Active fault tolerant control for vertical tail damaged aircraft with dissimilar redundant actuation system

This paper proposes an active fault-tolerant control strategy for an aircraft with dissim-ilar redundant actuation system (DRAS) that has suffered from vertical tail damage. A damage degree coefficient based on the effective vertical tail area is introduced to parameterize the damaged flight dynamic model. The nonlinear relationship between the damage degree coefficient and the corresponding stability derivatives is considered. Furthermore, the performance degradation of new input channel with electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is also taken into account in the dam-aged flight dynamic model. Based on the accurate damaged flight dynamic model, a composite method of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) integrating model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is proposed to reconfigure the fault-tolerant control law. The numerical simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant control strategy with accurate flight dynamic model. The results also indicate that aircraft with DRAS has better fault-tolerant control ability than the traditional ones when the vertical tail suffers from serious damage.     

Real-time fault detection method based on belief rule base for aircraft navigation system

Real-time and accurate fault detection is essential to enhance the aircraft navigation system’s reliability and safety. The existent detection methods based on analytical model draws back at simultaneously detecting gradual and sudden faults. On account of this reason, we propose an online detection solution based on non-analytical model. In this article, the navigation system fault detection model is established based on belief rule base (BRB), where the system measuring residual and its changing rate are used as the inputs of BRB model and the fault detection function as the output. To overcome the drawbacks of current parameter optimization algorithms for BRB and achieve online update, a parameter recursive estimation algorithm is presented for online BRB detection model based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed method is verified by navigation experiment. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to effectively realize online parameter evaluation in navigation system fault detection model. The output of the detection model can track the fault state very well, and the faults can be diagnosed in real time and accurately. In addition, the detection ability, especially in the probability of false detection, is superior to offline optimization method, and thus the system reliability has great improvement.     

Application of Analytic Redundancy-based Fault Diagnosis of Sensors to Onboard Maintenance System

Analytic redundancy-based fault diagnosis technique (ARFDT) is applied to onboard maintenance system (OMS). The principle of the proposed ARFDT scheme is to design a redundancy configuration using ARFDT to enhance the functions of redundancy management and built in test equipment (BITE) monitor. Redundancy configuration for dual-redundancy and analytic redundancy is proposed, in which, the fault diagnosis includes detection and isolation. In order to keep the balance between rapid diagnosis and binary hypothesis, a filter together with an elapsed time limit is designed for sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) in the process of isolation. Diagnosis results would be submitted to central maintenance computer (CMC) together with BITE information. Moreover, by adopting reconstruction, the designed method not only provides analytic redundancy to help redundancy management, but also compensates the output when both of the sensors of the same type are faulty. Our scheme is applied to an aircraft’s sensors in a simulation experiment, and the results show that the proposed filter SPRT (FSPRT) saves at least 50% of isolation time than Wald SPRT (WSPRT). Also, effectiveness, practicability and rapidity of the proposed scheme can be successfully achieved in OMS.     

Reliability Analysis of Aircraft Condition Monitoring Network Using an Enhanced BDD Algorithm

The aircraft condition monitoring network is responsible for collecting the status of each component in aircraft. The reliability of this network has a significant effect on safety of the aircraft. The aircraft condition monitoring network works in a real-time manner that all the data should be transmitted within the deadline to ensure that the control center makes proper decision in time. Only the connectedness between the source node and destination cannot guarantee the data to be transmitted in time. In this paper, we take the time deadline into account and build the task-based reliability model. The binary decision diagram (BDD), which has the merit of efficiency in computing and storage space, is introduced when calculating the reliability of the network and addressing the essential variable. A case is analyzed using the algorithm proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that our method is efficient and proper for the reliability analysis of the real-time network.     

Robust Control for Static Loading of Electro-hydraulic Load Simulator with Friction Compensation

Load simulator is a key test equipment for aircraft actuation systems in hardware-in-the-loop-simulation. Static loading is an essential function of the load simulator and widely used in the static/dynamic stiffness test of aircraft actuation systems. The tracking performance of the static loading is studied in this paper. Firstly, the nonlinear mathematical models of the hydraulic load simulator are derived, and the feedback linearization method is employed to construct a feed-forward controller to improve the force tracking performance. Considering the effect of the friction, a LuGre model based friction compensation is synthesized, in which the unmeasurable state is estimated by a dual state observer via a controlled learning mechanism to guarantee that the estimation is bounded. The modeling errors are attenuated by a well-designed robust controller with a control accuracy measured by a design parameter. Employing the dual state observer is to capture the different effects of the unmeasured state and hence can improve the friction compensation accuracy. The tracking performance is summarized by a derived theorem. Experimental results are also obtained to verify the high performance nature of the proposed control strategy.     

Reliability and safety analysis of redundant vehicle management computer system

Redundant techniques are widely adopted in vehicle management computer （VMC） to ensure that VMC has high reliability and safety. At the same time, it makes VMC have special characteristics, e.g., failure correlation, event simultaneity, and failure self-recovery. Accordingly, the reliability and safety analysis to redundant VMC system （RVMCS） becomes more difficult. Aimed at the difficulties in RVMCS reliability modeling, this paper adopts generalized stochastic Petri nets to establish the reliability and safety models of RVMCS. Then this paper analyzes RVMCS oper- ating states and potential threats to flight control system. It is verified by simulation that the reli- ability of VMC is not the product of hardware reliability and software reliability, and the interactions between hardware and software faults can reduce the real reliability of VMC obviously. Furthermore, the failure undetected states and false alarming states inevitably exist in RVMCS due to the influences of limited fault monitoring coverage and false alarming probability of fault mon- itoring devices （FMD）. RVMCS operating in some failure undetected states will produce fatal threats to the safety of flight control system. RVMCS operating in some false alarming states will reduce utility of RVMCS obviously. The results abstracted in this paper can guide reliable VMC and efficient FMD designs. The methods adopted in this paper can also be used to analyze other intelligent systems＇ reliability.     

A Hazard Analysis-based Approach to Improve the Landing Safety of a BWB Remotely Piloted Vehicle

The BUAA-BWB remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) designed by our research team encountered an unexpected landing safety problem in flight tests. It has obviously affected further research project for blended-wing-body (BWB) aircraft configuration characteristics. Searching for a safety improvement is an urgent requirement in the development work of the RPV. In view of the vehicle characteristics, a new systemic method called system-theoretic process analysis (STPA) has been tentatively applied to the hazardous factor analysis of the RPV flight test. An uncontrolled system behavior "path sagging phenomenon" is identified by implementing a three degrees of freedom simulation based on wind tunnel test data and establishing landing safety system dynamics archetype. To obtain higher safety design effectiveness and considering safety design precedence, a longitudinal "belly-flap" control surface is innovatively introduced and designed to eliminate hazards in landing. Finally, flight tests show that the unsafe factor has been correctly identified and the landing safety has been efficiently improved.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Robust Force Control of Hydraulic Load Simulator

This paper deals with the high performance force control of hydraulic load simulator. Many previous works for hydraulic force control are based on their linearization equations, but hydraulic inherent nonlinear properties and uncertainties make the conventional feedback proportional-integral-derivative control not yield to high-performance requirements. In this paper, a nonlinear system model is derived and linear parameterization is made for adaptive control. Then a discontinuous projection-based nonlinear adaptive robust force controller is developed for hydraulic load simulator. The proposed controller constructs an asymptotically stable adaptive controller and adaptation laws, which can compensate for the system nonlinearities and uncertain parameters. Meanwhile a well-designed robust controller is also developed to cope with the hydraulic system uncertain nonlinearities. The controller achieves a guaranteed transient performance and final tracking accuracy in the presence of both parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities; in the absence of uncertain nonlinearities, the scheme also achieves asymptotic tracking performance. Simulation and experiment comparative results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed control strategy and the tracking accuracy is greatly improved.     

Performability analysis of avionics system with multilayer HM/FM using stochastic Petri nets

The integrated modular avionics (IMA) architecture is an open standard in avionics industry, in which the number of functionalities implemented by software is greater than ever before. In the IMA architecture, the reliability of the avionics system is highly affected by the software applications. In order to enhance the fault tolerance feature with regard to software application failures, many industrial standards propose a layered health monitoring/fault management (HM/FM) scheme to periodically check the health status of software application processes and recover the malfunctioning software process whenever an error is located. In this paper, we make an analytical study of the HM/FM system for avionics application software. We use the stochastic Petri nets (SPN) to build a formal model of each component and present a method to combine the components together to form a complete system model with respect to three interlayer query strategies. We further investigate the effectiveness of these strategies in an illustrative system.     

Online condition diagnosis for a two-stage gearbox machinery of an aerospace utilization system using an ensemble multi-fault features indexing approach

China manned space station is designed to operate for over ten years. Long-term and sustainable research on space science and technology will be conducted during its operation. The application payloads must meet the ‘‘long life and high reliability" mission requirement. Gearbox machinery is one of the essential devices in an aerospace utilization system, failure of which may lead to downtime loss even during some disastrous catastrophes. A fault diagnosis of gearbox has attracted attentions for its significance in preventing catastrophic accidents and guaranteeing sufficient maintenance. A novel fault diagnosis method based on the Ensemble Multi-Fault Features Indexing(EMFFI) approach is proposed for the condition monitoring of gearboxes. Different from traditional methods of signal analysis in the one-dimensional space, this study employs a supervised learning method to determine the faults of a gearbox in a two-dimensional space using the classification model established by training the features extracted automatically from diagnostic vibration signals captured. The proposed method mainly includes the following steps. First, the vibration signals are transformed into a bi-spectrum contour map utilizing bi-spectrum technology,which provides a basis for the following image-based feature extraction. Then, Speeded-Up Robustness Feature(SURF) is applied to automatically extract the image feature points of the bi-spectrum contour map using a multi-fault features indexing theory, and the feature dimension is reduced by Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA). Finally, Random Forest(RF) is introduced to identify the fault types of the gearbox. The test results verify that the proposed method based on the multi-fault features indexing approach achieves the target of high diagnostic accuracy and can serve as a highly effective technique to discover faults in a gearbox machinery such as a two-stage one.     

基于GSPN的机载液压作动系统可靠性模型

机载液压系统具有余度降级、故障检测、隔离等动态时序过程,传统基于两元可靠性模型很难描述其动态行为和性能降级过程.针对这一问题,采用分层聚类和广义随机Petri网相结合建立了机载液压系统可靠性模型.利用该模型,详细分析了故障检测装置的故障检测率对系统可靠性的影响.分析结果表明,由于故障检测装置故障检测率的影响,机载液压作...     

混合作动系统的工作模式研究

具有非相似余度的混合作动系统(HAS)由功率电传作动器和传统的阀控液压伺服作动器(SHA)所组成,是未来多电飞机作动系统的发展趋势。阐述混合作动系统的结构组成及工作原理,建立其数学模型。对工作于两种传统模式——主动/主动模式和主动/被动模式时的混合作动系统进行了建模和理论分析。在此基础上,论述在一种全新的工作模式——主动/无载模式下,混合作动系统的结构组成和工作原理,并对其进行建模和理论分析。最后,对混合作动系统工作于每种模式下的优缺点进行了对比分析。分析结果对确定不同情况下混合作动系统的具体工作模式提供了依据。     

机载机电系统可靠性的计算机辅助分析方法

 为了提高机载机电系统的可靠性，机载机电系统常采用余度系统，以达到故障容错，进而实现整个飞机系统的高可靠性和安全性。开发适应于余度间耦合、动态性能降级的ReliaApp可靠性分析评价软件平台，通过有效综合故障模式影响（FMEA）、故障树分析（FTA）和Markov状态转移链法，实现不同容错设计方案的选择、机电系统的可靠性定量评价并给出系统的薄弱环节，为系统的余度配置和改进设计提供软件设计与评估平台，以确保飞机系统的高可靠性和安全性。实例应用表明该软件平台是飞机机载机电系统可靠性设计与评价有效的计算机辅助工具。     

Research on a six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor system at dual-redundant and fault tolerant modes in aviation application

With the development of more/all electrical aircraft technology,an electro-mechanical actuator (EMA) is more and more used in an aircraft actuation system.The motor system,as the crucial part of an EMA,usually adopts the redundancy technology or fault tolerance technology to improve the reliability.To compare the performances of these two motor systems,a 10-pole/ 12-slot six-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is designed with the concentrated single-layer winding,which is able to operate at dual-redundant and fault tolerant modes.Furthermore,the position servo performances of the six-phase PMSM at dual-redundant and fault tolerant modes are analyzed,including the normal and fault conditions.In addition,a variable structure proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control strategy is proposed to solve the performance degradation problem caused by phase current saturation.Simulation and experimental results show that the fault tolerant PMSM has a better position servo performance than the dual-redundant PMSM,and the variable structure PID control strategy is able to improve the performance due to phase current saturation.     

基于原子搜索Kriging模型方法的民用飞机液压系统温度监测

温度是民用飞机液压系统性能的重要表征参数之一,为有效实现液压系统温度监测,基于Kriging 模型和原子搜索算法（ASO）,提出了一种基于原子搜索Kriging 模型（ASOKM）方法。首先,针对液压系统温度故障发生原因进行分析,建立其故障逻辑图,明确影响液压系统温度的特征参数;然后,结合快速存取记录器（QAR）数据,论述了ASOKM 方法建模原理;最后,通过某型国产民用飞机液压系统温度监测分析,对所提出的ASOKM 方法进行有效性验证。研究结果表明：ASOKM 方法的训练平均绝对误差、监测平均绝对误差低于响应面（RSM）、Kriging、BP 神经网络（BP-ANN）模型,具有较高的精度、效率和鲁棒性。所提方法可以为液压系统可靠性分析、故障诊断、预测维修提供借鉴。     

多电飞机作动系统的体系结构优化(英文)

多电技术的深入发展使得飞机上可选择的功率源和作动器种类越来越多,这导致在机载作动系统体系结构优化设计过程中出现了不同功率源和作动器组合的极端复杂性,传统的"试凑"法已无法完成设计任务。首先介绍了多电飞机飞控作动系统(Flight Control Actuation System,FCAS)的组成,计算了其可能的体系结构数量;其次提出了FCAS体系结构在安全性、重量和效率方面的评价指标,计算了全机各舵面均采用同类作动器时的评价指标值;最后对比分析了现有的各种多目标优化算法,采用遗传算法给出了多电飞机FCAS体系结构的多目标优化设计结果。对比传统的只采用阀控液压伺服作动器的作动系统体系结构,优化后的体系结构可以在满足安全可靠性要求的前提下使系统的重量减轻6%左右,效率提高30%左右。     

余度伺服作动系统可靠性分析

可靠性是飞机设计的重要指标,现代民用飞机电传操纵系统的伺服作动系统普遍采用余度技术,传统的可靠性分析方法无法描述其动态过程。针对主备结构和三余度结构2种不同的民用飞机伺服作动系统方案,应用马尔可夫过程对其分别建立了可靠性模型,并仿真分析比较了两者的可靠性及故障覆盖率对系统可靠性的影响,对实际中系统方案的选择提供了理论依据。     

基于信息融合的航空发动机剩余寿命预测

利用航空发动机状态监测信息,考虑到信息本身具有的误差性和随机性等特点,采用贝叶斯线性模型融合了监测信息,实现了综合利用多源信息的进行航空发动机性能衰退评估;以性能衰退评估结果为输入变量,建立基于Gamma随机过程的可靠性评估模型,预测在指定性能可靠性水平下的剩余寿命.通过算例,分析了不同监测参数对剩余寿命预测的影响.该方法能将性能监测与可靠性分析集成到一个框架中,充分利用了多种状态监测信息,结果更加准确,更符合控制航空发动机维修决策风险的实际.      

面向航空发动机推力控制的大气参数测量系统设计

为了实现多发飞机推力控制匹配要求,以及提升机载控制参数测量可靠性要求,设计了一套适用于多发飞机的机载环境大气参数测量系统。通过对发动机推力控制需求和适航相关要求的分析,确定了系统设计原则,利用飞机和发动机的有限硬件资源,提出了一种适用于多发飞机的多余度机载环境大气参数测量系统架构。针对不同来源的信号,分别设计了相应信号故障诊断算法、表决算法以及多源信号故障切换逻辑,保证系统在信号发生故障时可及时切换到健康余度。通过仿真和试验对测量系统在信号发生故障时的容错能力进行了验证,结果表明：系统余度设计合理,故障诊断和表决逻辑有效,环境大气参数测量的可靠性和安全性得到了提升;当信号发生故障时,可实现故障重构,且切换过程产生的推力变化小于3%。