载人航天器的再入制导控制与仿真计算

研究了弹道一升力式载人航天器的再入制导规律和各种再入误差源对其落点的影响。主要包括以下内容：再入纵向制导和侧向制导规律的确定;分析各种单项误差对落点的影响;用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟各种再入误差源及其对落点偏差的综合影响。通过大量的模拟计算,掌据各种再入误差对落点偏差的影响,提出再入误差应具有的指标要求,并得到一些有益的结论。计算结果表明,确定的制导规律可以达到满意的落点控制效果。     

基于遗传算法的航天器再入动态终迹圈研究

为实现航天器安全准确地沿最优飞行轨迹再入,对航天器再入飞行过程中任意时刻飞行状态,在满足所有约束条件下,计算航天器所能达到的地面最大着陆区域,以判断该时刻飞行器能否到达预定着陆点。文章采用改进的遗传算法对航天器再入飞行轨迹进行优化,结合再入动态终迹圈计算方法,实现再入动态终迹圈的仿真计算。通过对仿真结果的对比分析,得到再入动态终迹圈及相应再入飞行轨迹的特性,对航天器再入飞行制导及航迹规划具有一定的借鉴意义。     

过载约束下的探月飞船再入轨迹的在线设计

研究了以第二宇宙速度返回地球的载人探月飞船的再入制导律设计问题.针对基于落点分析的数值预测-校正算法不能有效满足再入过程的气动过载约束条件的问题,提出一种基于解析计算的常值气动过载算法与基于数值积分的预测-校正技术相结合的融合再入制导方案,在线生成了同时满足过载约束和落点精度要求的再入轨迹.数值仿真表明提出的制导算法不仅能满足达到高精度着陆的要求,还能满足气动过载约束要求.在一定的再入初始条件下,探月返回飞船可以不必采用逻辑复杂的阿波罗式跳跃再入方案.这一方案可为即将展开的载人探月活动制定月-地返回轨道和再入策略提供参考.     

Epochwise prediction of GPS single differenced ionospheric delays of formation flying spacecraft

Both single and dual frequency GPS relative navigation filters may benefit from proper predictions of single differenced ionospheric delays. In this article, the single differenced ionospheric delays of GPS observations are predicted for the GRACE formation during the switch manoeuvre.Two prediction methods are considered. The first is based on a Taylor expansion to first order of a mapping function that maps slant total electron content measurements to vertical total electron content estimates. The second method fits a shape profile through undifferenced ionospheric data available. It then raytraces through this profile to estimate the difference in total electron content along the path of the GPS signals.Continuously changing ionospheric conditions hamper the assessment of the quality of the predictions. Comparison of both methods shows that the raytracing method performs better. The difference of predictions and measurements generally shows a smaller RMS than the measurements alone. However, both methods suffer from a number of systematically unpredicted observations, which arise from small unaccounted differential variations in electron densities along the path of the GPS signals. These prediction methods perform better when spacecraft separation is small. Baselines considered here range from tens of kilometres down to several hundred metres. When smallest spacecraft separation occurs (0.4 km), the single differenced ionospheric delays exhibit RMS values of 0.0089 m. The first method shows a difference between measurements and predictions with an RMS of 0.0081 m. For the second method the difference RMS is found to be 0.0067 m.     

可重复使用运载器再入数学建模

针对可重复使用运载器(RLV)方案论证和初步设计阶段对模型的需求,提出了一种RLV再入概念设计,进行了数学建模研究。RLV采用翼身组合体的气动布局,包括左右升降副翼、方向舵和机体襟翼。对其无动力再入返回姿态控制,建立了反作用控制系统/气动舵复合控制数学模型。再入过程要经历自由分子流区、稀薄大气过渡流区和连续流区,基于气动力的工程计算方法建立了这三个流区的RLV气动模型。控制特性分析与六自由度再入仿真表明,所设计的RLV控制模型具有与航天飞机轨道器一致的再入飞行特性,证明了数学建模的有效性,能够进一步用于RLV姿态控制的研究。     

Computational methods for reentry trajectories and risk assessment

The trajectory modeling of uncontrolled satellites close to reentry in the atmosphere is still a challenging activity. Tracking data may be sparse and not particularly accurate, the objects’ complicate shape and unknown attitude evolution may render difficult the aerodynamic computations and, last but not the least, the models used to predict the air density at the altitudes of interest, as a function of solar and geomagnetic activity, are affected by significant uncertainties.After a brief overview of the relevance of the risk related to satellite reentries and debris survival down to the ground, the paper describes some of the methods and techniques developed in support of the reentry predictions carried out for civil protection purposes. An appropriate management of the intrinsic uncertainties of the problem is in fact critical for the dissemination of the information, avoiding, as much as possible, misunderstandings and unjustified alarm.Special attention is paid to the evaluation of the risk, the availability of orbit determinations, the uncertainties of the residual lifetime estimation, and the definition of reentry and risk windows. When possible, the discussion is supported by real data, results and examples, often based on the authors’ direct experience and researches.     

一种短航程再入解析预测校正制导方法

针对载人探月飞船高速再入返回问题，提出了一种短航程低过载的再入解析预测校正制导方法。引入大升阻比航天器滑翔式再入的概念，通过设定再入过程中滑翔段轨迹形式，利用轨迹参数描述滑翔段轨迹，推导出预测航程的解析公式。为使终端误差满足要求，通过试位法校正轨迹参数，并换算得到倾侧角制导指令。在偏差条件下进行仿真，实现了飞船2100km任务航程下400~450s内以低于6.5g₀的过载再入，结果表明，所提制导方法具有较高的精度和较强的鲁棒性，为载人探月飞船应急快速返回提供了参考思路。      

基于在线气动参数修正的预测制导方法

针对高超声速滑翔飞行器,提出了一种基于在线气动参数修正的预测制导方法.研究了再入过程中受到的各种飞行约束,给出了多约束下控制量设计的基本方案.分析了传统预测制导法在落点预测过程中存在的气动参数偏差影响,引入综合升力系数与综合阻力系数,并对其进行在线参数估计以及参数修正,以提高制导方法的适应性.基于气动参数修正方法,完成了纵向与横侧向制导律设计.设定较大的轴向力、法向力系数组合偏差对该方法进行了验证,并考虑再入初始条件和再入气动参数的不确定性,进行了蒙特卡洛仿真.结果表明:预测制导法中引入气动参数的在线估计与修正环节,可保证其制导精度,尤其对再入过程的气动扰动具有较强的适应能力.     

一种新的烧蚀热响应算法在质量估算中的应用

针对预测飞行器再入过程中气动热流引发的烧蚀热响应导致热防护罩表层材料质量损耗的问题,研究了热防护罩的几何模型和烧蚀质量估算的方法,通过建立三自由度再入轨迹动力学方程,应用修正的牛顿流体理论计算气动系数,以及Detra-Kemp-Riddell和Tauber-Sutton理论计算驻点热流密度和热辐射,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了碳化材料的烧蚀过程,提出了基于Newton-Raphson和TDMA的烧蚀热响应算法估计飞行器热防护罩质量损耗的方法。通过分析,实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度连续动态变化的预测,能够有效替代热平衡积分法,估算的烧蚀质量为优化热防护罩的几何模型和再入轨迹提供了参考依据。     

载人航天器低空应急救生分离时刻计算

讨论了载人航天器低空应急救生时返回舱与逃逸飞行器分离时刻Ｔａ的计算方法。首先推导了逃逸弹道的近似解;然后提出了基于近似解的返回舱与逃逸飞行器分离时刻Ｔａ的实时确定方法;最后,仿真分析了该方法对提高载人航天器低空逃逸救生概率的作用,证明利用近似解实时求解分离时间Ｔａ是一种简单实用、效果明显的方法。     

火星进入的气动力特性预测模型分析

火星大气环境对飞行器进入带来了新的挑战,气动力预测是首先需要解决的问题.针对火星探测器的高超声速进入问题,利用三维并行程序求解流体力学Navier-Stokes方程,分别考虑真实气体模型和完全气体模型,分析模型及参数对气动力特性预测的影响,旨在得到准确、高效和可靠的火星进入器气动力特性预测模型.采用真实气体模型对海盗号进行了沿飞行轨道的数值模拟,气动力特性预测结果与飞行数据一致,验证了火星大气热化学模型及数值方法.分别采用真实气体模型和完全气体模型对海盗号升力式进入和探路者号零攻角进入进行了气动力特性预测,结果表明采用等效比热比的完全气体模型的预测值非常接近真实气体模型,偏差均在1%左右,配平攻角相差约0.4°,来流比热比模型的气动力特性预测值偏差很大.火星进入器的气动力预测建议采用真实气体模型和等效比热比完全气体模型.      

一种基于星载GPS的月球探测器导航算法

为验证GNSS旁瓣信号对中高轨航天器在轨飞行的导航支持能力,"嫦娥5号"飞行试验器搭载了GPS导航接收机。由于目前使用的星载导航解平稳性不够,为此,根据月球探测器不同飞行段落轨道动力学特性,建立了一种基于星载GPS数据的月球探测器实时导航算法。该算法充分考虑了月球探测器不同段落的动力学特性,基于UKF滤波设计,并引入了自适应策略,以降低滤波参数选取的难度。在分析星载GPS数据特点基础上,月地返回段实测数据的处理结果验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

Analysis on navigation accuracy of high orbit spacecraft based on BDS GEO and IGSO satellites

To make up for the insufficiency of earth-based TT&C systems, the use of GNSS technology for high-orbit spacecraft navigation and orbit determination has become a new technology. It is of great value to applying Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) and Inclined GeoStationary Orbit (IGSO) navigation satellites for supporting the navigation of high-orbit spacecraft since there are three different types of navigation satellites in BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS): Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), GEO and IGSO. This paper conducts simulation experiments based on Two-Line Orbital Element (TLE) data to analyze and demonstrate the role of these satellites in the navigation of high-orbit spacecraft. Firstly, the spacecraft in GEO was used as the target satellite to conduct navigation experiments. Experiments show that for the spacecraft on the GEO orbit, after adding GEO and IGSO respectively on the basis of receiving MEO navigation satellite signals, the accuracies were improved by 7.22 % and 6.06 % respectively. When adding both GEO and IGSO navigation satellites at the same time, the accuracy can reach 16 m. In the second place, navigation and positioning experiments were carried out on three high elliptical orbit (HEO) satellites with different semimajor axis (32037.2 km, 42385.9 km, 67509.6 km). The experiments show that the number of visible satellites has been improved significantly after adding GEO and IGSO navigation satellites at the same time. The visible satellites in these three orbits were improved by 32.84 %, 41.12 % and 37.68 %, respectively compared with only observing MEO satellites.The RMS values of the navigation positioning errors of these three orbits are 25.59 m, 87.58 m and 712.48 m, respectively.     

浅论回收型卫星气动外形设计

本文首先简要介绍回收型卫星重返大气层概貌。从工程设计角度出发论述卫星再入舱气动外形设计依据,评述美、苏两国现有空间再入飞行器外形的特点,然后论述卫星再入舱与导弹再入弹头的主要差别,指出再入舱特有的主要空气动力学问题。最后展望回收型卫星气动外形未来发展趋势,推荐一种有发展前途的新型再入舱气动外形—平头双锥体。     

基于雷诺数的大气阻力模型在飞行器再入预报中的应用

随着对空间技术服务需求的增加和空间碎片主动移除技术的实现,未来空间碎片将以数量多、质量大、难分解等特点频繁再入大气层,给地面人员和财产安全造成更多威胁.因此,亟需对火箭体等大型航天器的大气再入进行预警,然而因缺乏合适的大气阻力系数模型难以实现高精度的大气再入预报.为此,在简化航天器模型的基础上引入基于雷诺数的大气动力模...     

Far-UVC light as a new tool to reduce microbial burden during spacecraft assembly

This work aims to investigate far-UVC light at 222 nm as a new microbial reduction tool for planetary protection purposes which could potentially be integrated into the spacecraft assembly process. The major advantage of far-UVC (222 nm) compared to traditional germicidal UVC (254 nm) is the potential for application throughout the spacecraft assembly process in the presence of humans without adverse health effects due to the limited penetration of far-UVC light into biological materials. Testing the efficacy of 222-nm light at inactivating hardy bacterial cells and spores isolated from spacecraft and associated surfaces is a necessary step to evaluate this technology. We assessed survival of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 and Acinetobacter radioresistens 50v1 exposed to 222-nm light on proxy spacecraft surfaces simulated by drying the bacteria on aluminum coupons. The survival fraction of both bacteria followed a single stage decay function up to 60 mJ/cm², revealing similar susceptibility of both species to 222-nm light, which was independent of the exposure rate. Irradiation with far-UVC light at 222 nm is an effective method to decontaminate the proxy spacecraft materials tested in this study.     

再入航天器滚速变化引起的落点误差分析

用转子动力学理论研究了再入航天器滚速变化引起的落点误差。通过分析一般攻角方程,给出了再入航天器的进动规律和配平攻角,据此,求出了不旋转航天器的落点误差;将轨迹分段后,推出了常值滚转速率航天器的平均落点误差;在滚速过零一周范围内,通过确定过零高度,分析了过零误差机理,并对该误差进行了计算;最后,分析了低空联锁共振现象,给出了发生联锁共振的条件和误差计算公式,并得出了几个重要结论。     

碳纤维增强石英作辐射防热盖板的评估与研究

对纤维增强陶瓷在辐射防热结构中充当外部辐射盖板的特性进行了评估。以返回航天器典型的力学环境和热环境为依据,对碳纤维增强石英进行了试验研究,包括小平板再入热模拟试验、大尺寸热结构件的常温振动、常温冲击、低温振动、低温冲击和再入加热等项目。一系列试验证明,碳纤维增强石英既保留了陶瓷耐高温、隔热好的优点,又克服了陶瓷固有的脆性,因此,在返回舱上作防热材料颇具潜力。     

基于随机森林的航天器电信号多分类识别方法

针对航天器电特性信号数据存在数据量大、特征维数高、计算复杂度大和识别率低等问题,提出基于主成分分析(PCA)的特征提取方法和随机森林(RF)算法,对原始数据进行降维,提高计算效率和识别率,实现对航天器电信号数据的快速、准确识别分类。随机森林算法在处理高维数据上具有优越的性能,但是考虑到时间复杂度问题,利用主成分分析方法对数据进行压缩和降维,在保证准确率的同时提高了计算效率。实验结果表明:与其他算法相比,针对航天器电特性信号数据,本文方法在准确率、计算效率和稳定性等方面均显示出优异的性能。     

Analysis of electromagnetic and electrostatic effects of particle impacts on spacecraft

Particle impacts on spacecraft can cause considerable damage, even leading to complete failure. A theory for the resulting vehicle potential changes and the electromagnetic radiation from impact-induced plasma has been published by Close et al. (2010). Here we compare this theory to impacts registered by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrumentation on the Cassini spacecraft. We study both low-velocity (16 km/s) large particles (2.6 μm radius) detected in Saturn’s rings and high-velocity (450 km/s) small particles (1 nm radius) in the solar wind. The agreement with the theory is quite good. We also apply these results to earth orbit and conclude that both Electrostatic Discharge and Electromagnetic Pulse radiation are likely and could lead to spacecraft failure.