高超声速气膜冷却技术研究进展及发展方向

随着飞行器速度的进一步提高以及对可重复使用飞行器的需求,高超声速气膜冷却技术已经成为航空航天技术发展的热点问题。开展高超声速飞行器主动气膜冷却技术研究,对于解决高超声速飞行器面临的热防护问题,突破防热技术瓶颈,有十分重要的意义。本文在对主动冷却热防护技术原理、分类及其机制进行系统研究的基础上,从实验研究和数值模拟两个维度,对二维槽缝气膜孔工艺、离散气膜孔工艺和高超声速逆向喷流技术等高超声速气膜冷却技术以及影响气膜冷却效果的因素的研究现状进行了梳理和分析,进而提出了高超声速气膜冷却技术的防热材料研制、材料制备工艺、多气膜孔特性实验研究、逆向喷流气膜孔冷却技术实验验证等研究方向。     

金属材料损伤分析中的物理冶金分析技术

综述了金属材料损伤分析中常用的五类物理冶金分析技术：组织结构分析技术;物理性能分析技术;化学成分分析技术;残余应力分析技术及原位分析技术。基于各类分析技术在金属材料损伤分析中的应用展开了详细讨论,并详细对比分析了各类分析技术在损伤分析应用中的优势和局限性,同时针对损伤分析过程中各类分析技术的选择和使用提出了基本的思路。     

One-week habitation of two humans in an airtight facility with two goats and 23 crops – Analysis of carbon,oxygen, and water circulation

Human habitation and animal holding experiments in a closed environment, the Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF), were carried out. The CEEF were established for collecting experimental data to estimate carbon transfer in the ecosystem around Rokkasho nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Circulation of O₂ and CO₂, and supply of food from crops cultivated in the CEEF were conducted for the first time in the habitation experiments. Two humans known as eco-nauts inhabited the CEEF, living and working in the Plant Module (PM) and the Animal and Habitation Module (AHM), for a week three times in 2005. On a fresh weight basis, 82% of their food was supplied from 23 crops including rice and soybean, cultivated and harvested in the PM, in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. For the goats, the animals held in the experiments, all of their feed, consisting of rice straw, soybean plant leaves, and peanut shells and peanut plant leaves, was produced in the PM in the 2nd and 3rd experiments. The O₂ produced in the PM by photosynthesis of the crops was separated by the O₂ separator using molecular sheaves, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the AHM atmosphere. The CO₂ produced in the AHM by respiration of the humans and animals was separated by the CO₂ separator using solid amine, then accumulated, transferred, and supplied to the PM atmosphere. The amount of O₂ consumed in the AHM was 46–51% of that produced in the PM, and the amount of CO₂ produced in the AHM was 43–56% of that consumed in the PM. The surplus of O₂ and the shortage of CO₂ was a result of the fact that waste of the goats and the crops and part of the human waste were not processed in these habitation experiments. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the eco-nauts was 64–92% of that in the harvested edible part of the crops. The estimated amount of carbon ingested by the goats was 36–53% of that in the harvested inedible part of the crops. One week was not enough time for determination of gas exchange especially for humans and animals, because fluctuation of their gas exchange was quite high. The amount of transpired water collected as condensate was 818–938 L d⁻¹, and it was recycled as replenishing water compensating transpiration loss of nutrient solution. The amount of waste nutrient solution discharged from the PM was 1421–1644 L d⁻¹. The waste nutrient solutions from rice and other crops were processed through micro filters (MFs) separately. The MF filtrated solutions were processed with reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filter separately and divided into filtrated water and concentrated waste nutrient solution. The concentrated waste nutrient solution from the crops other than rice was processed through an ultra-micro filter (UF) and reused, although that from rice was discharged in 2005. Concentrations of nutritional ions in the UF filtrated solution were determined, the depleted ions were added back, the UF filtrated solution was diluted with the RO membrane filtrated water, and the nutrient solution for the crops other than rice was regenerated. The nutrient solution for rice was newly made each time, using concentrated solution from an external source and the RO membrane filtrated water. Average amounts of water used in the AHM (L d⁻¹) were determined as follows: drinking by humans (filtrated water), 1.5; cooking, etc. (filtrated water other than for drinking), 14.3; drinking by goats, 3.8; showering (hot water), 13.2; showering (cold water), 0.1; washing of hand and face and brushing teeth, 4.1; washing of dishes, dish clothes and towels, 36.4; and washing of animal holding tools, 0.3. The waste water was processed by a RO purification system and recycled for toilet flushing and animal pens washing. A circulation experiment for water was started in 2006 and a circulation experiment for waste materials is planned for 2007. In 2006, a single duration of the air circulation experiments was 2 weeks, although the human habitants were changed after 1 week.     

当代金属类阻尼材料及其应用

论述了金属类阻尼材料的减振降噪机理，介绍了具有代表性的各种阻尼材料的物理机械性能，以及它们的应用情况等。     

7175T74铝合金锻件性能研究

通过试验，探索了７１７５Ｔ７４新型铝合金锻件的组织和性能情况，提供了合金锻件应用的质量保证依据，得出了合金锻件宜于装机应用的结论。     

平流层飞艇蒙皮材料的研究

文章介绍了飞艇蒙皮材料的组成与选择，并对当前平流层飞艇研制中有关材料方面的某些问题，如飞艇主结构层材料的组成与特性、飞艇内外气囊材料的膜材、纤维的配置织法、主结构纤维的涂层前工艺、飞艇气囊膜片的连接等方面进行了分析与介绍。以供在研制平流层飞艇的膜材时作参考。     

载人舱不锈钢—铜热沉的设计

热沉不但具备模拟宇宙的“冷黑”环境功能,而且还相当于一个辐射换热器和抽气泵,由此引出热沉材料的选择原则。文章详细介绍了不锈钢－铜热沉的设计和测试结果,说明了不锈钢－铜热沉的设计为热沉的发展开辟了一条新途径。     

轨道分子屏极高真空实验室设计技术研究

给出了一种新型的近地轨道极高真空分子屏实验室设计。作者计算了可变翼分子屏周围大气分子的入射及散射、分子屏材料放气在屏内的分子数流密度。通过调整分子屏的翼角,分子屏内的压力可以达到10-12Pa。计算结果指出:在近地轨道选择合适的分子屏参数,可以在极高真空环境下加工超纯材料。     

单向M40/环氧648复合材料层板的破坏模式分析

M4 0 /环氧 6 48复合材料是目前应用于卫星结构的主要材料之一 ,根据工程应用实际需要 ,对单向层板性能进行了有关力学性能实验且还对其破坏模式进行了初步分析。     

ERP的发展现状及未来趋势

ERP(Enterprlse Resources Planning企业资源计划)是指建立在信息技术的基础上，以系统化的管理思想，为企业决策层及员工提供决策运行手段的管理平台。ERP系统集信息技术与先进的管理思想于一身，成为现代企业的运行模式，反映时代对企业合理调配资源、最大化地创造社会财富的要求，成为企业在信息时代生存、发展的基石。对ERP发展现状及其未来可能的发展趋势的研究，可为企业顺利实施ERP提供依据。