Backstepping sliding-mode control of stratospheric airships using disturbance-observer

In the presence of unknown disturbances and model parameter uncertainties, this paper develop a nonlinear backstepping sliding-mode controller (BSMC) for trajectory tracking control of a stratospheric airship using a disturbance-observer (DO). Compared with the conventional sliding mode surface (SMS) constructed by a linear combination of the errors, the new SMS manifold is selected as the last back-step error to improve independence of the adjustment of the controller gains. Furthermore, a nonlinear disturbance-observer is designed to process unknown disturbance inputs and improve the BSMC performances. The closed-loop system of trajectory tracking control plant is proved to be globally asymptotically stable by using Lyapunov theory. By comparing with traditional backstepping control and SMC design, the results obtained demonstrate the capacity of the airship to execute a realistic trajectory tracking mission, even in the presence of unknown disturbances, and aerodynamic coefficient uncertainties.     

多体卫星高稳定度智能控制方案研究

卫星上大型挠性天线的加减速运动会对星体产生较大的扰动,影响了星体姿态的指向精度和稳定度.运用Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了变结构和神经网络控制器,并在星体前馈中引入扰动补偿力矩,从而保证星体姿态角速度在不确定性干扰下能以指数形式收敛到某一给定的有界范围内,仿真证明了姿态的稳定度满足给定的指标要求.      

Adaptive double-saturated control for hovering over an asteroid

Hovering over an irregular-shaped asteroid is particularly challenging due to the large gravitational uncertainties and various external disturbances. An adaptive control scheme considering commanded acceleration and its change-rate saturation for hovering is developed in this paper. Taking full advantage of terminal sliding-mode control theory, first, we convert the double-saturated control problem to a new equivalent system by introducing a special bounded function, in which just control input saturation needs to be considered. Then, a continuous finite-time saturated controller is designed for the new system with the assistance of an constructed auxiliary subsystem. Additionally, an adaptive law is devised for the controller to avoid the requirement of the unknown upper bounds of the disturbances, rendering the control scheme especially suitable to asteroid hovering missions. The finite-time stability of the whole closed-loop system is proved via Lyapunov analysis. Numerical simulation studies are carried out, and the results demonstrate the design features and the desired performance.     

Optimal H∞ robust output feedback control for satellite formation in arbitrary elliptical reference orbits

A two degree-of-freedom signal-based optimal H_∞ robust output feedback controller is designed for satellite formation in an arbitrary elliptical reference orbit. Based on high-fidelity linearized dynamics of relative motion, uncertainties introduced by non-zero eccentricity and gravitational J2 perturbation are separated to construct a robust control model. Furthermore, a distributed robust control model is derived by modifying the perturbed robust control model of each satellite with the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of the communication graph, which represent uncertainty in the communication topology. A signal-based optimal H_∞ robust controller is then designed primarily. Considering that the uncertainties involved in the distributed robust control model have a completely diagonal structure, the corresponding analyses are made through structured singular value theory to reduce the conservativeness. Based on simulation results, further designs including increasing the degrees of freedom of the controller, modifying the performance and control weighted functions, adding a post high-pass filter according to the dynamic characteristics, and reducing the control model are made to improve the control performance. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate that the resultant optimal H_∞ robust output feedback controller satisfies the robust performance requirements under uncertainties caused by non-zero eccentricity, J2 perturbation, and varying communication topology, and that 5 m accuracy in terms of stable desired formation configuration can be achieved by the presented optimal H_∞ robust controller. In addition to considering the widely discussed uncertainties caused by the orbit of each satellite in a formation, the optimal H_∞ robust output feedback control model presented in the current work considers the uncertainties caused by varying communication topology in the satellite formation that works in a cooperative way. Other new improvements include adopting a new method to more accurately describe and analyze the effects of the higher-order J2 perturbation, combining all the uncertainties into a diagonal structure, and utilizing a structured singular value to synthesize and analyze the controller.     

Space-based line-of-sight tracking control of GEO target using nonsingular terminal sliding mode

This paper addresses the issue of high-precision line-of-sight (LOS) tracking of geosynchronous earth orbit target in highly dynamic conditions via spacecraft attitude maneuver. First, characteristics of the LOS motion are analyzed by a simplified linear relative motion model. Second, after transforming the quaternion-based attitude model into a double integrator system, a new nonsingular terminal sliding mode controller is proposed for spacecraft attitude tracking in a nominal case without parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. Third, an adaptive new nonsingular terminal mode controller is proposed for spacecraft attitude tracking in an uncertain case, which is done via constructing a pair of adaptive laws to estimate the parametric uncertainties and external disturbances online. The robust stability and finite time convergence property of the closed-loop system are demonstrated by Lyapunov theorem. Under control of the proposed controller, zero steady state error tracking of LOS with a smooth transition phase can be achieved in scheduled time, regardless of parametric uncertainties and external disturbances online. Finally, detailed numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed controllers. Contrasting simulation results shows that proposed controllers can track the desired trajectories effectively and have better performance against the controllers based on linear sliding mode and the existing fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode.     

柔性卫星大角度机动的自适应模糊变结构控制

针对柔性卫星大角度机动过程中多种模态的强耦合非线性动力学控制问题,提出了一种自适应模糊变结构姿态控制方法.首先利用拉格朗日方程建立了带柔性附件卫星的动力学模型,然后设计变结构控制器使得系统状态能在有限时间内到达滑模面,并采用自适应模糊系统逼近系统所存在的耦合非线性项.为了削弱变结构控制项所带来的抖动,避免激发柔性附件的高频模态,采用边界层方法来代替开关项,并通过模糊规则表的方法确定边界层的厚度.仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方法既实现了柔性卫星高精度姿态控制,也保证了卫星大角度机动过程中柔性附件弹性模态的有效抑制,系统对各种干扰具有一定的鲁棒性.      

双星跟飞立体成像的构形保持控制

针对强干扰及输出饱和条件下微小双星立体成像的构形保持问题，提出一种基于观测器的抗干扰复合控制策略.根据立体成像双星跟飞运动机理，建立双星相对运动动力学模型；设计了一种自适应干扰观测器，可同时实现系统状态和干扰信息的在线估计，并采用Lyapunov稳定性理论和线性矩阵不等式技术给出观测器存在条件.采用极点配置方法改善观测器系统的动态性能，引入指数衰减因子提高控制器的收敛速度.考虑执行机构的输出饱和特性，提出一种加权PD+LQR反馈与干扰前馈补偿的复合控制策略，能够抑制未知干扰的影响，保证系统的动态和稳态性能，具备双星构形保持控制能力.仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性.      

一类不确定分数阶混沌系统的滑模自适应同步

基于滑模自适应控制理论、Lyapunov稳定性理论和分数阶线性系统稳定性理论,在考虑系统存在模型不确定和外部扰动的情况下,选用一种具有较强鲁棒性的分数阶滑模曲面,设计了合适的自适应滑模控制器。所设计的控制器能够将系统状态控制到滑模面上,实现两个不确定分数阶混沌系统的同步,且不需事先知道不确定项上界。该控制器结构简单,控制代价小,具有较好的通用性,对未知扰动具有较强的鲁棒性。数值仿真验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

基于预设性能控制的超紧密航天器编队防避撞协同控制

研究了考虑具有外界干扰和防避撞约束的近地轨道超紧密航天器构型控制问题,将反步控制技术、预设性能控制相结合,提出了一种基于预设性能鲁棒控制的六自由度编队协同鲁棒控制方法。首先,给出了近地轨道完整的编队航天器相对位置和相对姿态非线性动力学方程,并根据状态约束条件转换了相对位置动力学模型。其次,设计了预设性能函数,通过误差转换,建立系统等效误差模型,基于反步法设计了预设性能鲁棒控制器,进一步应用Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了其闭环系统的一致最终有界性。最后在MATLAB/Simulink平台上进行了仿真验证,结果表明了方法的有效性。     

6-DOF formation keeping control for an invariant three-craft triangular electromagnetic formation

Spacecraft relative motion with inter-craft electromagnetic force has distinct advantages, and its invariant shapes that are convenient for formation keeping ensure some potential significant applications. However, the electromagnetic actuators affect both the relative trajectory and attitude motion, complicating related researches on issues of invariant shape design and formation control. In this paper, the formation keeping problem for an invariant three-craft triangular electromagnetic formation is investigated on the basis of a 6-DOF full nonlinear dynamic model. Moreover, a combined control scheme consisting of feed-forward and feed-back control components is proposed to handle the high nonlinearity, strong coupling, model uncertainties and external disturbances. The feed-forward component is obtained through desired invariant shape design which is complicated by the coupling and superposition effects of any two distinct magnetic dipoles, and the feed-back component is developed with a combination of linear feed-back controller by the LQR method and active disturbance rejection by the extended state observer. Finally, the numerical simulation is presented to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed 6-DOF combined control scheme.     

多星近距离绕飞观测任务姿轨耦合控制研究

针对多星近距离绕飞观测任务,建立了相对姿态轨道动力学模型,分别考虑了在椭圆、空间圆绕飞轨道上观测卫星的两种期望三角形编队构型,以观测卫星视线始终指向目标为期望姿态,采用基于四元数和角速度误差反馈的比例 微分控制律以及一种改进的基于人工势场法的制导方法相结合,对相对姿态及轨道进行控制。仿真结果表明：在控制律的作用下,绕飞过程中各观测卫星均能够有效地跟踪期望相对姿态和期望相对轨道;在空间圆绕飞轨道构型中,各观测卫星从初始同一位置出发后,在任意时刻3颗观测卫星构成的编队构型始终为正三角形,且正三角形的边长从零逐渐增大,最终等于期望正三角形构型的边长。     

基于多模型滚动时域估计的卫星故障诊断

研究了卫星姿态控制系统故障诊断问题, 将滚动时域估计与交互式多模型(IMM)方法相结合, 利用滚动时域估计方法对系统状态进行估计, 系统转换概率也相应地利用了一个时间段的估计误差作为依据, 而不是只考虑一个时刻的估计误差, 因此有效减少了大噪声以及个别错误测量对诊断结果的影响. 最后的仿真结果证明了该算法的有效性.      

月球精确软着陆制导轨迹在轨鲁棒跟踪

为实现在月球表面期望的着陆点进行精确软着陆(PPL),在开环制导规划出的最优标称轨迹基础上,考虑动力下降过程中的干扰和不确定性,对在轨闭环轨迹跟踪制导方法进行研究.针对月球PPL三维球体非线性轨道动力学模型,充分考虑自主制导的鲁棒性、实时性要求,采用动态平面控制技术的思想,解决退步法存在的"计算复杂性膨胀"问题,并证明了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真算例表明,该方法不仅算法简单,过渡过程能够实现快速跟踪,而且能够保证稳态跟踪误差在预先给定的范围之内且可以自由调节.     

火星大气进入滑模自抗扰制导方法

针对火星探测器大气进入制导阶段存在着模型参数误差等不确定性,基于直接反馈线性化理论设计了一种滑模自抗扰进入制导方法。首先利用反馈线性化方法对跟踪系统模型进行线性化处理;在此基础上设计了滑模控制律,并利用线性扩张状态观测器估计系统的未知不确定量,在控制律中进行补偿;此外还给出了大气进入段的横向制导律。仿真结果表明,与反馈线性化方法相比,该方法设计的制导律有效地降低了模型参数误差对制导精度的影响,实现了对参考轨迹的良好跟踪,提高了探测器开伞点的精度。     

基于视线测量的卫星编队机动控制方法

采用视线测量的方法,建立一种编队卫星队形保持与机动的协同控制策略。编队中每一个卫星跟踪自己轨道前方邻近卫星,产生一个视线测量矢量,编队的第一个卫星根据高级控制层指令追踪期望轨道,产生链式编队,将编队卫星之间的视线距离作为反馈控制量来实现队形控制。通过推导J2相对摄动力的表达式,控制模型考虑了模型不确定性和摄动影响,采用滑模控制器,实现了基于视线测量的编队卫星链式跟踪协同控制。仿真算例结果表明,该方法在实现编队卫星队形保持与整体机动控制上具有可行性。     

基于神经网络的电液转台非线性积分滑模控制

针对高精度电液飞行仿真转台具有高度非线性、参数不确定和不确定非线性等特点,提出了一种基于RBF（Radial Basis Function）神经网络的非线性积分滑模鲁棒控制方法.采用自适应RBF神经网络对该系统存在的参数不确定性和不确定非线性进行补偿,从而降低滑模控制器对切换项的增益的需求,进而减小系统抖振幅值.积分滑模面的设计能消除外部干扰对系统带来的稳态误差.根据积分滑模变结构控制器的特点,将控制律分为等效控制律和到达控制律.等效控制律使系统运动于滑模面附近,到达控制律可使处于状态空间内任意初始位置的系统趋近于滑模面,并进一步通过Lyapunov方法证明了系统的渐近稳定性.实验结果表明,所提出的非线性控制器不仅能满足电液转台的高精度跟踪性能的要求,且对参数不确定性和不确定非线性具有一定的鲁棒性.     

Spin deployment of Hub-Spoke tethered satellite formation with sliding mode tether tension control

This work develops a tension control strategy for deploying an underactuated spin-stable tethered satellite formation in the hub-spoke configuration. First, the Lagrange equation is used to model the spin-deployment dynamics of the tethered satellite formation. The central spacecraft is modeled as a rigid body, and the tethered subsatellites are simplified as lumped masses. Second, a pure tension controller has been proposed to suppress the tether libration motion in the deployment without thrusting at the subsatellites. A nonlinear sliding mode control is introduced in the tension controller for the underactuated system to suppress the periodic gravitational perturbations caused by the spinning hub-spoke tethered satellite formation. The unknown upper bounds of the perturbations are estimated by adaptive control law. The bounded stability of the closed-loop tension controller has been proved by the Lyapunov theory. Finally, numerical simulations validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller, i.e., tethers are fully deployed stably to the desired hub-spoke configuration.     

基于解耦双通道线性自抗扰控制的连续型机械臂轨迹跟踪策略

针对包含多源不确定性的连续型机械臂轨迹跟踪问题，提出基于解耦双通道的线性自抗扰控制策略以抑制不确定性对跟踪性能的不利影响.首先，引入虚拟控制量实现对MIMO系统的解耦，针对解耦率已知和未知两种情况，均设计双通道线性自抗扰控制器.利用线性扩张观测器对系统不确定性进行实时补偿，并给出观测器参数整定方法，进一步基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了其收敛性.设计仿真，综合考虑未知解耦率、未建模动态以及未知外部干扰等情况，结果验证了本文所提控制方法的有效性.进一步将其与计算力矩法相比较，结果表明LADRC能够处理更大范围不确定性，鲁棒性更强.基于解耦双通道线性自抗扰控制策略为连续型机械臂高精度轨迹跟踪提供了新思路.     

Nonlinear attitude tracking control for spacecraft formation with multiple delays

This paper addresses the attitude tracking control for spacecraft formation with delay free and communication delays. With help of the idea of sliding control, an adaptive attitude synchronization control architecture is established. Furthermore, by introducing a nonsmooth feedback function, a new class of nonlinear controllers for the attitude tracking of spacecraft is developed. Both parameter uncertainties and unknown external disturbances are dealt with via the kind of controllers. Finally, some simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed results.     

基于终端滑模的卫星编队飞行有限时间控制

针对考虑参考星机动的编队飞行相对位置控制问题,给出了一种基于终端滑模的有限时间控制方法. 基于编队卫星相对运动动力学模型,设计了有限时间终端滑模控制器,同时证明了该控制器作用下系统状态误差可在有限时间内收敛. 以编队构型重构和考虑参考星机动时的构型保持控制为例,利用本文控制方法进行了仿真分析. 仿真结果表明,基于终端滑模的有限时间控制方法相比于传统的线性滑模控制方法,在保证编队飞行控制高精度的同时,有效提升了误差的收敛速度,验证了该方法的有效性和优越性.