开式转子发动机研究进展

开式转子发动机以高推进效率、低燃油消耗率和低污染物排放的"一高两低"优势,成为经济友好型航空发动机的典型代表,是下一代民用飞机潜在的动力备选方案之一。本文主要从开式转子发动机总体性能仿真技术、对转桨扇设计技术、传动附件设计技术、部件及整机试验技术等四个方面,分析开式转子发动机研发历史及相关技术研究进展。结合国内开式转子发动机研究现状,梳理出开式转子发动机的发展脉络,归纳出开展开式转子发动机研究所涉及的关键技术,并对未来的研究重点和发展路线进行展望,以期为开式转子发动机相关技术的后续研究提供技术支持。     

Reliable flight performance assessment of multirotor based on interacting multiple model particle filter and health degree

Multirotor has been applied to many military and civilian mission scenarios. From the perspective of reliability, it is difficult to ensure that multirotors do not generate hardware and software failures or performance anomalies during the flight process. These failures and anomalies may result in mission interruptions, crashes, and even threats to the lives and property of human beings. Thus, the study of flight reliability problems of multirotors is conductive to the development of the drone industry and has theoretical significance and engineering value. This paper proposes a reliable flight performance assessment method of multirotors based on an Interacting Multiple Model Particle Filter (IMMPF) algorithm and health degree as the performance indicator. First, the multirotor is modeled by the Stochastic Hybrid System (SHS) model, and the problem of reliable flight performance assessment is formulated. In order to solve the problem, the IMMPF algorithm is presented to estimate the real-time probability distribution of hybrid state of the established SHS-based multirotor model, since it can decrease estimation errors compared with the standard interacting multiple model algorithm based on extended Kalman filter. Then, the reliable flight performance is assessed with health degree based on the estimation result. Finally, a case study of a multirotor suffering from sensor anomalies is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

使用“均衡记分卡”改善服务质量(英文)

基于“量度什么，便得到什么”的原则而发展起来的“均衡记分卡”可将公司策略清晰地演绎，为每一雇员工作表现指引。除了沿用一般传统财政目标外，“均衡记分卡”提供了一个全面、灵活、有效及均衡的企业表现量度／管理方法。从“顾客角度”、“程序角度”以及“学习角度”所作的度量可能激励企业的财政工作。制定“均衡记分卡”过程可阐明并传递公司的策略于每一雇员。个别工作单位目标及雇员目标亦可结合在一起以改善整体服务质量。     

New design simulation for a high-altitude dual-balloon system to extend lifetime and improve floating performance

This paper presents a comprehensive simulation for a high-altitude dual-balloon system which consists of zero- and super-pressure balloons. Preliminary calculations were established to describe the basic concept of the new integrated system. A mathematical model was investigated to simulate the ascending and floating processes which considered the atmospheric conditions and thermodynamic variations. Based on the simulation, results showed that the floating altitude stability between daytime and nighttime was improved. This integrated system supports higher floating altitude levels than those of ordinary balloons and extends the lifetime of floating balloon systems. Moreover, results demonstrated that the integrated system was lighter than ordinary balloons, saving useful weight for effective payload. Furthermore, exploiting the advantages of both kinds of balloons while avoiding the difficulties was a significant goal in the current design to promote the floating performance of high-altitude balloons technology.     

Particle Acceleration Mechanisms

In this paper we review the possible mechanisms for production of non-thermal electrons which are responsible for the observed non-thermal radiation in clusters of galaxies. Our primary focus is on non-thermal Bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering, that produce hard X-ray emission. We first give a brief review of acceleration mechanisms and point out that in most astrophysical situations, and in particular for the intracluster medium, shocks, turbulence and plasma waves play a crucial role. We also outline how the effects of the turbulence can be accounted for. Using a generic model for turbulence and acceleration, we then consider two scenarios for production of non-thermal radiation. The first is motivated by the possibility that hard X-ray emission is due to non-thermal Bremsstrahlung by nonrelativistic particles and attempts to produce non-thermal tails by accelerating the electrons from the background plasma with an initial Maxwellian distribution. For acceleration rates smaller than the Coulomb energy loss rate, the effect of energising the plasma is to primarily heat the plasma with little sign of a distinct non-thermal tail. Such tails are discernible only for acceleration rates comparable or larger than the Coulomb loss rate. However, these tails are accompanied by significant heating and they are present for a short time of <10⁶ years, which is also the time that the tail will be thermalised. A longer period of acceleration at such rates will result in a runaway situation with most particles being accelerated to very high energies. These more exact treatments confirm the difficulty with this model, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557:560, 2001). Such non-thermal tails, even if possible, can only explain the hard X-ray but not the radio emission which needs GeV or higher energy electrons. For these and for production of hard X-rays by the inverse Compton model, we need the second scenario where there is injection and subsequent acceleration of relativistic electrons. It is shown that a steady state situation, for example arising from secondary electrons produced from cosmic ray proton scattering by background protons, will most likely lead to flatter than required electron spectra or it requires a short escape time of the electrons from the cluster. An episodic injection of relativistic electrons, presumably from galaxies or AGN, and/or episodic generation of turbulence and shocks by mergers can result in an electron spectrum consistent with observations but for only a short period of less than one billion years.     

太阳能热推进系统效率分析

太阳能热推进采用小分子量气体作为推进剂可以获取800～900 s高比冲,但提高推进系统的换热效率是目前亟待解决的问题.本研究建立了太阳能热推进系统主要部件的基本分析模型,在利用有限单元法进行热分析的基础上,对系统在多种工况下的相关参数进行了计算,分析了各部件主要参数对提高太阳能热推进系统热效率和推进效率的影响,得出了系统效率在不同工作状态下的变化规律,并提出了提高系统效率的措施.     

温度对油—气式起落架缓冲性能的影响研究

油—气式缓冲器内部的油液特性及充气压力会随环境温度而变化,进而影响起落架的缓冲性能。为了探究温度对油—气式起落架缓冲性能的影响,在起落架落震试验的基础上,提出一种缓冲器环境温度模拟方法,并分析油—气式起落架缓冲器在20~80℃环境温度下的缓冲性能。结果表明：在所研究的温度范围内,缓冲器初始充气压力对温度变化敏感,随着温...     

多尾鳍仿生航行器推进性能的三维数值研究

采用格子波尔兹曼方法及浸没边界法,发展了一套适用于自由游动的三维数值研究程序。进而以多尾鳍推进仿生航行器为原型,讨论了尾鳍数目、形状、材料刚度等构型参数及振幅、频率等尾鳍摆动参数对推进性能的影响。结果表明对称布置、反对称摆动的双尾鳍能够明显消除侧向力而避免航行器主体的横向晃动,且推力大于两个单独尾鳍的简单加和;在中等Reynolds数下,具有波动性质的柔性尾鳍不论是推进速度还是推进效率均优于刚性尾鳍;当尾鳍单纯摆动推进时,具有完整鳍面的半椭圆形尾鳍的推进性能优于后部有缺口的深叉形尾鳍。     

周向平均方法在某风扇/增压级分析中的应用简

 通过对三维（3D）Navier-Stokes方程进行周向平均,得到了通流模型的控制方程,对其采用时间推进有限体积方法进行数值求解。为实现风扇/增压级在设计初期的快速性能评估,考察了周向平均方法在风扇/增压级分析中的准确性。分别利用NUMECA三维数值模拟软件和周向平均通流模型（CAM）对某高通流风扇/增压级进行了性能分析,从对比结果来看,周向平均通流模型在近设计点给出了与三维数值模拟十分接近的特性参数,最大误差不超过2.0%。在风扇转子中,由于周向平均通流模型能捕获通道激波,其物理本质与三维平均结果有所区别,因此径向参数分布与三维有所差异。而在亚声速流动下的增压级及外涵道各叶片排出口参数的径向分布与三维数值模拟结果都能很好地吻合。     

Attitude control system design and on-orbit performance analysis of nano-satellite––‘‘Tian Tuo 1’’

‘‘Tian Tuo 1'(TT-1) nano-satellite is the first single-board nano-satellite that was successfully launched in China. The main objective of TT-1 is technology demonstration and scientific measurements. The satellite carries out the significant exploration of single-board architecture feasibility validation, and it is tailored to the low-cost philosophy by adopting numerous commercialoff-the-shelf(COTS) components. The satellite is featured with three-axis stabilization control capability. A pitch bias momentum wheel and three magnetic coils are adopted as control actuators.The sun sensors, magnetometers and a three-axis gyro are employed as the measurement sensors.The quaternion estimator(QUEST) and unscented Kalman filter(UKF) method are adopted for the nano-satellite attitude determination. On-orbit data received by ground station is conducted to analysis the performance of attitude determination and control system(ADCS). The results show that the design of ADCS for TT-1 is suitable, robust and feasible.