Comparison of observed ionospheric vertical TEC over the sea in Indian region with IRI-2016 model

The vertical ionospheric TEC values obtained from GAGAN grid based ionospheric delay correction values over the sea in the Indian equatorial region have been compared with the corresponding values derived from the International Reference Ionosphere model, IRI-2016. The objective of this work is to study the deviation of the vertical TEC derived from the IRI model from ground truths over the sea for different conditions. This will serve the basic intention of assessing the candidature of the IRI model as an alternative ionospheric correction model in navigation receivers in terms of accuracy. We have chosen different solar activity periods, seasons, geomagnetic conditions, locations etc. for our comparison and analysis. The TEC values by the IRI-2016 were compared with the actual measured values for the given conditions and errors were obtained. The measured vertical TEC values at the ionospheric grid points were derived from the GAGAN broadcast ionospheric delay data and used as reference. The IRI model with standard internal functions was used in estimating the TEC at the same ionospheric grid points. The errors in the model derived values are statistically analysed. Broadly, the results show that, for the Indian sector over the sea, the IRI model performs better on quiet days in off equatorial regions, particularly in the northern region. The overall performance degrades for other conditions with the model generally underestimating the true TEC values and most severely in the equatorial region. The performance is worst in this region for the disturbed days of the equinoctial period. The comparison study is also done with the TEC data measured directly by dual frequency GPS receivers. The results were found to be in general agreement with those obtained by comparing the model with GAGAN broadcast data as reference. This study will be useful in considering the IRI-2016 model for real time estimates of TEC as an alternative to the current parametric model in a satellite navigation receiver in absence of other options.     

火星轨道交会自主导航与制导方法

对火星采样返回任务中的火星轨道交会自主导航和制导技术进行了研究。采用光学自主导航敏感器测量的火星中心方向和视半径，相对敏感器测量的相对位置等观测量，设计了导航滤波器同时估计轨返组合体和上升器的轨道。在导航滤波器设计中，针对光学自主导航敏感器更新频率远低于滤波解算频率的问题，设计了一种连续观测量构造算法，确保每个滤波周期均可进行测量更新，以提高导航精度。基于导航滤波器估计结果，采用T-H制导设计了4脉冲共椭圆交会策略实施轨道控制，从而构成近程交会自主导航和制导方案用于完成火星轨道交会任务。通过数学仿真校验了所提出方法的有效性。     

Establishment of atmospheric weighted mean temperature model in the polar regions

Due to the special geographical location and extreme climate environment, the polar regions (Antarctic and Arctic) have an important impact on global climate change. Atmospheric weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a crucial parameter in the retrieval of precipitable water vapor (PWV) from the zenith wet delay (ZWD) of ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal propagation. In this paper, the correlation between weighted mean temperature and surface temperature (Ts) is studied firstly. It is shown that the correlation coefficients between Tm and Ts are 0.93 in the Antarctic and 0.94 in the Arctic. The linear regression Tm model and quadratic function Tm model of the Antarctic and the Arctic are established respectively using the radiosonde profiles of 12 stations in the Antarctic and 58 stations in the Arctic from 2008 to 2015. The accuracies of the linear regression Tm model, the quadratic function Tm model and GPT2w Tm model which is a state-of-the-art global Tm model are verified using the radiosonde profiles from 2016 to 2018 in the Antarctic and Arctic. Root Mean Square (RMS) errors of the linear regression Tm model, the quadratic function Tm model and GPT2w Tm model in the Antarctic are 3.07 K, 2.87 K and 4.32 K respectively, and those in the Arctic are 3.53 K, 3.38 K and 4.82 K, which indicates that the quadratic function Tm model has a higher accuracy compared to linear regression Tm model, and the accuracies of the two regional Tm models are better than that of GPT2w Tm model in the polar regions. In order to better evaluate the accuracy of Tm in the PWV retrieval, the PWV values of radiosondes are used for comparisons as the reference value. The RMS errors of PWV derived from the two Tm models are similar for 1.28 mm in the Antarctic and 1 mm in the Arctic respectively. In addition, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of Tm are analyzed in the polar regions by spectral analysis of Tm data using fast Fourier transform. The results show that the Tm has obvious seasonality and annual periodicity in the polar regions, and the maximum difference between warm season and cold season is about 63 K. After comparing and analyzing the influences of latitude, longitude and elevation on the Tm in the polar regions, it is found that latitude and elevation have a greater influence on the Tm than the longitude. As the latitude and elevation increase, the Tm decreases, and vice versa in the polar regions.     

合理运用SI技术快速收敛高速数字电路设计

随着数字电路集成度和工作频率的不断提高,信号完整性(Signal Integrity, SI)问题在产品研制过程中越来越突出。以惯导系统中的某导航计算机为例,针对故障信号回路,使用仿真软件对其SDRAM时钟信号进行信号完整性仿真,并进行优化设计。通过对比优化前和优化后的仿真与测量结果,验证了由于端接参数不匹配造成SDRAM时钟信号的非单调性畸变问题。仿真与测量结果表明,在产品研制流程中加入信号完整性仿真环节有利于设计快速收敛,提前规避风险,缩短研发周期,降低设计成本,提高电路产品的可靠性和电磁兼容性。     

基于磁力计、IMU和单目视觉的自主定位方法

基于单目视觉与惯性测量单元(IMU)融合的SLAM(simultaneous localization and mapping)技术,具有硬件成本低、体积小和消耗计算资源少等优点,在移动机器人导航系统中得到了广泛的应用。单目视觉SLAM系统主要通过求解对极几何来解算位姿,但当平移为零时(仅存在姿态旋转运动),存在解算漂移的问题。通过将磁力计的数据融合到单目视觉SLAM算法中,不但可以解决纯旋转情况下姿态解算漂移问题,还可以提高解算精度。物理仿真实验的结果表明,与传统的SLAM算法相比,本文提出的基于磁力计、IMU和单目视觉融合的算法具有精度高、鲁棒性好的优点。     

Factor graph based navigation and positioning for control system design: A review

Navigation and positioning is an important and challenging problem in many control engineering applications. It provides feedback information to design controllers for systems. In this paper, a bibliographical review on factor graph based navigation and positioning is presented. More specifically, the sensor modeling, the factor graph optimization methods, and the topology factor based cooperative localization are reviewed. The navigation and positioning methods via factor graph are considered a...     

采用GPS或INS／运动方程确定气动力变轨段导航信息

基于航天器气动力辅助变轨的基准飞行轨道,提出采用ＧＰＳ（或ＩＮＳ）／运动方程来确定航天器的六自由度导航信息。采用航天器高超音速空气动力的近似计算公式,导出了ＧＰＳ（或ＩＮＳ）／运动方程导航方案的滤波方程、观测方程等。数字仿真表明,ＧＰＳ（或ＩＮＳ）／运动方程导航方案的精度高于ＧＰＳ或ＩＮＳ,而且较单纯的ＧＰＳ或ＩＮＳ增加了导航信息冗余度。     

基于可观测度分析和增量因子图的多源融合导航方法

复杂动态场景下高精度导航定位是自主无人系统决策规划与控制执行的基础。在城市峡谷、隧道、地下或室内停车场等场景下，卫星信号弱甚至丢失，严重影响了惯性/卫星/视觉等多源融合导航的精度和可靠性。为主动适应动态场景变化，迫切需要设计一种适用于跨场景的多源融合导航系统。基于动态时变系统的可观测度分析，在线度量惯性/卫星、惯性/视觉等组合导航因子的可信程度，进而采用因子图融合导航框架，根据各组合导航因子的可信程度，主动优化因子构建和增量平滑过程，以实现多传感器自适应融合导航与可靠定位。实验仿真表明：基于可观测度分析方法，能够在线优化因子图计算过程，提升了多源融合导航系统的环境适应性和跨场景能力，保证了复杂动态场景下自主无人系统跨场景导航模式切换和连续可靠的导航定位。     

北斗三号系统卫星自主完好性监测技术

完好性对于全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)来说至关重要,关乎到其能否被放心应用。卫星自主完好性监测(SAIM)技术,是完好性监测技术发展的前沿趋势,国内外卫星导航系统均竞相发展。介绍了北斗三号系统SAIM技术设计与实现的重要意义,从功能设计和实现原理两个方面,阐述了北斗三号SAIM技术体制。针对SAIM实际在轨监测数据的正态分布特性服从程度和长期稳定性等问题,随机选取某一颗中圆轨道(MEO)卫星自2020年7月31日北斗三号系统正式开通服务以来至2021年7月31日连续1年期间的监测数据,得到真实在轨监测数据的分布特性。最后,提出了告警门限优化、分级告警策略设计、星历完好性自主监测等方面的后续发展必要性建议,旨在为北斗系统更好地为全球用户提供更优质的完好性服务提供参考。     

基于低频磁信标的全天时自主定位方法

由于以GPS、北斗为代表的GNSS信号容易受到天气和位置的影响,单纯使用GNSS在某些条件下会有较大的定位误差,甚至无法提供定位服务。针对这种情况研究了基于低频磁信标的自主定位方法,分析了电磁学中的毕奥-萨伐尔定律等原理,建立了基于低频磁信标定位的系统模型,给出了分离式双信标定位方法。通过实验分析了信标安装的误差特性,最后通过仿真和实际实验验证了该定位方法的有效性,对于室内机器人导航、地下生物探索、水下跟踪定位等单独采用GNSS定位影响较大的场景下的自主定位与导航具有重要的工程应用价值。