基于瞬态尾迹模型的直升机旋翼旋转噪声计算

针对旋翼噪声时域方式求解的特点,本文在能考虑厚度影响的桨叶升力面气动模型的基础上,建立了一个随时间推进的瞬时自由尾迹模型,在该模型中,为提高桨叶载荷计算的准确性,计入了翼型的非定常气动力影响、桨叶的挥舞运动和旋翼的气动力平衡。利用建立的自由尾迹模型,结合Farassat的时域噪声预测理论,构建了一个旋翼旋转噪声预测方法。利用该方法首先计算了模型旋翼在前飞时的载荷和声压时间历程,通过与试验数据的对比,验证了方法的有效性,然后基于本文建立的噪声预测方法,计算了悬停和前飞状态直升机旋翼的厚度噪声、载荷噪声及总旋转噪声的声压时间历程和频谱特性。     

旋翼干扰下的直升机尾桨气动噪声计算研究

针对旋翼干扰下的直升机尾桨气动噪声计算问题,将CFD方法与Farassat 1A(F1A)公式相结合,提出了一种适用于旋翼干扰下的尾桨气动噪声数值计算方法。首先,应用所提出的方法进行了噪声的算例验证,并与参考文献结果进行了对比;然后,着重针对悬停和前飞状态旋翼干扰下的尾桨噪声及气动特性进行了计算分析,并与孤立尾桨状态进行了对比。计算分析结果表明:悬停状态下,旋翼干扰下的尾桨气动噪声水平显著大于孤立尾桨;而在前飞状态,由于旋翼尾迹对尾桨桨盘平面产生更强的气动干扰,这一现象会更加明显;同时,在旋翼干扰作用下,尾桨噪声的主传播方向也会发生明显变化。     

基于Navier-Stokes方程的旋翼前飞状态气动特性数值模拟研究

建立了一个适用于旋翼前飞状态非定常流场和气动载荷计算的数值方法。在该方法中,控制方程为惯性坐标系下的三维非定常Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上将三阶逆风格式(MUSCL)与通量差分分裂方法相结合。为较好地模拟流动分离,采用了一方程的Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,时间方向则采用双时间法推进求解。为计入桨叶的旋转、周期性挥舞和变距运动,采用了运动嵌套网格方法。此外,为了更真实地反映旋翼桨叶的实际运动,发展了一个旋翼配平分析模型及求解方法。应用所建立的方法,首先计算了具有先进气动外形的四片桨叶的UH-60A直升机旋翼悬停状态的流场及气动性能,验证了该方法对悬停状态旋翼气动性能数值模拟的有效性。在此基础上,着重对Caradonna模型旋翼无升力前飞状态和AH-1G直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰前飞状态的气动特性(表面压强分布、扭矩、气动载荷)进行了计算,数值结果和试验值吻合良好,表明本文建立的CFD方法对旋翼前飞状态流场的模拟和气动载荷的计算是有效的。     

带下反桨尖旋翼气动噪声数值分析

采用高精度、高效的CFD(计算流体力学)方法求解旋翼流场,在获得准确的流场信息的基础上,噪声计算采用基于声类比法的FW-H方程进行求解。利用算例对气动噪声预估方法进行了验证,针对带不同下反角度桨尖旋翼的悬停状态和前飞状态的气动噪声进行了对比计算分析,着重开展了下反角为0°、20°和45°的三副旋翼的近场噪声及地面噪声计算分析,结果表明,下反桨尖具有降噪效果,能够在一定程度上抑制旋翼气动噪声。     

由计算的三元非定常压力数据来预估旋翼辐射的桨涡干扰噪声

由三维自由尾迹非定常板元方法计算的三元非定常气动力出发,计算直升机旋翼桨涡干扰噪声。用飞行实验和风洞实验数据分别对计算的旋翼在前飞和前飞下滑状态下的声压时间历程以及其它计算结果进行考核,某些结果还与著名的ＷＯＰＷＯＰ程序计算的结果进行了比较。理论计算与飞行实验和风洞实验结果吻合较好     

直升机旋翼/机身非定常气动干扰数值分析

基于非定常面元/时间步进全展自由尾迹建立了旋翼/机身非定常气动干扰分析方法。方法中耦合了非定常面元法和时间步进自由尾迹,以准确模拟旋翼非定常气动力、旋翼尾迹及桨叶对机身的非定常干扰效应。为模拟前飞状态下具有升力的机身,将机身离散为汇/偶极子面元,并采用涡线镜像法模拟旋翼尾迹靠近机身表面产生的加速效应。通过计算前飞状态的Maryland、ROBIN(Rotor Body INteraction)旋翼/机身干扰下的非定常压力分布,并与可得到的实验值、CFD计算结果对比,验证方法的准确性。随后分析前飞速度、旋翼与机身距离对旋翼/机身非定气动干扰的影响。计算结果表明机身头部和中部非定常压力主要受桨叶的通过性影响,而机身尾梁主要受尾迹/机身干扰影响,机身非定常气动力频率为桨叶片数的倍频。随前飞速度的增加,机身非定常压力幅值增加,尾梁压力幅值先增加后减小;增加旋翼与机身距离将减小机身和尾梁非定常压力幅值。     

应用时间精确自由尾迹方法的桨叶总距突增响应特性分析

直升机旋翼的气动特性对总距操纵输入的动态响应具有复杂的非定常特性。文中结合尾迹模型、PC2B算法、桨叶气动模型、挥舞动力学模型、非定常翼型模型和旋翼平衡模型,建立了一个时间精确旋翼自由尾迹和气动特性分析方法。利用该方法,首先,计算了前飞时旋翼入流分布,以及悬停状态桨叶总距增加时拉力系数的变化,通过计算值与实验值的对比,验证了方法的有效性;然后,利用该方法对模型旋翼在悬停和前飞状态桨叶总距阶跃突增时的拉力系数、俯仰力矩系数、滚转力矩系数和挥舞锥度角变化的时间历程进行了计算分析,得出了一些新的结论。     

不同飞行状态下施翼与大气湍流的干扰噪声

本文简述了一种直升机旋翼与大气湍流入流相干扰产生的噪声预估方法。这一方法考虑了桨叶上非定常载荷的弦向及展向非紧致性，桨叶－桨叶载荷之间的相关，通过结合大气湍流能量谱模型与快速畸变湍流收缩模型来确定旋翼平面处非均匀、各向异性湍流场的特性，使得这种方法可用于直升机在真实飞行状态下的旋翼与湍流场干扰噪声计算。利用文献中模型旋翼试验的结果，验证了本方法的可行性，并计算了某型直升机在六种飞行状态下的流场畸变情况及旋翼与湍流干扰的远场噪声谱，结果表明：在准悬停及低速爬升状态，湍流场的畸变较大，而在中、快速前飞状态，湍流场的畸变最小，在低速爬升状态，线性总声压级最小。     

悬停和前飞状态倾转旋翼机的旋翼自由尾迹计算方法

将倾转旋翼机的旋翼尾迹问题区分为二类,即悬停和前飞等状态的定常尾迹以及过渡飞行状态的非定常尾迹.基于Weissinger-L升力面理论和卷起桨尖涡模型,建立了一个悬停和前飞状态的倾转旋翼自由尾迹分析方法.该方法不仅适合于单旋翼尾迹计算,也适用于双旋翼尾迹分析.分别以ATB旋翼和缩比的V-22旋翼为算例,计算了悬停状态的旋翼自由尾迹和诱导速度,并与可得到的试验数据进行了对比,验证了该方法的有效性.本文也对双旋翼的干扰尾迹进行了计算,表明了悬停和前飞状态不同的尾迹干扰影响.     

基于动量源方法的纵列式直升机双旋翼/机身干扰流场分析

针对纵列式双旋翼桨叶的几何特征、运动方式及气动特性,建立了基于动量源方法的纵列式直升机双旋翼/机身组合流场的数值模拟方法,该方法中采用的非结构网格能综合考虑双旋翼/机身干扰流场特点且满足动量源计算网格要求。通过算例的计算值与试验值的对比,验证了本文方法的有效性,然后采用该方法分析了悬停及前飞状态下纵列式直升机的双旋翼/机身干扰流场特性。     

应用于跨声速旋翼气动声学计算的两种时域方法的比较

高速脉冲噪声(HSI)与流动非线性效应密切相关,是跨声速旋翼的主要声源之一。采用理论分析和数值实验相结合的方法,对预测HSI噪声的FfowcsWilliams-Hawkings方法(简称FW-H方法)和Kirchhoff方法进行了比较和分析。理论分析从两种方法的控制方程出发,采用广义函数方法对方程源项进行整理和比较,证实在线性区域Kirchhoff方程可视为FW-H方程的有效近似。数值实验以UH-1H悬停旋翼跨声速气动噪声计算为例,由三维Euler方程数值模拟提供近场气动数据,并在同一控制面上分别采用FW-H方法和Kirchhoff方法对远场噪声进行定量预测。计算结果表明,如果适当构造控制面,2种方法均能有效地预测跨声速旋翼非线性HSI噪声。进一步研究了控制面位置及控制面上物理参数时间导数计算精度对计算结果的影响,发现控制面位置对Kirchhoff方法计算结果具有决定性的影响,而控制面上物理参数时间导数的计算精度对FW-H方法计算结果具有重要影响。     

An adaptive integration surface for predicting transonic rotor noise in hovering and forward flights

In this paper, a new permeable adaptive integration surface is developed in order to evaluate transonic rotor noise in accordance with FW-H_pds equations(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations with penetrable data surface). Firstly, a nonlinear near-field solution is computed on the basis of Navier-Stokes equations, which is developed on moving-embedded grid methodology.The solution calculated through the present CFD method is used as the input for acoustic calculations by FW-H_pds equations. Then, two criteria for constructing integration surfaces are established based on the analysis of the quadrupole source strength and the nonlinear characteristic.A new surface is determined adaptively by the pressure gradient or density in a given flowfield,eschewing the uncertainties associated with determining cylinder-shaped integration surfaces. For varying hover cases, transonic noises are simulated with new integration surfaces for a UH-1 model rotor. Furthermore, numerical results of the new integration surface derived from the density perturbation value conform better to experimental data than results derived from the pressure gradient.Finally, the integration surface given by jrqj being 0.1, which is an applicable criterion obtained from hover cases, is used to predict transonic rotor noise in forward flight. The computational accuracy of the new integration surface method has been validated in predicting transonic rotor noise of an AH-1 model rotor at different advance ratios.     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

旋翼桨尖形状对噪声影响量级的研究

在求解直升机旋翼流场的基础上,预测了旋翼悬停状态下的高速冲击远场噪声,并且针对不同桨尖形状所引起的气动噪声量级作了对比计算,分析了噪声产生机理,并提出了有利于降噪的方法,体现出旋翼CFD技术与Kirchhoff方法相结合的良好应用前景。     

基于非结构网格CFD技术的旋翼气动噪声计算方法研究

将基于非结构网格技术的旋翼流场CFD计算方法与基于FW-H和Kirchhoff方程的声学方法相结合,建立了一套既适合于直升机旋翼厚度、载荷和桨-涡干扰噪声,又适合于跨声速高速脉冲噪声的综合计算模型。为提高旋翼流场及桨叶表面气动载荷计算的精度,主控方程的求解采用了三维可压非定常的N-S方程,网格划分则使用非结构运动嵌套网格方法。在噪声计算中,通过FW-H方法计算旋翼的厚度噪声和载荷噪声,并选取能够包含流场非线性区域的旋转面作为Kirchhoff积分面,由Kirchhoff方法计算包含四极子项的高速脉冲噪声。应用该模型,以AH-1旋翼为算例,计算了不同飞行状态下的旋翼气动噪声,并与可得到的试验结果进行比较,验证了方法的有效性。然后,着重对两种声学方法对计算结果的影响进行了对比研究,并分析了旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声和四极子噪声的特性。     

Aeroacoustic integral methods,formulation and efficient numerical implementation

The paper makes a contribution to the clearer understanding of the physical meaning and domain of applicability of the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW-H) and Kirchhoff aeroacoustic integral methods. The analytical relationship between the two approaches, and the physical implications involved in the use of the Kirchhoff approach are discussed. In particular, where the Kirchhoff surface cuts into a domain where non-negligible volume sources of Lighthill's Acoustic Analogy are present (domain crossed by a shock, non-uniform flow or vortices for instance), the Kirchhoff integral must be complemented by additional surface integrals to recover the FW-H surface integral. The paper goes on to describe a fast, robust integration technique for computing FW-H or Kirchhoff surface integrals. This integration technique starts from emission time, and treats each integration surface element as non-compact. It obviates the need to build retarded acoustic surfaces and avoids some of the drawbacks of current methods, such as the Doppler singularity when using supersonically rotating grids. The paper then recalls formulas for calculations in the aircraft reference frame, and the computational efficiency of the proposed integration method is demonstrated by its application to the prediction of helicopter rotor noise directivity contours.     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks (AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow University. Validation of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover, for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-ω SST model. In forward flight, the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor blades. Despite the reduced grid cells number, the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.     

基于基尔霍夫面的四维声学频域公式

流动诱发噪声问题是实际工程领域极为普遍的问题之一,经典的声比拟模型仅以声学压力为参考来评估声场特征分布还远远不够。从声压和声学速度矢量为变量的四维线性波动方程出发,选择包围非线性声源的基尔霍夫面为积分面,并结合对流格林函数,给出均匀运动介质的四维声学频域积分公式;针对静止、旋转单极子源和偶极子源开展数值预测研究。结果表明：本文获得的声压和声学速度分布与解析解吻合,均匀来流情形下静止点源的声场分布表现出典型的对流效应;受均匀来流、点源的自激频率、谐波阶次和旋转频率的共同影响,旋转点源的声场分布则表现出明显的多普勒效应和对流效应。本文对均匀流矢量气动噪声开展的精细化研究能够为声能量的评估和传输路径预测提供技术支撑,进一步为降噪研究提供理论依据。     

基于WENO-分段线性格式的直升机流场数值模拟

发展了一套适合于格心格式求解器的基于加权本质无振荡(WENO)-分段线性格式的旋翼/机身气动干扰高精度CFD计算方法。应用该方法对多种旋翼/机身组合模型前飞算例进行了数值模拟,计算得到的机身表面压力系数分布与实验结果吻合良好,说明了该方法对旋翼/机身气动干扰研究的有效性。之后进一步将该方法应用到悬停状态的X3构型复合式高速直升机旋翼/机翼/螺旋桨组合模型的复杂流场模拟中,并与悬停状态孤立旋翼和旋翼/机翼组合模型的流场进行了对比。研究发现:机翼对旋翼下洗流起阻滞作用,引起机翼下方不规则流动,且螺旋桨滑流与旋翼下洗流会相互干扰产生一定的偏折,旋翼下洗流速度更大,螺旋桨滑流会产生明显的向下偏折。