直升机安全性分析与设计

本文在研究直升机安全性问题的基础上,较为系统地提出了直升机安全性要求,安全性分析方法和技术,并以实例予以说明。     

直升机飞行动力学数学模型研究特点分析

根据国内外直长机数学模型研究情况,从飞行动力学角分析直升机数学模型的特点。重点讨论了不同研究目的直或机飞行动力学模型的区别,即分别对以非实时数值仿真,实时数值仿真和控制律设计为目的的直升机模型进行分析,阐述其在模型的运动方程数学形式,子模型的复杂性和选取,模型精度以及模型的应用范围等方面的特点,并简要介绍了目前用于直升机飞行动力学特性研究的综合分析软件系统和试验相关性研究。     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

Optimum blade loading for a powered rotor in descent

The optimum loading for rotors has previously been found for hover, climb and wind turbine conditions;but, up to now, no one has determined the optimum rotor loading in descent. This could be an important design consideration for rotary-wing parachutes and low-speed des-cents. In this paper, the optimal loading for a powered rotor in descent is found from momentum theory based on a variational principle. This loading is compared with the optimal loading for a rotor in hover or climb and with the Betz rotor loading (which is optimum for a lightly-loaded rotor). Wake contraction for each of the various loadings is also presented.     

Investigation of rotor control system loads

This paper concentrates on the aeroelasticity analysis of rotor blade and rotor control systems. A new multi-body dynamics model is established to predict both rotor pitch link loads and swashplate servo loads. Two helicopter rotors of UH-60A and SA349/2, both operating in two critical flight conditions, high-speed flight and high-thrust flight, are studied. The analysis shows good agreements with the flight test data and the calculation results using CAMRAD II. The mechanisms of rotor control loads are then analyzed in details based on the present predictions and the flight test data. In high-speed conditions, the pitch link loads are dominated by the integral of blade pitching moments, which are generated by cyclic pitch control. In high-thrust conditions, the positive pitching loads in the advancing side are caused by high collective pitch angle, and dynamic stall in the retreating side excites high-frequency responses. The swashplate servo loads are predominated by the rotor pitch link loads, and the inertia of the swashplate has significant effects on high-frequency harmonics of the servo loads.     

下一代直升机技术发展方向研究

技术的发展以需求为牵引和导向,本文从直升机划代出发,概括得出下一代直升机的典型特征、能力需求及其技术发展的3大方向,即高速、绿色和智能化.     

基于直升机飞行性能需求的涡轴发动机设计参数选取方法研究

以直升机性能计算方法为基础,辅以考虑尺寸效应及设计能力的涡轴发动机设计方法,建立了以直升机旋翼桨盘载荷及最大起飞功重比为特征参数的直升机/涡轴发动机性能约束分析模型、任务分析模型及基于直升机飞行性能需求的涡轴发动机设计参数选取模型。针对涡轴发动机部件/系统设计能力及直升机飞行性能需求,首先开展了给定涡轴发动机循环参数下的流量匹配计算,然后开展了涡轴发动机循环参数选取研究。研究表明,所建立的直升机/涡轴发动机性能约束分析模型、任务分析模型可实现给定飞行任务的直升机/涡轴发动机性能耦合设计;在给定涡轴发动机循环参数条件,由于尺寸效应,涡轴发动机部件效率受进口流量的影响,其设计点功率并不随流量等比例变化,从而使得直升机起飞总重呈现非等比例变化;在涡轴发动机循环参数选择时,在满足直升机飞行性能需求下,存在涡轴发动机耗油率与单位功率之间权衡下的循环参数选取,使得直升机起飞总重最小。     

直8机旋翼大梁疲劳试验方法研究以及与进口大梁对比试验分析

由我国自行设计、制造的直8桨叶部件经过几年不懈努力,已研制生产成功。它采用LD2高强度铝合金材料挤压成型,为空心薄壁管梁结构。为确定国产桨叶性能和疲劳特性,为国产桨叶疲劳寿命提供依据,保障部队正常使用,我们在相同条件下进行了进口大梁与国产大梁样件的疲劳对比试验,最后与法国宇航提供的原准机数据进行对比分析。本文着重阐述了其疲劳试验方法的研究。该试验采用了共振复合加载技术,采用了调频调幅技术,采用了计算机跟踪采集和数据分析软件技术,取得了较好效果。     

直升机变转速传动技术的发展需求和现状

简要分析了直升机的发展,特别是高速旋翼机对于变转速传动系统技术的需求,介绍了技术发展历程及在型号上应用的情况;阐述了当前研究的几种变转速传动系统技术方案的构型和原理,包括NASA的LCTR2传动系统方案,以及西科斯基公司和贝尔公司的几个方案;最后,文章对变转速传动系统技术的发展前景做出了展望.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.