模糊聚类分析在耀斑-地磁扰动研究中的初步应用

本文运用模糊聚类分析的方法,对1975—1983年可证认出的210个耀斑-IPS激波事件进行了分析研究,给出了它们的聚类指标和模糊等价关系以及大、中、小三类耀斑-磁扰的聚类中心。初步研究结果表明:95％的耀斑-IPS激波会引起地磁扰动(∑Kp≥16);对持续1小时以上的二级耀斑和2小时以上的一级耀斑,以及多个射电源的IPS观测均出现50km/8以上的速度跳跃这类大耀斑-IPS激波事件进行模糊聚类磁扰强弱预报试验,其准确率可达80％;这种大耀斑-IPS激波事件所对应的地磁扰动变化范围很宽,从∑Kp≥12直到∑Kp≤54,这说明耀斑-激波在行星际空间的传播以及向地球的传输过程是十分复杂的。      

行星际激波导致的磁尾等离子片中ULF波动事件

磁层中的超低频（ULF）波动在太阳风和磁层之间的能量输运过程中具有重要作用.ULF波动主要发生在内磁层，且内磁层中ULF波动影响粒子的加速及沉降，而在夜侧磁层尤其是磁尾等离子片中观测到的ULF波动比较少.基于中国自主磁层探测卫星TC-1的观测数据，发现了两例行星际激波导致的磁尾中心等离子片中ULF波动事件，并发现这两例ULF事例都包含很强的环向模驻波分量，与以往THEMIS卫星报道的同类事件观测特征相符.根据ULF波的观测特征，分析了这两例ULF波动的可能触发机制.研究结果有助于深入理解磁层对行星际激波的全球响应.      

行星际激波传播至1AU的渡越时间预测

考虑了激波爆发源角宽度、能量、驱动时间、激波速度及其与背景太阳风之间的相互作用,利用流体力学扰动方程建立起一个激波扰动传播模型,用于研究激波从太阳传播到地球轨道附近(1 AU处)所需要的时间(渡越时间)问题.为印证扰动传播模型的适用性,利用1979-1989年间的27个激波事件,以及1997年2月到2000年1月间的68个激波事件,对激波到达地球轨道附近的渡越时间进行了预测,并将结果与STOA和ISPM预报模型结果进行了比较.实验表明,该模型在所有95个事件中,渡越时间相对误差小于10%的事件数占总事件数的25.26%;相对误差小于20%的占总事件数的50.53%;相对误差小于30%的占总事件的65.26%.      

行星际磁场与磁尾磁通量绳形成的关系

收集了Cluster卫星在2001-2005年间观测到的磁尾磁通量绳事件,并对磁通量绳(magnetic flux rope)形成及其内部磁场结构与行星际磁场(IMF)的关系作了统计研究.考虑磁通量绳被观测到时行星际磁场的条件,在所有73个磁通量绳事件中,行星际磁场By分量占有主导地位的事件有80%,且78%的事件具有与行星际磁场By分量相同方向的核心场.行星际磁场通过在磁层顶与地球磁场相互作用改变南北等离子体片内磁场相对方向,形成有利于磁通量绳形成的磁场位形,并且行星际磁场By分量的方向对磁通量绳内部核心场的方向具有决定性影响.从统计结果来看,磁通量绳的形成并不会依赖于行星际磁场Bz分量的方向.     

1994年2月21日行星际激波引起的磁暴

利用Imp-8,Geotail和Goes-6等卫星资料,研究了1994年2月21日0900UT到达地球磁层的行星际激波引起的磁暴期间,从太阳风向磁层传输能量的有关问题.结果指出:（1）南向行星际磁场（IMF）的长持续时间不是太阳风向磁层输能的必要条件.南北振荡的,较强IMF也能产生显著的能量传输;（2）行星际扰动磁场通过弓激波和磁层顶后扰动磁能增加,增幅将近5倍;（3）在磁层内扰动磁场的Bz分量在1×10-4Hz附近显著被吸收.这一低频扰动磁场可能是磁暴期间导致氧离子和质子等环电流粒子向内扩散并被加速的原因之一.     

日球内边界的定义

1.1972年以来,随着Pioneer 10、11,Helios 1、2和Voyager 1、2等飞船组先后上天,进入“深空”探测,太阳风等离子体和行星际磁场的实地测量的日心径范围已从以前的1AU附近扩展到0.3—30AU,太阳纬度范围也从以前的-7.5°— +7.5°扩大到-7.5— +16°.      

2006年4月5日中等强度磁暴期间观测到的大经度范围等离子体泡

利用分布在70°E～210°E和20°S～40°N之间的GPS台站的数据,分析了2006年4月5日夜间(中等强度磁暴期间)观测到的电离层等离子体泡的特性.结果表明,本次事件中,等离子体泡大约发生在当地日落后1～1.5 h;空间范围为经度90°E～160°E,纬度12°S～33°N.这是第一次利用地基设备观测到如此大经度范围内的等离子体泡.等离子体泡在南半球出现较早,并且存活时间较长.在其产生的过程中,在约1100 km高度上,映射到磁赤道向上的运动速度约为300m/s,并且等离子体泡在高度上有倾斜.东向电场的存在,对激发等离子体泡起到了一定的作用.      

2008年4月24日行星际激波事件相关联的超热电子90°投掷角的增强

利用测试粒子数值模拟的方法研究了与STEREO-A卫星观测到的2008年4月24日行星际激波事件相关联的超热电子90°投掷角的增强.根据激波到达前给定时刻超热电子的观测分布,拟合得到不同投掷角的初始分布函数;在给定的激波参数下,采用时间向后的方法计算特定能道上激波下游超热电子的投掷角分布.由于超热电子具有较高的共振频率,模拟采用的磁场湍流谱包含了低能电子发生共振的耗散区.对以215.76,151.67,106.63,eV为中心的三个能道进行了模拟.结果表明,不同能道上超热电子在激波下游的投掷角分布均在90°投掷角附近出现峰值,呈现出明显的90°投掷角增强,这与观测结果符合得很好.可以认为在激波对电子的加速过程中,电子与湍流耗散区的共振对90°投掷角的增强具有重要作用.      

CME地磁扰动事件的模糊预报方法

以1997-2003年期间的73个日冕物质抛射(CME)激波扰动事件和模糊数学为基础,提出了一种预报地磁扰动的方法.该方法以CME事件爆发的日面经纬度、相关地磁扰动事件的渡越时间、地磁扰动指数、IPS观测的太阳风速度跃变量为基础,建立了预报CME地磁扰动事件的μθ,μφ,μT,μM,μ△v从属函数,考虑了CME初始速度对激波到达时间的影响.以这5个从属函数为基础并利用模糊数学对1996-2004年期间73个经行星际闪烁(IPS)观测认证的CME激波引起的地磁扰动事件进行了预报实验.实验结果表明,磁扰开始时间预报的相对误差,△Tpre/Tobs≤30%的事件占总事件数的91.78%,而△Tpre/Tobs＞30%的事件占总事件数的12.33%;磁扰幅度(∑Kp)大小的预报,其相对误差△∑Kp/∑Kpobs≤30%的事件占总事件数的60.27%,相对误差≥50%的事件占总事件数的12.33%.这表明该预报方法对空间灾害性事件地磁扰动的定量预报具有很大应用潜力.      

2000年行星际南向磁场事件及相关CME的若干分析

根据WIND飞船的观测资料，讨论了2000年发生的南向磁场（BS）事件，分析了它们的源，发现12次事件中11次的源是日冕物质抛射（CME）。运用从地球向太阳时间倒推的方法和LASCO，EIT195A的观测资料，确定了这些CME。它们都是快速CME，伴有行星际激波，都具有晕状（Halo)形态，它们在日面上发生的位置是在一个不对称的区域内。还分析了5个强南向磁场（BS≥20nT)事件，发现它们的CME源，或者具有很高的能量，或者抛射方向正对地球，或者是具有叠加效应的CME系列，分析表明，在我们所讨论的太阳活动高年，大的行星际扰动和强地磁暴与高速流的联系并不密切。     

Radio-scintillation observations of interplanetary disturbances

Recent developments in the studies of interplanetary disturbances by scintillation (IPS) techniques are briefly reviewed. The turbulent post-shock region of an interplanetary disturbance produces transient enhancements in the scintillation level and the flow speed in many cases. An empirical method to determine three-dimensional angular distribution of propagation speed of the disturbance on the basis of IPS measurements of post-shock flow speeds is applied to 17 events which took place in 1978–1981. Among them, four representative examples including two events which were associated with disappearing solar filaments are described in detail. Several disturbances had oblate configurations; the latitudinal extent is smaller than the longitudinal extent. On an average, the angular distribution of propagation speed at 1 AU heliocentric distance is quasi-isotropic over a longitudinal range of 100° centered at the normal of relevant solar phenomenon. The net excess mass and energy in an interplanetary disturbance associated with a disappearing solar filament can be comparable to those of an interplanetary disturbance associated with a large solar flare.     

关于冲击波在环形磁场中的传播

本文求解了点源爆炸波在环形磁场中传播的非自型问题。以耀斑引起的击波传播为例讨论了解的应用。从中可以看到,磁场扰动呈U形,主要发生在0.5Re—1.0Re的击波区域;行星际磁场的存在使击波到达1AU的时间延长了几个小时;击波必须具有大于磁截止能量E_M=λ₁S2/4π J₀R时(符号意义见内容)才有可能传播到1AU以远的地方,日冕磁场结构对耀斑击波进入行星际空间的传播有重要作用。      

Some characteristics of propagation of flare- or CME-associated interplanetary shock waves

Many interplanetary shock waves have a fast mode MHD wave Mach number between one and two and the ambient solar wind plasma and magnetic field are known to fluctuate. Therefore a weak, fast, MHD interplanetary shock wave propagating into a fluctuating solar wind region or into a solar wind stream will be expected to vary its strength.It is possible that an interplanetary shock wave, upon entering such a region will weaken its strength and degenerate into a fast-mode MHD wave. It is even possible that the shock may dissipate and disappear.A model for the propagation of a solar flare - or CME (Coronal Mass Ejections) - associated interplanetary shock wave is given. A physical mechanism is described to calculate the probability that a weak shock which enters a turbulent solar wind region will degenerate into a MHD wave. That is, the shock would disappear as an entropy-generate entity. This model also suggests that most interplanetary shock waves cannot propagate continuously with a smooth shock surface. It is suggested that the surface of an interplanetary shock will be highly distorted and that parts of the shock surface can degenerate into MHD waves or even disappear during its global propagation through interplanetary space. A few observations to support this model will be briefly described.Finally, this model of shock propagation also applies to corotating shocks. As corotating shocks propagate into fluctuating ambient solar wind regions, shocks may degenerate into waves or disappear.     

Propagation of interplanetary shocks into the Earth’s magnetosphere

This paper is devoted to the study of propagation of disturbances caused by interplanetary shocks (IPS) through the Earth’s magnetosphere. Using simultaneous observations of various fast forward shocks by different satellites in the solar wind, magnetosheath and magnetosphere from 1995 till 2002, we traced the interplanetary shocks into the Earth’s magnetosphere, we calculated the velocity of their propagation into the Earth’s magnetosphere and analyzed fronts of the disturbances. From the onset of disturbances at different satellites in the magnetosphere we obtained speed values ranging from 500 to 1300 km/s in the direction along the IP shock normal, that is in a general agreement with results of previous numerical MHD simulations. The paper discusses in detail a sequence of two events on November 9th, 2002. For the two cases we estimated the propagation speed of the IP shock caused disturbance between the dayside and nightside magnetosphere to be 590 km/s and 714–741 km/s, respectively. We partially attributed this increase to higher Alfven speed in the outer magnetosphere due to the compression of the magnetosphere as a consequence of the first event, and partially to the faster and stronger driving interplanetary shock. High-time resolution GOES magnetic field data revealed a complex structure of the compressional wave fronts at the dayside geosynchronous orbit during these events, with initial very steep parts (10 s). We discuss a few possible mechanisms of such steep front formation in the paper.     

从属函数在地磁扰动预报研究中的初步应用

根据1966-1982年期间有关太阳耀斑、行星际激波和地磁扰动的观测资料而建立的从属函数,对1984-1985年间的行星际闪烁观测中能证认出的耀斑-激波所引起的地磁扰动作了预报试验。结果表明:(1)磁扰开始时间预报的相对误差,δT/T≤10%的事件数为20个,占总事件数的50%,δT/T≤20%的事件占总事件数的70%以上;(2)磁扰幅度(ΣKp)大小的预报,其相对误差δΣKp/ΣKp≤30%的事件数为32个,占总事件数的80%,而δΣKp/ΣKp≥60%仅占15%.本文方法显示了一定潜力,有待从聚类分析方面进一步深入。      

Physical interpretation of interdisciplinary solar/interplanetary observations relevant to the 27–29 June 1980 SMY/STIP event no. 5

A sequence of six well defined interplanetary structures (magnetic clouds) was identified in the solar wind and magnetic field measurements of Helios-1 from 29 June-01 July, 1980. (location 0.64–0.67 AU, C. Long. ～165°, C. Lat. ～5.8°). These structures were characterized by a large northward directed solar wind flow; by well defined directional discontinuities of mainly the ‘tangential-type’ at their beginnings and ends; by some increase in proton and by very pronounced increases in alpha particle number densities - each accompanied by sudden temperature decreases (or in one case by an increase); by some times an increase in magnetic field strength and by values of Nα/Np typical of the inner solar atmosphere. These structures are suggested to have been ejections from a succession (27–29 June, 1980) of Type II producing flares in Hale Region 16923 which coronagraph and X-ray (GOES) data indicate constituted a family of transient producing events. Only two interplanetary shocks were identified in the relevant Helios-1 records. It is suggested on the basis of observations of the directionality of certain of the flare related Type II bursts that some of these shocks could have been missed by the spacecraft. This implies that, in the absence of directional information, correlation of an observed interplanetary shock wave with a solar Type II burst may not always lead to a unique result.     

太阳耀斑行星际激波传播中的追赶效应

本文采用二维MHD模型对具有不同间隔时间的2个耀斑先后爆发,模拟研究它们所对应的行星际激波间的追赶效应,并和单个耀斑所产生的行星际激波相比较。研究结果表明,间隔时间一天以内的2个耀斑激波在行星际空间向外传播时,激波之间有明显的相互作用发生,间隔时间的长短决定了激波传播过程中追赶效应的强弱。根据数值试验结果,追赶效应可归纳为4类,(1)强追赶效应,(2)中等追赶效应,(3)弱追赶效应,(4)无追赶效应。属于强追赶效应的2个耀斑激波传播至1AU处,产生的行星际扰动非常相似于单个耀斑激波的扰动。     

根据行星际闪烁观测研究耀班一激波前后太阳风电子密度功率谱的变化

采用弱散射与薄屏近似模型,利用快速傅利叶变换和阿贝尔变换的方法,对1972年6月15日耀斑一激波的行星际闪烁观测资料进行了计算,分别计算了激波前与激波后的电子密度功率谱。发现在小波数段都具有幂函数形式,并且波后幂指数值略大于波前幂指数值。说明此例激波过后小波数段功率谱略变陡。      

Effect of Interplanetary Transients on Cosmic Ray Anisotropic Variations

In the present work the cosmic ray intensity data recorded with ground-based neutron monitor at Deep River has investigated taking into account the associated interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind plasma data during 1981—1994.A large number of days having abnormally high/low amplitudes for successive number of five or more days as compared to annual average amplitude of diurnal anisotropy have been taken as high/low amplitude anisotropic wave train events(HAE/LAE).The amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy of these events is found to increase on the days of magnetic cloud as compared to the days prior to the event and it found to decrease during the later period of the event as the cloud passes the Earth.The High-Speed Solar Wind Streams(HSSWS)do not play any significant role in causing these types of events. The interplanetary disturbances(magnetic clouds)are also effective in producing cosmic ray decreases.Hαsolar flares have a good positive correlation with both amplitude and direction of the anisotropy for HAEs, whereas PMSs have a good positive correlation with both amplitude and direction of the anisotropy for LAEs. The source responsible for these unusual anisotropic wave trains in CR has been proposed.     

异常SSC事件的行星际原因分析

磁暴急始(SSC)是强烈太阳风动压或行星际激波与磁层相互作用的结果.通常SSC事件的上升时间在4～10 min,我们把上升时间超过15 min的SSC事件称为异常SSC事件.本文利用地磁SYM-H指数鉴别出了5个有地磁观测历史以来发生的上升时间大于15 min的异常SSC事件,并利用Wind,ACE,IMP 8,Goes,Geotail多点卫星太阳风观测数据和地磁观测数据,分析了异常SSC事件的行星际原因.结果表明,异常SSC事件通常都是强烈行星际扰动引起的,5个异常SSC事件有4个对应于行星际激波,有3个对应于多步太阳风动压跃变,有1个对应于行星际电场大幅度变化;由行星际激波产生的异常SSC事件,其上升时间依赖于行星际激波的方向,方向相对于日地连线越偏,上升时间越长;异常SSC事件上升时间与行星际磁场方向关系不明显.