三维弹道有理Bezier曲线造型与优化方法

为有效克服传统弹道优化方法解的收敛性和最优性受搜索算法、初始猜测等影响大的问题,提出了基于有理Bezier曲线的三维弹道造型与优化计算方法。根据边界条件用光滑且只含少量造型变量的有理Bezier曲线形成待优化三维造型弹道,采用逆动力学方法计算造型弹道倾角、弹道角速度和法向加速度等,结合弹道其它动力学方程和约束计算造型弹道性能指标,通过对弹道造型变量寻优得到最优弹道。这种方法将无限维弹道优化问题转换为对很少造型变量的参数优化问题, 而且得到的最优弹道完全光滑可飞。与间接法相比,无需求解两点边值问题使用方便、鲁棒性强;与直接法相比,不需要对动力学方程离散化、寻优变量少、求解收敛性好,而且解的全局最优性和光滑性更高。仿真结果及与自适应伪谱法的比较校验了方法的实用性和有效性。     

姿态角幅值约束下的太阳帆Lissajous轨道保持控制

太阳帆航天器以两姿态角作为轨道控制输入时, 其轨道动力学方程具有非仿射非线性特性. 通过人工平动点处线性化获得的线性系统可完成太阳帆航天器轨道保持控制器的分析与设计. 由于线性近似模型为有误差模型, 存在近似有效范围约束, 表现为轨道高度约束和姿态角幅值约束. 本文研究了姿态角幅值约束对线性近似模型有效性的影响, 通过计算给出满足近似误差要求的姿态角幅值约束. 当控制输入存在幅值约束时, 控制器轨道修正能力受到束缚. 通过研究姿态角幅值约束下的最大允许入轨误差, 设计了最大允许入轨误差下线性二次型调节器(LQR)用于轨道保持控制, 并将控制器应用于太阳帆日地三体系统非线性模型中, 实现了日地人工L₁点Lissajous轨道最大允许入轨误差的控制收敛和良好精度下的轨道保持控制.      

Simple method for performance evaluation of multistage rockets

Multistage rockets are commonly employed to place spacecraft and satellites in their operational orbits. Performance evaluation of multistage rockets is aimed at defining the maximum payload mass at orbit injection, for specified structural, propulsive, and aerodynamic data of the launch vehicle. This work proposes a simple method for a fast performance evaluation of multistage rockets. The technique at hand is based on three steps: (i) the flight-path angle at each stage separation is guessed, (ii) the spacecraft velocity is maximized at the first and second stage separation, and (iii) for the last stage the thrust direction is obtained through the particle swarm optimization technique, in conjunction with the use of the Euler–Lagrange equations and the Pontryagin minimum principle. The coast duration at the second stage separation is optimized as well. The method at hand is extremely simple and easy-to-implement, but nevertheless it proves to be capable of yielding near-optimal ascending trajectories for a multistage launch vehicle with realistic structural, propulsive, and aerodynamic characteristics. The solutions found with the technique under consideration can be employed either for a rapid evaluation of the multistage rocket performance or as guesses for more refined optimization algorithms.     

Optimal nodal flyby with near-Earth asteroids using electric sail

The aim of this paper is to quantify the performance of an Electric Solar Wind Sail for accomplishing flyby missions toward one of the two orbital nodes of a near-Earth asteroid. Assuming a simplified, two-dimensional mission scenario, a preliminary mission analysis has been conducted involving the whole known population of those asteroids at the beginning of the 2013 year. The analysis of each mission scenario has been performed within an optimal framework, by calculating the minimum-time trajectory required to reach each orbital node of the target asteroid. A considerable amount of simulation data have been collected, using the spacecraft characteristic acceleration as a parameter to quantify the Electric Solar Wind Sail propulsive performance. The minimum time trajectory exhibits a different structure, which may or may not include a solar wind assist maneuver, depending both on the Sun-node distance and the value of the spacecraft characteristic acceleration. Simulations show that over 60% of near-Earth asteroids can be reached with a total mission time less than 100 days, whereas the entire population can be reached in less than 10 months with a spacecraft characteristic acceleration of 1 mm/s².     

面向非合作目标抓捕的机械臂轨迹规划方法

文章针对非合作目标抓捕问题设计了基于误差反馈系数的机械臂轨迹规划算法.考虑到空间机械臂在轨服务要求,采用反作用零空间方法来规划机械臂运动轨迹以实现机械臂与航天器之间的协调运动.为避免在规划起始阶段位姿误差较大可能导致机械臂关节速度过大的问题,引入了位姿误差反馈系数.为对空间机械臂抓捕非合作目标的轨迹规划技术进行验证,搭建了地面半物理仿真系统.试验结果表明,通过合理选择位姿误差反馈系数,设计的轨迹规划算法能够使固定基座机械臂末端执行器以较为均匀的速度逼近非合作目标,并能以较高精度实现对非合作目标的抓捕.该试验可以为空间机械臂抓捕非合作目标的轨迹规划提供参考.     

利用导弹制导误差补偿规律修正不完全弹道测量的数据融合技术

论述不完全弹道测量的数据融合处理问题。在惯性器件天地关系一致的前提下,导弹惯性器件误差补偿量变化规律,就反映了飞行中制导工具误差的变化规律,即遥外差的变化规律。因此,可以利用补偿量视速度的变化规律约束条件,内插出不完全测量段落的遥外差数据,在建立节省参数的弹道估计的联合模型基础上,融合少量的高精度测元来解算弹道参数。落点验算表明：利用该方法计算的落点接近实际落点。     

一种新型火星定点着陆轨迹快速优化方法

针对火星定点着陆任务大气进入段的轨迹规划问题,给出了一种基于hp Radau伪谱法的快速优化算法。综合考虑大气进入段的动力学约束、边值约束、以及着陆器的机动能力约束和安全性约束,结合hp Radau伪谱法的配点特性,将轨迹优化问题转换成一个大规模多约束参数优化问题,给出了大气进入段轨迹优化问题的求解框架;为了提高算法的计算效率,给出了参数优化过程中雅克比矩阵的解析表达式;并通过数学仿真对本文算法进行了数值验证,结果表明：     

基于闭环解析解的可重复使用运载器轨迹在线生成方法

The relationships between path constraints such as heating rate, dynamic pressure and aerodynamic load and velocity during entry flight are analyzed in  r-V  plane for an entry vehicle with mediate high lift to drag ratio. Through derivation and integration, a unified formula for path constraints is obtained in  r-V  plane. Based on the unified formula and several characteristics an analytical solution is obtained,and an online trajectory generation method is developed. In the method, the coupled longitudinal and lateral motion is considered, and can make the best use of flight capability and satisfy path constraints. Trajectory generation cases with different flight mission and downranges are tested. Simulation results demonstrate the capability and efficiency of the trajectory planning method in dealing with path constraints.     

基于虚拟落点策略的月球返回飞船再入制导方法

针对长航程大偏差状况下阿波罗再入制导算法的精度退化问题提出改进,采用数值预测-校正方法规划和调制线性参数化的倾侧角剖面,给出了一种在全航程包络内适用的月球返回飞船再入制导方法。引入虚拟落点策略,在一次再入段利用算法预测能力预测二次再入段初始侧向偏差并进行前馈补偿,给出了简便有效的虚拟落点瞄准程序。大偏差任务想定下的蒙特卡洛仿真分析表明,该算法在3000km到10000km的再入航程范围内,能够确保偏差小于3km的落点精度。     

翼伞系统雀降性能及控制研究

根据翼伞系统的动力学方程,建立六自由度运动模型。对翼伞系统雀降过程进行仿真,分析了操纵方式对雀降性能的影响。在归航过程中着陆阶段的特定情况下,针对航迹跟踪过程中产生的纵向偏差,设计PID控制器对偏差进行修正。仿真结果表明:所设计的控制器简单有效地消除了纵向的偏差,保证了雀降操纵的顺利实施。