势,提升GNSS服务和应用效能的前提和基础，已成为国内外卫星导航高精度定位领域研究的热点问题之一。国际GNSS服务组织（IGS）和国际大地测量协会（IAG）专门成立了工作组推动相关工作。然而，目前有关观测量偏差处理的方法仍存在着定义不统一、求解不严密、使用不便捷等突出问题，给实时高精度定位应用带来诸多不利因素。针对此，首先阐述了中国科学院（CAS）电离层分析中心码偏差产品的定义、估计策略和使用方法，然后给出了部分精度评估和分析。结果表明：CAS、CODE和DLR发布的码偏差参数一致性优于0.30ns，CAS码偏差月稳定性优于0.15ns。相关工作对于推动多模多频GNSS在电离层监测、高精度定位和授时定时等领域的应用具有重要参考价值。     

Mismatched Filtering of Sonar Signals

A replica correlator (matched filter) is an optimum processor for a receiver employing a pulse of continuous wave (CW) signal in a white Gaussian noise background. In an active sonar, however, when the target of interest has low Doppler shift and is embedded in a high reverberation background, this is not so. High sidelobes of the correlator frequency response pass a significant portion of the signal contained in the mainlobe of the reverberation spectrum. In order to reduce the sidelobes of the correlator output spectrum and at the same time keep the increase in its 3 dB bandwidth to a small amount, we propose lengthening of the replica of the transmitted signal and weighting it by a Kaiser window. It is demonstrated that by extending the weighted replica by 50 percent compared with the transmitted signal, it is possible to reduce the sidelobe levels to at least 40 dB below the mainlobe peak, with the concomitant increase of the 3 dB band-width by less than 5 percent. The degradation in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance for such a ?mismatched? filter receiver with respect to the matched filter is less than 1.5 dB.     

基于分布式地面站天线的空间功率合成

卫星导航系统(GNSS)地面站天线对卫星进行上行注入时,信号到达卫星时较弱,容易受到干扰,故地面站注入天线需同时具备平时多目标注入和干扰时单目标功率增强的能力。利用卫星导航系统中地面站之间能够实现精密时间同步的特点,提出了一种基于分布式卫星导航地面站抛物面天线的空间功率合成方法,使用相位预补偿实现分布式天线阵到达目标卫星信号的相位粗同步;分析了相位误差、辐射功率误差对空间功率合成效率的影响,得到了阵元初始相位标定精度与相对定位精度的约束关系;并对合成信号的抗干扰能力和信号质量进行了研究。理论和仿真结果表明,当相位精度因子小于0.2时,4个等辐射功率天线在10°仰角以上波束扫描范围内的功率合成效率均在75%以上,且可以通过控制初始相位标定精度与相对定位精度实现更高的合成效率;而在合成效率要求75%以上时,天线辐射功率误差对合成效率的影响基本可以忽略。采用分布式波束扫描天线能够对地面站上行注入进行功率增强,可实现注入波束和功率的灵活配置,有效解决制约机动式和小型化地面站功率提升的瓶颈问题。     

一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法

利用卫星导航系统对高轨航天器进行自主导航与高精度定轨,对接收机的捕获灵敏度要求极高,双块补零(DBZP)算法是无辅助下卫星导航弱信号捕获的理想方案,然而受限于数据处理量大,DBZP实际应用难度大。在深入分析双块补零机理的基础上,结合矩阵重构的思想,提出了一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法。该方法对参与块内相关运算的基带信号和本地测距码分别进行重构,解决了块内点数与快速傅里叶变换输入点数之间的矛盾,提高了北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获性能。仿真实验结果分析表明,改进双块补零算法对信噪比没有损失,可以保证对低至15dB·Hz的弱信号进行有效捕获,能够满足高轨航天器定轨、室内外无缝导航等对接收机高灵敏度的需求。本方法是在块内运算层面对DBZP进行优化,具备良好的通用性和可移植性,与优化相干积分策略的各种改进DBZP算法可以无缝对接,进一步提高北斗导航接收机信号处理的效能。同时,重构的思想也适用于其他采用码分多址信号的卫星导航系统的弱信号检测和捕获,对提升多星座卫星导航系统的基带信号处理性能具有参考意义。     

顾及轨道误差的GNSS卫星钟差实时估计策略优化

为提高GNSS卫星钟差实时估计精度，针对GNSS各卫星系统的轨道差异，分析各系统卫星轨道误差对钟差估计的影响，基于距离函数线性化二阶残余项的思想，提出了一种顾及轨道误差的权函数模型，以优化实时卫星钟差估计策略。利用全球均匀分布的IGS和iGMAS跟踪站的实时观测数据进行实验，并与GBM的事后精密钟差进行对比分析。结果表明： GPS精度提高率为6.47%，BDS精度提高率为6.46%，GLONASS精度提高率为7.42%，Galileo精度提高率为7.62%。     

Next generation digital GPS receiver

The architecture and technology features of the next-generation (NGR) digital GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver manufactured by Collin are described. The project's objective was to develop an advanced GPS receiver chipset with high antijam capabilities. The program, initiated in 1985, has provided the technology for miniature receiver products for both unmanned and manned vehicle applications. A two-channel version of the receiver is in full-scale development for tactical missile applications. A five-channel version is being tested and evaluated as a drop-in replacement for RCVR-3A, the US Department of Defense standard high dynamic receiver. The NGR design started with the digital signal processing architecture developed for the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) hand-held GPS receiver. Enhancements were made to improve the antijam and signal acquisition performance. Producible, qualifiable and cost-effective silicon monolithic microwave integrated circuits and semicustom digital technologies were used to develop the core GPS chipset. A system design approach was established to permit reuse of mature and validated GPS software     

基于低轨通信星座的导航增强技术发展概述

在我国北斗三号卫星导航系统全面完成组网建设的背景下,世界卫星导航步入新时代。各卫星导航大国均瞄准更高服务精度、更加多样功能、更加可靠服务,正在着手开展新一代系统建设和技术迭代。随着各国对于大型低轨通信星座的积极开发与广泛部署,应用低轨卫星技术实现导航增强与PNT系统备份能力,因其易与GNSS协同,具有提高全球自主导航精度、拓展全球卫星导航应用市场的巨大潜力而成为研究热点。面向低轨导航增强技术,首先总结了低轨卫星的最新态势,梳理了卫星导航增强服务模式,并详细分析了低轨通信星座导航精度增强及导航信号增强两方面的技术动向。在此基础上,重点针对导航增强频率的兼容互操作、通信/导航信号一体化设计、高动态导航增强信号捕获与跟踪等方面,对低轨卫星导航增强体系未来的发展机遇以及面临的技术挑战进行了展望。此外,还基于美国铱星系统实收采集信号开展了定位服务性能试验分析,结果表明600个历元内收敛定位精度优于100m,相关分析成果可为我国低轨导航增强建设提供参考和借鉴。     

脉冲干扰对软件接收机的影响分析

卫星信号经过长距离传播,信号能量损耗严重,到达地面的功率很弱,容易受到各种干扰的影响。脉冲干扰为常见的干扰类型,所以针对不同功率、不同周期,以及不同占空比的脉冲干扰信号,通过接收前端采集受脉冲干扰的GPS L1信号,利用软件接收机及多相关器生成技术,详细分析了脉冲干扰对接收机信号捕获与跟踪性能的影响。分析结果表明,周期为1ms的脉冲干扰信号,能对接收机产生强烈的干扰效果,捕获图中的噪声明显增大;跟踪过程中,载噪比和相关值突发性减小,造成跟踪数据异常。而长周期的脉冲信号仅在脉冲到达时影响接收机的捕获和跟踪,但由于信号跟踪不能连续进行,导致伪距观测量的不连续与导航数据不能正常解码,从而干扰接收机。     

Exploiting GNSS signal structure to enhance observability

There are a number of different error sources, such as multipath and thermal noise, which corrupt satellite navigation waveforms from their theoretical structure. However, even under ideal conditions the broadcast signals have some degree of deformation as a result of the practical individual hardware implementation. For the most demanding users of satellite navigation, such as aircraft navigation and landing systems, it is important to characterize the nominal signal structure in order to detect minimal variations resulting from hardware-based errors. Thus far such precorrelation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal quality monitoring has been performed through high gain antennas, which allow for raising the GNSS spectrum above the thermal noise floor and observing the structure of the signal directly at the front end output. This paper describes a new approach to achieve such observability based on signal processing techniques, such as dithering and averaging, which leverage the repetitive nature of the GNSS signal. The paper presents how these techniques can drastically improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in postprocessing, allowing for the direct analysis of GNSS signals using traditional front end designs and conventional antennas. Results are predicted using the appropriate theory and validated using data collected from the Global Positioning System (GPS).