Effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio on hovering performance of cycloidal rotor with large blade pitching amplitude

In recent years, a lot of research work has been carried out on the cycloidal rotors. However, it lacks thorough understanding about the effects of the blade platform shape on the hover efficiency of the cycloidal rotor, and the knowledge of how to design the platform shape of the blades. This paper presents a numerical simulation model based on Unsteady ReynoldsAveraged Navier–Stokes equations(URANSs), which is further validated by the experimental results. The effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio are analyzed, which shows that the cycloidal rotors with the same chord length have quite similar performance even though the blade aspect ratio varies from a very small value to a large one. By comparing the cycloidal rotors with different taper ratios, it is found that the rotors with large blade taper ratio outperform those with small taper ratio. This is due to the fact that the blade with larger taper ratio has longer chord and hence better efficiency. The analysis results show that the unsteady aerodynamic effects due to blade pitching motion play a more important role in the efficiency than the blade platform shape. Therefore we should pay more attention to the blade airfoil and pitching motion than the blade platform shape.The main contributions of this paper include: the analysis of the effects of aspect ratio and taper ratio on the hover efficiency of cycloidal rotor based on both the experimental and numerical simulation results; the finding of the main influencing factors on the hover efficiency; the qualitative guidance on how to design the blade platform shape for cycloidal rotors.     

旋翼翼型多目标多约束气动优化设计

为了克服传统旋翼翼型优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种基于Kriging模型与遗传算法的旋翼翼型多目标多约束气动优化设计方法。采用基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟获得样本翼型气动性能,并建立目标函数和状态函数的Kriging模型,采用遗传算法搜索Kriging模型最小值和相应的EI(Expected Improvement)函数最大值,更新Kriging 模型直至找到满足约束的最优翼型。运用加权目标函数法进行了旋翼翼型的多设计点优化设计。优化结果表明,优化后旋翼翼型在满足约束的同时,与基准旋翼翼型OA209相比:在悬停状态下,阻力系数下降了2.1%;在机动状态下,最大升力系数提高了4.2%;在前飞状态下,阻力系数在不同马赫数下均有所减小。     

Hover performance of helicopter main and tail rotors with swirl velocities

It is important to quickly predict the hover performance of main and tail rotors with sufficient precision for helicopter design. To investigate the effects of swirl velocities on the hover performance of main and tail rotors, and give a better prediction for the hover performance, a flight performance model was derived and a swirl velocity model was coupled into it. The test data of the UH-60A helicopter were used for validation. When the blade loading coefficient of the main rotor was higher than 005, the effects of the swirl velocities on the main rotor power became significant. The swirl velocities increased the profile torque of the main rotor. The increased torque required the tail rotor to produce more thrust with more power consumption. At a higher blade loading coefficient of the main rotor of 012, the swirl velocities increased the main rotor power, tail rotor power and total power by 380%, 524% and 508%, respectively. The profile power increase of the main rotor caused by the profile swirl velocity was less than that of the induced swirl velocity, but the power increase was higher at high rotor blade loadings. Considering the swirl velocities in the main rotor can improve the prediction precision of the hover performance, especially at high blade loadings      

悬停状态直升机桨叶扭转分布的优化数值计算

建立了一套基于高精度计算流体力学(CFD)技术和代理模型优化算法的旋翼气动外形设计方法。在该方法中,旋翼流场气动性能的计算采用了基于Navier-Stokes/Euler方程的CFD方法,并根据流场特点、精度和效率的要求采用Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型,通量计算采用Roe-MUSCL格式进行。为提高网格生成质量和便于流场控制方程的求解,将流场分成两个区域,即围绕旋翼的黏性区和无黏的背景网格区。其中,桨叶网格使用了基于二维翼型网格的参数化方法生成,数值计算结果表明该方法有效地提高了网格生成质量及效率。在参考旋翼流场及桨叶细节流动分析的基础上给出设计变量及范围,有效减小了优化问题的规模;为满足优化和机理分析的需要,将基于置换遗传算法优化的拉丁超立方(PermGA LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型优化方法引入到桨叶外形的优化设计中。首先以Helishape 7A旋翼为算例,检验了数值模拟方法的准确性。然后,应用所建立的优化方法针对旋翼负扭转分布进行了优化计算,结果表明优化后的旋翼悬停气动性能比优化前有了明显提高。     

A fully automated framework for helicopter rotor blades design and analysis including aerodynamics,structure, and manufacturing

This study describes an integrated framework in which basic aerospace engineering aspects (performance, aerodynamics, and structure) and practical aspects (configuration visualiza-tion and manufacturing) are coupled and considered in one fully automated design optimization of rotor blades. A number of codes are developed to robustly perform estimation of helicopter config-uration from sizing, performance analysis, trim analysis, to rotor blades configuration representa-tion. These codes are then integrated with a two-dimensional airfoil analysis tool to fully design rotor blades configuration including rotor planform and airfoil shape for optimal aerodynamics in both hover and forward flights. A modular structure design methodology is developed for real-istic composite rotor blades with a sophisticated cross-sectional geometry. A D-spar cross-sectional structure is chosen as a baseline. The framework is able to analyze all realistic inner configurations including thicknesses of D-spar, skin, web, number and ply angles of layers of each composite part, and materials. A number of codes and commercial software (ANSYS, Gridgen, VABS, PreVABS, etc.) are implemented to automate the structural analysis from aerodynamic data processing to sec-tional properties and stress analysis. An integrated model for manufacturing cost estimation of composite rotor blades developed at the Aerodynamic Analysis and Design Laboratory (AADL), Aerospace Information Engineering Department, Konkuk University is integrated into the framework to provide a rapid and dynamic feedback to configuration design. The integration of three modules has constructed a framework where the size of a helicopter, aerodynamic performance analysis, structure analysis, and manufacturing cost estimation could be quickly investigated. All aspects of a rotor blade including planform, airfoil shape, and inner structure are considered in a multidisciplinary design optimization without an exception of critical configuration.     

自适应旋翼性能研究进展

自适应旋翼不同于常规被动旋翼设计,通过主动改变旋翼参数,优化旋翼升阻比,以适应飞行环境和飞行状态的变化,从而降低旋翼需用功率、提升直升机飞行性能。本文归纳了自适应旋翼在提升旋翼性能方面的国内外研究进展,主要包括：变转速旋翼、变直径旋翼、独立桨距控制旋翼、智能扭转旋翼以及桨叶翼型变体等,并对自适应旋翼提升旋翼性能方面的研究进展进行了总结和展望。     

抛物线后掠桨尖旋翼悬停气动特性试验及理论分析研究

对一种新型桨尖旋翼开展了悬停状态气动特性的试验和理论分析研究.该旋翼桨叶截面选择OA翼型配置,桨尖为抛物线后掠加下反形式.首先,在旋翼台上测量了该旋翼在不同总距条件下的桨叶表面压强分布,并与数值计算的结果进行了对比.为进一步分析旋翼桨尖形式对悬停气动特性的影响,本文还计算了带不同下反角桨尖形式旋翼在相同工作状态下的桨叶表面压力分布.综合试验及理论分析结果,得到了一些有意义的结论.     

基于升力面自由尾迹的直升机旋翼悬停性能参数影响研究

 最大悬停效率(FM_max)作为衡量旋翼悬停性能的常用指标,反映了旋翼能达到的最大悬停效率,但不能反映旋翼在一定桨叶载荷范围内保持高悬停效率的能力,本文给出了旋翼悬停保持能力的定义.为更准确地反映桨叶涡量分布,建立了基于升力面理论的桨叶气动模型;考虑有弯度翼型的影响,将涡量布置于翼型中弧线,随后基于自由尾迹模型、耦合刚性桨叶挥舞运动方程、翼型动态失速模型以及二阶精度时间步进格式建立了升力面自由尾迹方法.通过计算模型旋翼在不同桨尖马赫数下的悬停效率,并与试验数据对比,验证了方法的准确性.相比于升力线自由尾迹方法,建立的升力面自由尾迹分析方法能显著提高旋翼悬停效率计算精度.最后分析旋翼关键设计参数对悬停性能的影响,得到设计参数影响旋翼悬停保持能力的新规律.     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

变转速刚性旋翼性能与载荷风洞试验

为研究转速变化对旋翼性能与振动载荷的影响，研制了一副无铰式刚性缩比模型旋翼，开展动力学和马赫数相似的悬停试验与风洞试验。试验研究不同旋翼拉力和吹风速度时变旋翼转速对配平、性能、桨叶与拉杆载荷、桨毂载荷等多个方面的影响，以性能和交变载荷的重复性与周期性证明试验结果是可信的。结果表明：降转速可降低旋翼悬停和前飞状态的需用功率，且拉力越低效果越明显；降转速对桨毂振动载荷影响不明显，但增加了配平所需的周期变距操纵，会增加桨叶与变距拉杆的旋翼转速频率振动载荷，对旋转部件疲劳寿命不利；变旋翼转速应避开旋翼固有频率，防止因共振而导致交变载荷增大。     

具有后掠桨尖的旋翼气动特性计算方法

基于直同定常飞行状态旋翼尾迹的周期特性,给出了计算旋翼自由尾迹的方法和公式。将该方法和桨叶二阶升力线模型结合,建立了一个新的适用于后掠、尖削及其组合形状的旋翼气动特性计算的分析模型。该模型,对后掠桨尖的ＵＨ－６０Ａ旋翼在悬停时的桨叶载荷分布进行了计算,恙相应的试验结果作了对比。对于尖削奖尖,以ＵＨ－１旋翼为算例同定常将其矩形桨尖改变为尖削形状,通过矩形和尖削计算结果的对比,分析了尖削对旋翼气动特性     

Inverse method in tilt-rotor optimization

Tilt-rotor aircraft performance in hover and forward flight modes is optimized using the stiffnesses of the rotor blade as design variables. The performance in both flight modes is maximized simultaneously using a combined objective function. Aeroelastic analysis is based on mixed variational formulation for dynamics of moving beams along with finite-state dynamic inflow theory. Stiffnesses of an extension-torsion coupled and a fully coupled box beam are chosen as design parameters. Constraints are imposed on non-rotating natural frequencies of the beam, angle of attack and material failure. Based on the optimized stiffnesses, different composite materials for the rotor are studied to obtain a maximum performance in both flight regimes. Results show that significant improvements in the tilt-rotor performance are possible using optimally stiffened beam. The key stiffnesses affecting the performance of the rotor are identified.     

基于遗传算法的旋翼翼型综合气动优化设计

结合直升机飞行特性及旋翼工作气动环境,提出了适用于中型运输直升机旋翼翼型优化设计的目标函数及约束条件.在此基础上采用遗传算法,以"黑鹰"(UH-60A)直升机旋翼翼型SC1095为基础翼型,进行多目标、多状态以及多约束条件下的旋翼翼型优化设计.优化翼型同SC1095翼型相比弯度稍大,最大厚度略有增加.结果表明:优化翼型气动力特性在满足约束条件的情况下,零升力矩系数减小了57.2%,最大升力系数增加了3.7%,阻力系数减小了7.5%.同时,非定常动态失速状态下的气动特性也有一定的改善,阻力系数和力矩系数的发散范围均有明显的减小.此外,悬停状态计算结果表明:采用优化翼型构成的旋翼与SC1095旋翼相比,具有更高的悬停效率及更低的力矩系数.      

直升机桨叶气动外形多目标优化设计

基于自由尾迹方法建立了直升机桨叶空气动力学分析模型,应用人工神经网络方法建立代理模型,采用改进的多目标遗传算法构建了优化框架,对直升机的悬停和大速度前飞状态进行优化.以悬停效率、旋翼等效升阻比及桨叶叶素的最大阻力系数为约束,对两个飞行状态的需用功率进行优化,得到了Pareto最优解集.并以UH-60A直升机的桨叶为算例,对其外形进行优化设计,优化结果表明,提出的桨叶气动外形多目标优化框架是有效可行的.      

改进型CLOR桨尖旋翼气动特性试验研究及数值分析

 通过风洞试验及数值模拟对具有改进型CLOR(CLOR-Ⅱ)桨尖的旋翼悬停和前飞状态气动特性开展研究。在CLOR桨尖旋翼试验及数值分析的基础上,考虑旋翼非定常流场特点,兼顾旋翼悬停和前飞气动性能,对旋翼桨叶的气动外形进行了改进,主要包括采用多种翼型优化配置以综合改善旋翼前行侧压缩性及后行侧桨叶失速特性,并考虑旋翼前飞状态对其桨叶动力学特性的需求,重新设计了桨尖前后缘的外形。在风洞中分别对3种旋翼进行多种状态条件下的试验研究,为从流动细节上获得不同桨尖旋翼的气动特性差别,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对试验状态进行了数值模拟对比。对更高转速状态进行模拟,结果表明相对于其他两种旋翼,CLOR-Ⅱ桨尖旋翼在改善跨声速特性和提高失速迎角等方面具有明显优势,而且综合提高了旋翼悬停和前飞气动性能。     

基于不确定性的旋翼转速优化直升机参数设计

为了提高旋翼转速优化直升机总体参数设计质量,基于不确定性多学科设计优化方法,对旋翼转速优化直升机的参数设计进行了研究。首先对最优旋翼转速的不确定性进行分析与建模,同时也考虑了直升机加工制造、材料老化引起的不确定性因素,对比发现最优旋翼转速是旋翼转速优化直升机设计中的主要不确定性因素;然后在协同优化框架下,分别建立了直升机飞行性能、直升机重量、飞行稳定性与变转速涡轴发动机性能计算模型;最后以续航性能为系统学科,悬停性能、飞行稳定性分别作为子学科,进行多学科的不确定性优化设计,得到了3种不确定性优化设计方案。通过对比分析可以发现：第2种方案为旋翼转速优化直升机的最佳参数设计方案,该方案满足悬停需用功率低于350 kW,飞行稳定性指数小于0.8等约束条件的概率不低于95.46%,并且直升机的最大航时期望值也较大。     

Applications of numerical optimization techniques to design of axial compressor blades

This paper describes the shape optimization of NASA rotor 37 and rotor and stator blades in a single-stage transonic axial compressor.Shape optimization of the blades operating at the design flow condition has been performed using the response surface method and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes analysis.Thin-layer approximation is introduced to the Navier-Stokes equations,and an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme is used to solve the governing equations.The three design variables,blade sweep,lean and skew,are introduced to optimize the three-dimensional stacking line of the blades.The objective function of the shape optimization is an adiabatic efficiency.Throughout the optimization of rotor and stator blades, optimal blade shape can be obtained.It is noted the increase of adiabatic efficiency by optimization of the blade shape with the stacking line in the single-stage transonic axial compressor is more effective in a rotor blade rather than a stator blade because of the large deformation of blade shape in the stator blade.      

低HSI噪声旋翼桨尖外形优化设计方法

建立了一套基于计算流体力学(CFD)/FW-H_pds方程(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations with penetrable data surface)的气动噪声预估技术和组合优化算法的低噪声旋翼桨尖平面外形设计方法。首先,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为旋翼流场求解控制方程,围绕旋翼流场的网格采用嵌套网格方法生成。在优化过程中,桨叶网格生成采用提出的高效参数化的网格自动生成方法。在建立的CFD方法求解基础上,采用基于可穿透旋转积分面的鲁棒性较好的FW-H_pds方程来求解旋翼高速脉冲(HSI)噪声。然后,以降低旋翼HSI噪声为目标,以旋翼悬停气动性能为约束,提出具备前掠-后掠-尖削等组合特征的桨尖外形方案并进行优化分析。将基于拉丁超立方(LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型方法耦合到遗传算法过程中,建立了一种高效的组合优化算法。在当前的计算状态下,优化后的桨尖外形的负压峰值相比于矩形桨叶降低了58.4%,优化后的桨叶有效地减弱了旋翼桨尖区域的跨声速"离域化"现象,因此可以降低旋翼HSI噪声特性,同时可以减弱旋翼桨尖涡强度达30%,旋翼悬停性能提高了2%~3%。     

倾转螺旋桨飞行器桨叶的气动设计研究

针对小型倾转螺旋桨独特的工作特性,在研究国外有关倾转旋翼桨叶设计现状的基础上,本文运用了遗传算法对桨叶的参数进行了寻优设计分析,以满足不同飞行状态的性能要求。设计结果表明,由本文提出的方法设计的螺旋桨与普通螺旋桨相比,在不损失巡航推进效率的同时,可显著增加悬停效率,提高飞机的悬停性能。     

基于N-S方程的旋翼翼型优化设计方法

将N—S方程流场分析程序和序列二次规划结合起来，提出了一种工程实用的直升机旋翼翼型设计方法，以提高旋翼翼型在悬停、前飞和机动等多个设计点及在多种约束条件下的气动性能。由N—S方程计算得到的升力、阻力等气动参数构成目标函数，应用数值优化程序对其进行最优化。计算实例表明：本方法设计质量高，所需机时少，易于实施，有较大的工程应用价值。