月球卫星的自主轨道确定

分别利用紫外三轴姿态敏感器测出的月心方向和测距仪测出的月心距作为观测量,采用推广卡尔曼滤波方法实时确定出月球卫星环月期间的轨道,考虑到月球卫星在环月期间太阳对月球光照条件的限制,提出分段虑波策略,并给出了仿真分析.     

用于月球软着陆最优轨迹跟踪制导过程的模糊神经网络控制方法

软着陆过程的制导控制已经成为月球探测中一个具有挑战性的问题。神经网络与模糊逻辑都是处理不确定性(受控对象缺乏精确的数学描述或具有非线性的复杂性)问题的有效手段。本文根据终端着陆条件和性能指标,以由Pontryagin’s极大值原理得出从近月点到月球表面的最优着陆轨迹为基础,给出一种基于模糊神经网络的非线性最优控制策略,使被控系统能够通过模糊神经网络的非线性映射能力实现某种最优的闭环制导控制。最后通过数学仿真验证了该控制策略的可行性与有效性。     

月球软着陆的二次型最优制导方法

为实现在月球表面指定区域的精确软着陆,研究了月球软着陆的线性二次型最优制导方法。利用简化的轨道动力学模型,给出了一种基于状态和能耗最优的软着陆二次型制导方法。由于制导律要求同时提供3个方向的时变推力,所以需要通过变推力发动机和姿态机动来实现。该制导方法虽能满足精确软着陆的需要,但对姿态变化的要求超出了着陆器姿态机动能力。因此,本文修正了二次型最优制导方法,取消了对轨道参数的过程约束,仅对其终端进行约束,通过求解着陆指定目标点的能耗最优两点边值问题,得到了发动机推力大小和方向的显式表达式。研究结果表明,利用一定的姿态机动能力,修正的制导方法能够满足精确软着陆的需要。     

登月飞行器软着陆的非线性最优控制

主要考虑登月飞行器软着陆控制的问题。制导律和控制器的设计分两步完成。首先，利用一个微分同胚变换和一个非线性输入补偿，可以将登月飞行器的非线性动态模型转换成一个线性系统。然后利用经典最优控制理论中的由拉方程，标准最优制导律的解析解既可给出。第二步，利用日。控制理论，我们设计了一个最优反馈控制器保证了实际系统可以鲁棒渐进追踪最优标准轨道。最后通过仿真，可以看出飞行器实现了软着陆控制，着月速度小于给定值，说明方法的可行性和有效性。     

月球探测器软着陆最优末制导策略

在制动火箭推力幅值满足连续可变的前提下,研究了月球探测器软着陆末端的垂直下落过程中的控制问题。基于线性系统跟踪控制理论,利用线性系统中的模型参考跟踪控制的方法设计了一种对指定轨迹进行跟踪的制动方案。同时为了满足耗燃最优性和安全性,根据最优化理论,对控制律中的参数进行优化,最终确定系统的控制律。仿真结果表明该设计方法是简单、有效的。     

Some qualitative manifestations of the physical libration of the Moon by observing stars from the lunar surface

Targets and problems of the future Japanese project ILOM (In situ Lunar Orientation Measurement), which is planned to be realized as one kind of observations of lunar rotation at the second stage of SELENE-2 mission, are briefly described in the article. Inverse problem of lunar physical libration is formulated and solved. Accuracy of libration angles depending on accuracy of measuring selenographic coordinates is estimated. It is shown that selenographic coordinates of polar stars are insensitive to longitudinal librations τ(t). Comparing coordinates calculated for two models of a rigid and deformable Moon is carried out and components sensitive to Love number k₂ and to anelastic time delay are revealed.     

A lunar cargo mission design strategy using variable low thrust

A design technique for a near optimal, Earth–Moon transfer trajectory using continuous variable low thrust is proposed. For the Earth–Moon transfer trajectory, analytical and numerical methods are combined to formulate the trajectory optimization problem. The basic concept of the proposed technique is to utilize analytically optimized solutions when the spacecraft is flying near a central body where the transfer trajectories are nearly circular shaped, and to use a numerical optimization method to match the spacecraft’s states to establish a final near optimal trajectory. The plasma thruster is considered as the main propulsion system which is currently being developed for crewed/cargo missions for interplanetary flight. The gravitational effects of the 3rd body and geopotential effects are included during the trajectory optimization process. With the proposed design technique, Earth–Moon transfer trajectory is successfully designed with the plasma thruster having a thrust direction sequence of “fixed-varied-fixed” and a thrust acceleration sequence of “constant-variable-constant”. As this strategy has the characteristics of a lesser computational load, little sensitivity to initial conditions, and obtaining solutions quickly, this method can be utilized in the initial scoping studies for mission design and analysis. Additionally, derived near optimal trajectory solution can be used as for initial trajectory solution for further detailed optimization problem. The demonstrated results will give various insights into future lunar cargo trajectories using plasma thrusters with continuous variable low thrust, establishing approximate costs as well as trajectory characteristics.     

Contingency and recovery options for the European Student Moon Orbiter

This paper presents an overview of the analysis performed on the lunar orbit and some of the possible contingencies for the European Student Moon Orbiter (ESMO). Originally scheduled for launch in 2014 –2015 as a piggyback payload, it was the only ESA planned mission to the Moon. By way of a weak stability boundary transfer, ESMO is inserted into an orbit around the Moon. Propellant use is at a premium, so the operational orbit is selected to be highly eccentric. In addition, an optimization is presented to achieve an orbit that is stable for 6 months without requiring orbit maintenance. A parameter study is undertaken to study the sensitivity of the lunar orbit insertion. A database of transfer solutions across 2014 and 2015 is used to study the relation between the robustness of weak capture and the planetary geometry at lunar arrival. A number of example recovery scenarios, where the orbit insertion maneuver partially or completely fails, are also considered.     

Control system design of the Korean lunar lander demonstrator

In preparation for the lunar exploration program scheduled to be launched during the early 2020s in Korea, a lunar lander demonstrator, which will be used for developing and demonstrating lunar landing technologies, is being developed. The control configuration of the lunar lander demonstrator is determined with the consideration of available technologies and flight requirements. It is suggested that altitude control be achieved by clustering five 200 N monopropellant thrusters and attitude control with eight 3 N thrusters. A control algorithm designed to follow a predefined trajectory is developed using quaternion feedback. Control system configuration and control logic are verified by using computer simulations. Simulation results show that a soft landing with a touchdown velocity of less than 3 m/s is achieved. Attitude control performance is also verified using computer simulations. The developed control configuration will be further tested by hardware in the loop simulations and ground based firing tests during the next phase of the study.     

Developing the global exploration roadmap: An example using the humans to the lunar surface theme

The development of the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) by 12 space agencies participating in the International Space Exploration Coordination Group broadly outlines a pathway to send humans beyond low Earth orbit for the first time since Apollo. Three themes have emerged: Exploration of a Near-Earth Asteroid, Extended Duration Crew Missions, and Humans to the Lunar Surface. The lack of detail within each of these themes could mean that realizing the goals of the GER would be significantly delayed. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that many of the details needed to fully define and evaluate these themes in terms of scientific rationale, economic viability, and technical feasibility already exist and need to be mapped to the GER. Here, we use the Humans to the Lunar Surface theme as an example to illustrate how this process could work. By mapping documents from a variety of international stakeholders, this process can be used to cement buy-in from the current partners and attract new ones to this effort.