一种非线性部分极曲线的试飞方法

介绍了一种不测推力获取非线性部分极曲线的试飞方法。从飞机纵向动力学方程出发,推导出了利用试飞数据计算非线性部分诱导阻力系数Ａ值的公式,在铅垂对称平面内进行了飞行试验。试验结果表明：不测推力法试飞结果同测推力法试飞结果、风洞预测值以及Ｊ７原型机资料值具有良好的一致性,不测推力法是一种经济、可靠、简便而有效的试飞方法,可用于同类型飞机的非线性曲线试飞研究。     

直升机急拉杆机动飞行仿真建模与验证

 针对直升机大机动飞行仿真,建立了一个非线性的飞行动力学模型,考虑了翼型非定常/动态失速、机动飞行引起的动态尾迹畸变、桨叶弹性变形效应和发动机动态特性。采用基于有限元分析的挥舞-摆振-扭转耦合的弹性桨叶模型,并利用一种新的数值方法将旋翼/机体耦合运动方程表示为显式形式,整个飞行动力学模型表示为状态空间格式。以UH-60A直升机在高速飞行条件下的急拉杆机动飞行为例进行仿真计算,并与飞行试验数据进行对比验证。分析表明,仿真结果与试验结果吻合,高速飞行条件下机体抬头过程中前行桨叶非定常气动载荷的计算误差是引起旋翼和机体运动仿真误差的主要原因。     

Kirchhoff方法在旋翼前飞噪声预测中的应用研究

将CFD(计算流体力学)技术与噪声预测的Kirchhoff方法相结合,发展了前飞状态下直升机旋翼远场气动噪声的定量预测方法,得到了旋翼噪声的时域解。先用具有解析解的“点源”流动代替旋翼流动,通过比较计算值与理论值,验证了该预测方法的可行性和可靠性;尔后针对AH—1／OLS旋翼模型的两种前飞状态进行计算,通过比较计算值与实验值,进一步验证了本文方法及其所发展的程序的正确性。     

Flight strategy optimization for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft based on Gauss pseudo-spectral method

Solar-powered aircraft have attracted great attention owing to their potential for longendurance flight and wide application prospects.Due to the particularity of energy system, flight strategy optimization is a significant way to enhance the flight performance for solar-powered aircraft.In this study, a flight strategy optimization model for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft was proposed.This model consists of three-dimensional kinematic model,aerodynamic model, energy collection model, energy store model and energy loss model.To solve the nonlinear optimal control problem with process constraints and terminal constraints, Gauss pseudo-spectral method was employed to discretize the state equations and constraint equations.Then a typical mission flying from given initial point to given final point within a time interval was considered.Results indicate that proper changes of the attitude angle contribute to increasing the energy gained by photovoltaic cells.Utilization of gravitational potential energy can partly take the role of battery pack.Integrating these two measures, the optimized flight strategy can improve the final state of charge compared with current constant-altitude constant-velocity strategy.The optimized strategy brings more profits on condition of lower sunlight intensity and shorter daytime.     

无人直升机飞行控制系统设计

基于直升机非线性动力学方程 ,在简化悬停和低速飞行模态的推力扭矩模型的基础之上 ,用多变量线性鲁棒控制、遗传模糊控制和非线性跟踪控制等 3种不同方法 ,设计了飞行控制系统 ,并通过各种飞行仿真验证了飞行控制性能 ,分析与比较了这 3种方法的特点     

飞翼式微型飞行器飞行动力学特性研究

微型飞行器(MAV)非线性飞行力学特性研究是MAV设计中的一个重要环节。由于MAV具有自身尺寸微小,飞行速度低等特点,其空气动力学低雷诺数效应十分明显。飞翼式MAV的非常规气动布局也使得其飞行力学特性与常规飞行器有很大差异。以低雷诺数风洞实验为基础,研究了飞翼式MAV空气动力学特性,提出了1种针对飞翼式飞行器的动阻尼导数计算方法。在飞翼式MAV飞行速度范围内将其运动方程分段线性化以研究其飞行力学特性数值规律。结果表明,飞翼式MAV各项飞行品质指标与常规飞行器存在很大差异,在整个飞行范围内其飞行动力学特性呈非线性变化规律。本文的研究对实现飞翼式MAV自主飞行控制具有重要意义。     

Neural networks in nonlinear aircraft flight control

This paper describes an approach for incorporating a neural network with real-time learning capability in a flight control architecture. The architecture is also applicable, in general, for the control of processes described by nonlinear differential equations of motion in which there exists a control for each degree of freedom. The main features are that the defining equations of motion for the process to be controlled are poorly known with respect to their functional forms, and that the functional forms, themselves, may undergo sudden and unexpected variation. It is well known that such systems are difficult to control, particularly when the effect of the control action enters nonlinearly. Numerical results based on 6DOF simulations of a high performance aircraft are presented to illustrate the potential benefits of incorporating neural networks as a part of a flight control system architecture     

大展弦比飞机运动稳定性建模及分析

随着飞机设计技术的提高和新型材料的应用，现代飞机气动弹性效应越来越显著，刚体运动和弹性体振动互相解耦的关系不再明显，在分析弹性飞机相关问题时，应该综合地、统一地考虑飞行动力学与气动弹性力学问题。本文在一般体轴系下综合考虑了飞机刚体运动自由度和弹性振动自由度，建立弹性飞机刚弹耦合运动的方程，通过在配平状态下引入小扰动运动假设，以及利用有理函数拟合技术将偶极子格网法计算所得到的频域非定常气动力转化为时域形式，建立了大柔性飞机刚弹耦合小扰动状态空间方程，并对纵向运动稳定性进行分析计算。针对文中构型飞机，运用本文所采用的方法计算所得结果与传统的线性及刚体计算所得结果进行对比分析，非线性计算方法所得颤振速度更小，而且失稳模态亦发生变化，对于飞行力学模态而言，长周期模态稳定性变差，在计算速度范围内出现失稳的现象，由此说明机翼大变形对飞机稳定性所带来的影响。     

Dynamics,stability, and control of a four-cable mount system for wind tunnel test

A four-cable mount system is proposed for full-model wind tunnel flutter tests, which may adjust the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft scaled model and ensure that the model is not subjected to cable tension. The system provides sufficient support to simulate the free flight of the aircraft by applying appropriate spring stiffness and cable tensions. The proposed four-cable mount system is modeled based on Lagrange mechanics, and its dynamics equations consider aerodynamic effects. The singularity of the system and its bifurcation characteristics under flow conditions are analysed to determine the supercritical bifurcation phenomenon for different tension levels and distances from the front suspension point to the mass centre of the model. The mathematical expressions of the longitudinal flight stability of the cable mount system are derived by linearising the system dynamics equations using small perturbations. The influence of the cable tension, spring stiffness, suspension point position, and other factors on the flight stability of the aircraft are analysed. A feedforward control algorithm is proposed to minimize the total elastic potential energy of the system. The results show that the model is in the level flight state when the elastic potential energy of the four-cable mount system is minimized. A feedback control design method is proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to derive the closed-loop stability conditions. The system dynamics model that includes the aircraft rigid body model, flexible cables, pulleys, springs, aerodynamic model, and servo motor control is established using the flexible multibody dynamics method. A multibody dynamics solver and Simulink are used to simulate the attitude adjustment of the model in the wind tunnel and verify the supercritical bifurcation characteristics of the system and the effectiveness of the feedback and feedforward control.     

基于飞行仿真平台的相关坐标变换模型

飞行力学中相关的飞行器运动方程都是在地面坐标系中建立的,地面坐标系的前提假设"平面大地"与地球表面具有曲率不符,经纬度能真实反映飞行器的飞行情况,但不能直接运用于飞行器运动方程.针对以上情况,提出了能够运用于地面坐标与经纬度相互转换的模型.在飞行仿真平台上,由飞行器运动方程建立相关的飞行机动动作模型,再由提出的坐标变换模型将运动方程中的相关参数转换为经纬度.实验结果表明,坐标变换模型是合理的,具有实用性,能运用于相关的飞行仿真平台中.     

用极大似然法辨识轴对称飞行器的气动参数

采用极大似然法完成了轴对称飞行器的非线性气动参数辨识。根据飞行弹道的特性,采用考虑了横侧向运动耦合的纵向三自由度飞行动力学模型;为了反映气动参数随马赫数的变化,给出了一种考虑马赫数变化的气动参数数学模型,并采用了分段辨识的技巧;通过采用建模前估计法的辨识结果作为极大似然法的初值,保证了极大似然法的收敛,计算结果表明：这种算法对大攻角下的非线性气动参数能获得满意的辨识结果。     

基于在高原机场降落的喷气运输机QAR数据的飞行特性分析(英文)

Flight data of a twin-jet transport aircraft in revenue flight are analyzed for potential safety problems.Data from the quick access recorder (QAR) are first filtered through the kinematic compatibilit...     

A Celestial Analytic Positioning Method by Stellar Horizon Atmospheric Refraction

This article, in allusion to the limitation of conventional stellar horizon atmospheric refraction based on orbital dynamics model and nonlinear Kalman filter in practical applications, proposes a new celestial analytic positioning method by stellar horizon atmospheric refraction for high-altitude flight vehicles, such as spacecraft, airplanes and ballistic missiles. First, by setting up the geometric connexion among the flight vehicle, the Earth and the altitude of starlight refraction, an expression for the relationship of starlight refraction angle and atmospheric density is deduced. Second, there are produced a novel measurement model of starlight refraction in a continuous range of altitudes (CRA) from 20 km to 50 km on the basis of the standard atmospheric data in stratosphere, and an empirical formula of stellar horizon atmospheric refraction in the same altitudes against the tangent altitude. Third, there is introduced a celestial analytic positioning algorithm, which uses the least square differential correction instead of nonlinear Kalman filter. The information about positions of a flight vehicle can be obtained directly by solving a set of nonlinear measurement equations. The stellar positioning algorithm adopts the characteristics of stellar horizon atmospheric refraction thereby removing needs for orbit dynamics models and priori knowledge of flight vehicles. The simulation results evidence the validity of the proposed stellar positioning algorithm.     

飞机大迎角非定常气动力建模研究进展

准确建立非定常气动力数学模型,是飞机大迎角飞行控制律设计、飞行动力学分析和飞行仿真的基础与前提。鉴于此,对大迎角非定常气动力建模研究进展,包括数学建模方法和人工智能建模方法两类进行了系统综述。其中：数学类建模方法是以对非定常流动现象和机理认识为基础的,主要有气动导数模型、非线性阶跃响应模型、状态空间模型、微分方程模型、非线性阶跃响应与状态空间混合模型以及迎角速率模型等;人工智能方法回避了复杂流动机理,属于黑箱非线性系统建模,主要有神经网络模型、模糊逻辑模型和支持向量机模型等。对于每种气动力模型,阐述了其建模思路和方法,给出了典型应用情况,并对其特点和局限性作了简要评述。最后,指出了当前大迎角非定常气动力建模研究工作存在的问题和未来研究方向。     

垂直气流对直升机空中共振的影响研究

采用入流模型描述了非均匀定常垂直气流在旋翼上的分布．用改进的非线性VKS模型计算粘弹减摆器的复模量；分析了直升机从悬停到小速度前飞时，定常垂直气流的非均匀分布对直升机平衡操纵以及对系统摆振后退型模态阻尼的影响。分析结果表明：非均匀垂直气流对平衡时的周期变距操纵有较大影响；对减摆器具有非线性特性的直升机来说．非均匀垂直气流对其摆振后退型模态阻尼有显著影响，而减摆器具有线性特性时．则影响很小。     

A New Single-blade Based Hybrid CFD Method for Hovering and Forward-flight Rotor Computation

A hybrid Euler/full potential/Lagrangian wake method,based on single-blade simulation,for predicting unsteady aerodynamic flow around helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight has been developed.In this method,an Euler solver is used to model the near wake evolution and transonic flow phenomena in the vicinity of the blade,and a full potential equation(FPE) is used to model the isentropic potential flow region far away from the rotor,while the wake effects of other blades and the far wake are incorporated into the flow solution as an induced inflow distribution using a Lagrangian based wake analysis.To further reduce the execution time,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solution and rotor wake analysis(including induced velocity up-date) are conducted parallelly,and a load balancing strategy is employed to account for the information exchange between two solvers.By the developed method,several hover and forward-flight cases on Caradonna-Tung and Helishape 7A rotors are per-formed.Good agreements of the loadings on blade surface with available measured data demonstrate the validation of the method.Also,the CPU time required for different computation runs is compared in the paper,and the results show that the pre-sent hybrid method is superior to conventional CFD method in time cost,and will be more efficient with the number of blades increasing.     

倾转旋翼过渡状态瞬态响应分析与试验

基于多体动力学分析方法建立倾转旋翼过渡状态瞬态响应分析模型,研究过渡状态下倾转旋翼非线性非定常气弹耦合动力学特性;通过引入倾转过程旋翼尾迹弯曲的影响,修正了直升机旋翼常规动态入流模型。集成非定常动态入流方程与倾转过渡状态的多体动力学方程,建立倾转旋翼过渡状态下时域非定常耦合分析模型。以两片桨叶的跷跷板旋翼为例,分析倾转过渡状态旋翼瞬态挥舞响应及旋翼气动力的时间响应历程。利用旋臂式模型机动飞行试验机进行倾转过渡状态下旋翼瞬态拉力的试验研究,试验与理论计算结果表现出很好的相关性。数值计算和试验结果表明:建立的时域模型能够有效分析倾转旋翼过渡状态的瞬态特性;倾转过渡状态旋翼尾迹弯曲对非定常动态入流的影响是显著的,对于倾转过渡状态动态入流尾迹弯曲的修正是很必要的。      

倾转旋翼机前飞动力学稳定性分析

倾转旋翼机的机翼端部装有一个可倾转的旋翼.所建立的倾转旋翼机前飞动力学稳定性分析简化模型由一个机翼和一个螺旋桨旋翼组成.机翼承受垂向弯曲、弦向弯曲和扭转变形,螺旋桨旋翼的桨叶认为是刚性的并承受一阶挥舞和摆振.机翼和螺旋桨旋翼的空气动力学载荷由准定常片条理论得到.利用此模型在高入流状态下建立运动微分方程,对倾转旋翼机在前飞状态下的动力学稳定性进行计算,计算结果与Bell公司试验结果基本一致,表明该模型可用于倾转旋翼机的前飞动力学稳定性分析.      

基于预估校正和嵌套网格的虚拟飞行数值模拟

 针对导弹虚拟飞行数值模拟问题,发展了空气动力学/飞行力学数值计算方法和软件。控制方程为非定常雷诺时均Navier-Stoker(RANS)方程和刚体六自由度运动方程;流场求解器为有限体积法结构网格求解器,时间推进采用双时间步法,湍流模型为Spalart-Allmaras一方程模型;采用Adams预估校正法实现飞行力学方程与流场控制方程的耦合计算;使用嵌套网格方法模拟多体运动。首先模拟了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)窄条翼导弹模型纵向虚拟飞行,研究耦合方式和时间步长的影响。仿真结果表明,双时间步三阶Adams耦合方法,同等精度下可以显著增大时间步长,缩短仿真时间。最后,采用该方法模拟了导弹自由摇滚特性和纵向虚拟飞行,模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。     

飞机机动飞行的非线性解耦控制研究

本文针对12维非线性飞机动力学模型,利用非线性逆动力学理论和现代最优控制理论设计了一组含有指令静差积分环节的非线性解耦控制规律。这组控制规律使得对状态变量、控制变量以及它们变化率进行加权约束的性能指标极小,并能用平缓的操纵反应和较小的控制能量使飞机达到完全解耦的指定状态。由于这组控制规律计及了飞机动力学模型中的非线性因素,能够弥补飞机机动飞行时非线性特性的恶化影响,在整个飞行包线内都能为飞机提供优良的操纵品质和飞行性能。