伺服动力电源技术发展概述

近年来，机电伺服系统在航空、航天领域得到了广泛应用，逐渐形成了新的推力矢量控制和舵面控制实现方式，并推动了伺服动力电源的多样性发展。研究了国外运载火箭、导弹及飞机伺服动力电源技术的发展现状，梳理了各类场景中伺服动力电源的应用特点及未来需求，对比了常见的热电池、锌银电池、锂离子电池及涡轮发电等各类伺服动力电源的技术特点，并提出了高电压、高比功率、高比容量（新型电池，涡轮发电）、一体化/智能化/高可靠等伺服动力电源技术的未来发展方向。     

碳纳米管阵列推力器放电特性的数值模拟研究

基于直接蒙特卡洛(DSMC)算法、浸入式有限元算法(IFE)、粒子云及蒙特卡洛碰撞(PIC-MCC)算法以及Ammosov-Delone-Krainov(ADK)隧穿电离模型建立了碳纳米管阵列推力器工质气体和CNT场电离过程的三维仿真模型。利用文献中的实验数据对本文仿真模型的有效性进行了验证,结果表明本文仿真模型与实验结果基本一致。针对碳纳米管阵列推力器的放电特性进行了研究,并重点分析了离子与原子碰撞过程对碳纳米管阵列推力器放电特性的影响。结果表明CNT可以极大地增强局部电场,稳态时场增强因子约为1308;与原子的碰撞使得离子在CNT附近更加集中,降低了局部电场,进而降低了其场增强能力。     

Solar sailing in realistic mode,based on a locally-optimal control laws

Ballistic design of solar sailing missions in the solar system is composed of defining the design parameters, the control programs, and the trajectories that provide performance goals of a flight. The use of a solar sail spacecraft imposes specific restrictions on mission parameters that include the degradation limit on the flight duration, the maximum temperature of solar sail's surface, the minimum distance from the Sun, the maximum angular velocity of the spacecraft's rotation and others.Many authors considered the impact of these restrictions on the design of the mission separately, but they used a sophisticated method of finding the exact optimal motion control or applied the most straightforward laws of motion control. This paper uses local-optimal control laws at the complete mathematical models of motion and functioning of solar sail spacecraft to describe a technique of designing interplanetary missions. The described method avoids the need to obtain an accurate optimal solution to the control problem and does not cause significant computational difficulties.     

详细化学反应机理对预混丙烷钝体熄火模拟影响

航空发动机熄火预测是重要关键问题之一，湍流和化学反应的非线性相互作用使预测非常困难。本文采用大涡模拟（LES）对湍流进行高精度模拟，采用概率密度函数输运方程湍流燃烧模型（TPDF）耦合JL4、Z66和H73三种化学反应机理，对预混丙烷钝体熄火现象和规律进行研究。JL4的反应机理最简单，反应释热快，局部放热高，火焰宽度大，火焰两侧温度梯度大，燃烧更加趋于稳定，无法模拟出熄火状态。H73机理绝热火焰温度低，火焰温度低，回流区中部OH含量高；在近熄火状态，大量CO被氧化，释放热量过高导致无法模拟出熄火现象。Z66机理可以模拟出火焰正常状态，在低当量比下也可以模拟出熄火状态。本文算例中，局部Da数大于1的区域超过35%则会发生熄火。     

涡轮基组合循环发动机分布式控制系统通信网络混合拓扑结构优化方法

涡轮机组合循环(Turbine based combined cycle,TBCC)发动机控制系统通信网络拓扑结构是其分布式控制系统方案设计的重要部分,优化网络拓扑结构可提高发动机推重比和控制系统可靠性。本文基于智能优化算法提出TBCC分布式控制系统网络拓扑结构优化方法。基于图论建立TBCC几何模型和网格模型,以重量和可靠性为优化性能指标,同时考虑发动机表面高温区域以及控制节点的工作可靠性,分别采用粒子群算法和遗传算法优化星形结构中智能中央节点位置、中央节点的环形拓扑结构,获得星形-环形混合拓扑结构。仿真实例表明,基于本文方法优化所得的混合拓扑结构相较于星形集中式控制结构,系统重量降低了51.9%。     

Geometric error analysis of an over-constrained parallel tracking mechanism using the screw theory

This paper deals with geometric error modeling and sensitivity analysis of an overconstrained parallel tracking mechanism. The main contribution is the consideration of overconstrained features that are usually ignored in previous research. The reciprocal property between a motion and a force is applied to tackle this problem in the framework of the screw theory. First of all, a nominal kinematic model of the parallel tracking mechanism is formulated. On this basis, the actual twist of the moving platform is computed through the superposition of the joint twist and geometric errors. The actuation and constrained wrenches of each limb are applied to exclude the joint displacement. After eliminating repeated errors brought by the multiplication of wrenches, a geometric error model of the parallel tracking mechanism is built. Furthermore,two sensitivity indices are defined to select essential geometric errors for future kinematic calibration. Finally, the geometric error model with minimum geometric errors is verified by simulation with SolidWorks software. Two typical poses of the parallel tracking mechanism are selected, and the differences between simulation and calculation results are very small. The results confirm the correctness and accuracy of the geometric error modeling method for over-constrained parallel mechanisms.     

飞秒激光系统图像调焦装置以及方法

飞秒激光直写技术在复杂三维微结构加工领域具有显著优势，而调焦是否精准直接影响了所加工结构的完整度.提出了在光路中临时置入调焦光源和物的图像调焦技术，通过调节物的位置使其成像面与激光聚焦面一致，从而通过清晰可分辨的成像状态间接反映激光聚焦状态.利用Zemax软件模拟分析了原飞秒激光光路与加入调焦光源和物的调焦光路，二者可实现相同加工物镜后工作距离与良好成像质量，证明了该方法的可行性.通过分析得到该过程的成像误差主要由成像镜头焦深(3.9 μm)引起，我们获得的理想调焦精度可达到1/2焦深以内.设计了单层高度为5 μm的二层圆柱结构，通过多次实验验证了所加工元件高度误差在1.5 μm范围以内，与理论分析一致，满足飞秒激光系统的调焦要求.     

超临界环境下煤油替代物液滴燃烧特性数值研究

为研究液氧/煤油火箭发动机燃烧室内经喷注形成的煤油液滴的燃烧过程，基于实际气体状态方程、高压热物性修正、高压气液平衡和详细化学反应动力学，建立一维的全瞬态液滴燃烧模型，对超临界环境下两组分煤油替代物液滴的燃烧特性及液滴初始直径的影响进行仿真研究。结果表明，在超临界环境下，相比于煤油液滴纯蒸发过程，煤油液滴燃烧过程的迁移时刻大大提前；煤油液滴着火之后很快进入超临界燃烧阶段，此时液滴燃烧过程可以看成中心附近的燃料高浓度区与外侧氧气高浓度区之间的扩散燃烧过程；煤油液滴的火焰半径先增大，达到最大值之后开始减小，并减小为零，火焰温度在着火之后快速上升至最大值，并基本保持不变，在火焰半径减小为零之后开始降低；随着液滴初始直径的增大，火焰特性以及液滴中心参数变化曲线趋势不变、整体延迟，着火时间、迁移时间和液滴寿命增大。     

火箭发动机超声速过膨胀射流气动噪声特性研究

采用大涡模拟LES方法计算了火箭发动机超声速过膨胀射流形态及近场声压分布,研究了入口温度与环境温度的比值(温度比)对声场的影响;将声源分解,基于Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H)方程获取了不同位置噪声源的远场噪声,并根据声压级频谱和湍流形态分析了超声速射流噪声的产生机理。研究表明,超声速过膨胀射流气动噪声由湍流混合噪声和宽频激波噪声组成,近场噪声源以马赫波形式向大方位角辐射中高频噪声,下游大尺度湍流向低方位角范围辐射低频噪声,声压级峰值频率随观测角度增大而升高;随温度比升高,马赫波辐射角度增大,噪声指向性发生改变。该研究可为运载火箭发动机地面试车或火箭发射段声学环境设计提供参考。     

Initiation characteristics of oblique detonation waves from a finite wedge under argon dilution

In this paper, the flow field characteristics of Oblique Detonation Waves (ODWs) induced by a finite wedge under argon dilution are studied by solving the Euler equations with a detailed chemical model of hydrogen and air. First, the effects of the expansion waves, argon concentration, geometric parameters, and Mach number on the ODW are discussed. The results show that the changes of these parameters may make the oblique detonation not be initiated. Then, the ODW initiation criterion of the finite wedge is summarized, as the characteristic length of the induction zone L_C and the characteristic length of the oblique wedge L_W meet the condition L_C/L_W < 1, the initiation of the ODW occurs; otherwise, it does not occur. What’s more, the Constant Volume Combustion (CVC) theory is applied to study the characteristic length of induction zone. It is found that CVC theory is more suitable for the “smooth transition” type of ODW flow field, the theoretical and numerical characteristic length in induction regions are in good agreement. This work is of great significance for the design of oblique detonation engines for hypersonic vehicles.