中国空间探测领域40年发展

中国空间科学学会成立的40年，是中国空间探测逐渐走进世界舞台的40年，空间探测极大推动了空间科学和相邻学科的发展，也影响到经济、军事和日常生活诸多方面.本文简要回顾了从空间探测专业委员会成立的1980年至今，中国空间探测领域的主要发展历程，包括探空火箭、高空气球、科学卫星、月球与行星探测、载人航天空间探测、遥感卫星地面站等主要项目、进展和所取得的成果，对未来若干年空间探测的发展进行了展望.      

Study on Satellite-to-ground Laser Communications with Existence of Atmosphere

The laser beam used to establish a communication channel between satellite and ground segments has a small divergence angle and a tiny spot on the Earth’s surface, which may lead to the fail of the system. So it’s important to study the deflection of laser beam by the Earth’s atmosphere and find a way to calibrate this error. Both theoretical analysis and real data processing method are used to obtain the mathematical model for divergence angle of laser communication beam and its correction function. Then the model has been applied to the data, which was used to describe the atmosphere state by traditional ground segments to obtain the critical elevation angle. According to the results of calculation, our conclusion will be that the correction should be done when the critical elevation happens.      

Impact of rain on wave retrieval from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images in tropical cyclones

The main objective of our work was to investigate the impact of rain on wave observations from C-band (~5.3 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in tropical cyclones. In this study, 10 Sentinel-1 SAR images were available from the Satellite Hurricane Observation Campaign, which were taken under cyclonic conditions during the 2016 hurricane season. The third-generation wave model, known as Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) (version 41.31), was used to simulate the wave fields corresponding to these Sentinel-1 SAR images. In addition, rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite passing over the spatial coverage of the Sentinel-1 SAR images were collected. The simulated results were validated against significant wave heights (SWHs) from the Jason-2 altimeter and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts data, revealing a root mean square error (RMSE) of ~0.5 m with a 0.25 scatter index. Winds retrieved from the VH-polarized Sentinel-1 SAR images using the Sentinel-1 Extra Wide-swath Mode Wind Speed Retrieval Model after Noise Removal were taken as prior information for wave retrieval. It was discovered that rain did indeed affect the SAR wave retrieval, as evidenced by the 3.21-m RMSE of SWHs between the SAR images and the SWAN model, which was obtained for the ~1000 match-ups with raindrops. The raindrops dampened the wave retrieval when the rain rate was < ~5 mm/hr; however, they enhanced wave retrieval for higher rain rates. It was also found that the portion of the rain-induced ring wave with a wave number > 0.05 rad/m (~125 m wavelength) was clearly observed in the SAR-derived wave spectra.     

基于梯度提升决策树的量子科学实验卫星光学实验预测

量子科学实验卫星在轨运行期间完成4种光学实验，地面监测人员通过遥测参数阈值判断卫星是否进行光学实验、实验类型及实验结果.这种方法需要预先设定大量阈值，并且这些阈值需要根据在轨卫星重新设定，可扩展性较差.针对以上问题，提出一种基于机器学习的光学实验判别方法，将量子科学实验卫星的光学实验监测任务抽象为机器学习中的多元分类问题，构建分类模型，利用量子科学实验卫星的真实历史遥测数据对模型进行训练，并通过真实实验计划对训练得到的模型进行验证.实验结果表明，本文提出的方法在没有专家先验知识的前提下，判别准确率达到99%，可用于量子科学实验卫星光学实验的实时监测任务.提出的基于机器学习的判别方法具有较强的可扩展性，可应用于卫星在轨运行的其他监测任务.      

拦截高速目标的比例与反比例导引捕获区分析

针对拦截高速目标的作战特点，分析了比例导引(PN)与反比例导引(RPN)的捕获区。首先，通过分析拦截弹与目标的相对运动关系，推导得到了顺轨和逆轨的零控拦截条件，此条件由目标和拦截弹的速度前置角以及二者速度比确定；其次，以拦截弹和目标速度前置角为坐标系，推导得到了PN以及RPN捕获区以及各自导航比设置范围。PN的捕获区由逆轨零控拦截条件以及与其相切且斜率为1/(N-1)的两条直线构成，RPN的捕获区由顺轨零控拦截条件以及与其相切且斜率为1/(-N-1)的两条直线构成；然后，利用函数对称性将PN与RPN捕获区转换到同一坐标区间，得到了相同条件下RPN捕获区要大于PN捕获区的结论；最后，开展了四种情形下的仿真，验证了本文捕获区分析的合理性及有效性。     

Research on navigation of satellite constellation based on an asynchronous observation model using X-ray pulsar

Pulsar navigation is a promising navigation method for high-altitude orbit space tasks or deep space exploration. At present, an important reason for restricting the development of pulsar navigation is that navigation accuracy is not high due to the slow update of the measurements. In order to improve the accuracy of pulsar navigation, an asynchronous observation model which can improve the update rate of the measurements is proposed on the basis of satellite constellation which has a broad space for development because of its visibility and reliability. The simulation results show that the asynchronous observation model improves the positioning accuracy by 31.48% and velocity accuracy by 24.75% than that of the synchronous observation model. With the new Doppler effects compensation method in the asynchronous observation model proposed in this paper, the positioning accuracy is improved by 32.27%, and the velocity accuracy is improved by 34.07% than that of the traditional method. The simulation results show that without considering the clock error will result in a filtering divergence.     

电铸镍Wolter I型光学系统制造技术发展综述

摘要： 为满足未来脉冲星导航和空间天文观测任务对X射线望远镜的载荷需求，Wolter I光学系统的研制正逐渐成为新的研究热点，电铸镍方案是当前国内外X射线光学系统镜筒制造的主要技术方案.文章对电铸镍X射线光学系统制造工艺、国内外研制现状、未来应用需求进行了介绍和整理，梳理了电铸镍X射线光学系统研制遇到的关键技术和难点，提出了后续研究发展建议，以促进中国在 X射线脉冲星自主导航、空间探测领域的快速发展.     

亚超剪切混合层燃油雾化特性试验研究

为了摸清亚超大梯度剪切混合层内直射式喷嘴的燃油雾化特性，设计了用于向亚超剪切混合流中进行燃油喷射的直射式喷嘴，建立了亚超剪切混合层中燃油雾化试验系统。利用粒子图像测速系统（PIV），对亚超大梯度混合层中油雾场进行测量。通过改变喷嘴流量、喷射角度和喷嘴数量研究不同参数对雾化特性的影响，并应用图像处理技术对亚超大梯度剪切混合层内的油雾场进行分析，总结归纳其雾化规律。试验结果显示：随着流量增大，穿透深度会随之增大，破碎后的颗粒分布峰值所对应的液滴直径会逐渐变小，雾化效果提升；相同流量条件下，喷嘴的角度改变对雾化效果有影响，顺喷和逆喷的雾化效果均好于垂直喷射；逆喷的喷射高度最高，随着流量的增长，燃料将会碰壁；顺喷条件下，随着角度的增加，穿透长度会有所增加；综合燃油轨迹边界，逆喷的效果相对较好。相同流量条件下，喷孔个数的改变对雾化效果和穿透深度的影响不大。     

关于平面激波在凹两段楔面上的传播

众所周知,当一平面激波同任意形状的障碍物相互作用时,将产生十分复杂的波系,其中激波在曲面壁上的绕射和反射,将产生非定常波系。关于平面激波在凹圆柱壁面上的传播,我们可以用一连串、长度为无限小的楔面所构成的多边形来近似和代替凹圆柱面,因此分析和研究激波在两段楔面上反射和绕射的目的在于得出激波在圆柱壁面以及其它较复杂形状壁面上的传播规律。本文采用马赫-曾德干涉仪在激波管上进行光测模型实验。根据所拍摄的流场干涉图像,以分析其波系的演变过程及传播规律,得到有关流场的密度分布和压力分布,更为重要的是给出流场参数的定量结果。     

高精度伺服系统基于Fuzzy决策的专家变模态控制

本文简要回顾了具有双积分模型的电流驱动直流机电伺服系统的传统设计方法，设计了基于Ｆｕｚｚｙ决策的专家变模态控制器。该控制器积累了伺服系统设计的一些经验，具有一定的“社会智能”，可以在系统运行的不同阶段自发地选用合适的控制律，组合简单的控制方法实现高品质控制。体现了将控制任务分解成子任务分阶段完成的思想。实例仿真及实验结果说明了该方法的有效性