激光光纤准直系统的试验研究

介绍一种新的激光准直系统,该系统通过单模光纤建立新的光发射基准,从而有效地抑制了由于激光腔热变形而产生的光束漂移。另外,该系统采用了标量卡尔曼数字滤波器耒降低大气扰动和其他环境因素对测量的影响,在2.5m的测量范围内,系统稳定性可以控制在±1.5μm以下。该系统适用于作为形状误差和运动误差测量时的直线基准。     

充气气囊减速方案的气动设计研究

减速是航天飞行器必须面对的问题。充气气囊减速方案利用柔性编织材料外加涂层方式构成气囊，利用气体发生器快速产生高压气体，集防热、减速和着陆减振功能于一体，重量轻、成本低、适用范围广、可靠性高。设计了满足减速需求的气囊外形，利用数值求解NS方程和工程计算方法进行了气动力的预测和比较分析，利用六自由度动力学模型与气动力的耦合计算，对减速效果进行了计算与分析，并对热环境、温度场、应力、热应力及变形进行了计算，还对分离不确定性进行了研究。地面引导性风洞试验和理论分析表明，充气气囊减速方案具有十分明确的减速效果和优点，可用于未来航天飞行器实现减速飞行目的的技术方案。     

箭体上的凸起物对火箭气动特性的影响

综合大量实验研究结果,本文给出了火箭箭体上的环形凸起物和纵向凸起物对火箭气动特性的影响。其中最主要的是改变滚转力矩的大小和方向。而这正是姿态控制系统设计的重要依据之一。因此,给出凸起物的设计原则,对火箭气动设计有实际意义。     

短螺旋型燃烧室旋流结构及气动边界发展规律数值模拟研究

短螺旋型燃烧室的头部轴线沿发动机周向与发动机轴线偏转一定角度,可以在保证燃烧效率不变的条件下有效缩短燃烧室轴向长度。短螺旋型燃烧室流场的最大特点是旋流流动单侧受限。为了研究头部安装角α变化对燃烧室旋流流动特性的影响,基于数值方法对短螺旋型燃烧室进行了计算分析。结果表明:随着α变化,旋流器下游旋涡依次出现对称环状、马蹄状、环状结构;随着α增加,气动边界逐渐出现并抑制旋流的周向扩张,导致流场出现不同的旋涡结构;不同α下的切向角动量随轴向距离增加而衰减,但α为35°和45°时,气动边界在非受限侧出现并对旋流产生约束,角动量衰减变慢;当α为0°,15°,35°,45°时,燃油液滴依次集中分布在旋流器下游两旋涡边缘、侧壁面和头部端壁、非受限旋涡边缘。本文研究了不同α下的旋涡结构及气动边界沿轴向的演化过程,为短螺旋型燃烧室进一步的设计与优化提供基础。     

火箭发动机超声速过膨胀射流气动噪声特性研究

采用大涡模拟LES方法计算了火箭发动机超声速过膨胀射流形态及近场声压分布,研究了入口温度与环境温度的比值(温度比)对声场的影响;将声源分解,基于Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H)方程获取了不同位置噪声源的远场噪声,并根据声压级频谱和湍流形态分析了超声速射流噪声的产生机理。研究表明,超声速过膨胀射流气动噪声由湍流混合噪声和宽频激波噪声组成,近场噪声源以马赫波形式向大方位角辐射中高频噪声,下游大尺度湍流向低方位角范围辐射低频噪声,声压级峰值频率随观测角度增大而升高;随温度比升高,马赫波辐射角度增大,噪声指向性发生改变。该研究可为运载火箭发动机地面试车或火箭发射段声学环境设计提供参考。     

Assessment on critical technologies for conceptual design of blended-wing-body civil aircraft

Civil aviation faces great challenges because of its robust projected future growth and potential adverse environmental effects. The classical Tube-And-Wing(TAW) configuration following the Cayley's design principles has been optimized to the architecture's limit, which can hardly satisfy the further requirements on green aviation. By past decades' investigations the BlendedWing-Body(BWB) concept has emerged as a potential solution, which can simultaneously fulfill metrics of noise, emission and fuel burn. The purpose of the present work is to analyze the developments of critical technologies for BWB conceptual design from a historical perspective of technology progress. It was found that the high aerodynamic efficiency of BWB aircraft can be well scaled by the mean aerodynamic chord and wetted aspect ratio, and should be realized with the trade-offs among stability and control and low-speed performance. The structure concepts of non-cylinder pressurized cabin are of high risks on weight prediction and weight penalty. A static stability criterion is recommended and further clear and adequate criteria are required by the evaluations of flying and handling qualities. The difficulties of propulsion and airframe integration are analyzed. The energy to revenue work ratios of well-developed BWB configurations are compared,which are 31.5% and 40% better than that of TAW, using state-of-art engine technology and future engine technology, respectively. Finally, further study aspects are advocated.     

Application of a PCA-DBN-based surrogate model to robust aerodynamic design optimization

An efficient method employing a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-Deep Belief Network (DBN)-based surrogate model is developed for robust aerodynamic design optimization in this study. In order to reduce the number of design variables for aerodynamic optimizations, the PCA technique is implemented to the geometric parameters obtained by parameterization method. For the purpose of predicting aerodynamic parameters, the DBN model is established with the reduced design variables as input and the aerodynamic parameters as output, and it is trained using the k-step contrastive divergence algorithm. The established PCA-DBN-based surrogate model is validated through predicting lift-to-drag ratios of a set of airfoils, and the results indicate that the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model is reliable and obtains more accurate predictions than three other surrogate models. Then the efficient optimization method is established by embedding the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model into an improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) framework, and applied to the robust aerodynamic design optimizations of Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) airfoil and transonic wing. The optimization results indicate that the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model works very well as a prediction model in the robust optimization processes of both NLF airfoil and transonic wing. By employing the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model, the developed efficient method improves the optimization efficiency obviously.     

基于重叠网格的唇口移动变几何进气道数值模拟研究

吸气式冲压发动机的进气道需要在比较宽广的马赫数范围内工作,而变几何进气道具有良好的气动性能,成为了最佳选择。重叠网格技术是解决存在复杂运动边界流动模拟问题的有效策略,在应用于变几何进气道非定常流动模拟时需要进一步完善。采用发展的重叠网格技术,对变几何平动方式的进气道开展了数值模拟研究。针对存在物面接触重叠网格的挖洞操作在执行时无法取得合理的插值模板问题,引入了虚拟单元赋值方法和“Collar”网格方法,实现了多体相交时重叠网格的计算。为了引入“Collar”型重叠网格,对其算法作了适当修改以适应本论文所建立的洞面优化方法。对平移过程中内收缩变化所造成的对启动过程的影响进行了研究。通过迎着来流方向平移唇口,增大了进气道的内收缩比,导致内压缩段出现边界层分离,分离泡随着唇口的前移而增大,当其移出内压缩段时,原本启动的进气道进入不启动状态,而后移唇口减小了内收缩比,使分离泡减小并向下游移动,辅以边界层排移,可以改善进气道的启动性能。此外,平移速度和振荡频率对启动过程的影响也进行了研究,进气道迟滞效应随平移速度和振荡频率增大而增大。     

S弯收扩喷管流动特性数值研究

为了研究S弯收扩喷管的流动机理,数值模拟了不同喷管落压比（NPR）和S形收敛管道出口面积比（A₇₂/A₈）对S弯收扩喷管内流动的影响。结果表明：当S弯收扩喷管处于高度过膨胀状态时,随着NPR升高,非对称分离逐渐转变为对称分离,λ型激波转变为马赫盘结构,气动性能下降,推力矢量角减小;随着NPR继续上升,激波从喷管内移动到喷管出口边缘,并逐渐转变为膨胀波,气动性能上升,推力矢量角减小至0°后保持不变。在完全遮挡高温部件的低可探测准则的约束下,出口面积比A₇₂/A₈的变化主要对S弯收扩喷管收敛段的流动特性产生显著影响,体现在S弯收扩喷管内的局部加速及二次流分布。S弯收扩喷管的气动性能随着A₇₂/A₈增大而提高,但当A₇₂/A₈增大至1.8时,第一弯管道出口上壁面发生流动分离,气动性能显著下降。     

转子叶片加工误差对1.5级跨声速压气机气动性能的影响

压气机叶片加工误差不可避免,将在一定程度上影响压气机的气动性能。为研究叶片加工误差对跨声速压气机气动性能的影响,以燃气轮机进口1.5级跨声速压气机为对象,通过三坐标测量跨声速转子叶片叶型数据,获得了加工误差分布特征;针对实测转子叶片,采用三维CFD数值模拟方法,研究了轮廓度、位置度和扭转角综合误差对压气机转子和级特性线和流场参数的影响;针对转子叶型以轮廓度超差为主的特点,采用S2流面通流计算方法,在设计流量点研究了由轮廓度误差引起的转子叶型最大厚度变化对压气机转子和级性能的影响。结果表明,转子叶片加工误差对压气机堵塞流量、全流量范围内转子和级的压比和效率均有影响,同时改变转静子叶片排出口气流参数的径向分布规律,主要原因为激波位置和强度的变化;在设计流量点,转子和级的压比和效率的变化与最大厚度变化呈负相关趋势,厚度偏差越大性能变化幅度越大;对转子叶片,来流相对马赫数随叶片高度增加而增大,性能对叶型几何误差的敏感性增强,综合压比和效率的变化,中上部叶高范围的轮廓度公差要求应更严格。