Solar and interplanetary precursors of geomagnetic storms in solar cycle 23

Estimating the magnetic storm effectiveness of solar and associated interplanetary phenomena is of practical importance for space weather modelling and prediction. This article presents results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the probable causes of geomagnetic storms during the 11-year period of solar cycle 23: 1996–2006. Potential solar causes of 229 magnetic storms (Dst ? −50 nT) were investigated with a particular focus on halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs). A 5-day time window prior to the storm onset was considered to track backward the Sun’s eruptions of halo CMEs using the SOHO/LASCO CMEs catalogue list. Solar and interplanetary (IP) properties associated with halo CMEs were investigated and correlated to the resulting geomagnetic storms (GMS). In addition, a comparative analysis between full and partial halo CME-driven storms is established. The results obtained show that about 83% of intense storms (Dst ? −100 nT) were associated with halo CMEs. For moderate storms (−100 nT < Dst ? −50 nT), only 54% had halo CME background, while the remaining 46% were assumed to be associated with corotating interaction regions (CIRs) or undetected frontside CMEs. It was observed in this study that intense storms were mostly associated with full halo CMEs, while partial halo CMEs were generally followed by moderate storms. This analysis indicates that up to 86% of intense storms were associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) at 1 AU, as compared to moderate storms with only 44% of ICME association. Many other quantitative results are presented in this paper, providing an estimate of solar and IP precursor properties of GMS within an average 11-year solar activity cycle. The results of this study constitute a key step towards improving space weather modelling and prediction.     

日冕边界条件与太阳风共转相互作用

本文根据第二十太阳周太阳风数据的统计分析结果,用太阳风二维理想流体模型探讨近太阳区的不同边界条件太阳风与共转相互作用对1AU处太阳风各参数影响,得到共转相互作用不能引起太阳风速度和马赫数的反相扰动,推断在太阳风加速区温度扰动对太阳风的影响最大,而在太阳风传播区速度扰动对太阳风的影响最大.      

Statistics of the Interplanetary Magnetic Fields Observed at 0.72 AU And 1 AU

This paper presents the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) observations at 0.72 AU measured by Venus Express (VEX) and 1 AU by Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) in 2007. The distributions of daily averages of $B$ are lognormal in both locations. The multiscale structure of the magnetic field fluctuations was described by studying the increments of $B$ over a range scales from 10 min to 21.3 hours. All the Probability Distribution Functions (PDFs) can be described quantitatively by Tsallis distribution function. On the ecliptic plane from 0.72 AU to 1 AU, the entropy index q increases with distance over all scales, indicating the intermittency of turbulence is growing. The widths of the PDFs at 0.72 AU are larger than those at 1 AU at all scales, which indicating the turbulence at 0.72 AU is more intense than that at 1 AU. This helps us understand the nature and development of the magnetic field fluctuations.      

Heterogeneous grain model in comets

Based on the Maxwell-Garnet expression for the optical constant of heterogeneous material, the temperature of grain consisting of homogeneous matrix and small sized impurity can be examined. It is found that the heterogeneous grain model can explain the evidence observed in the comets, i.e. (i) higher production rate of water molecules at large solar distance due to sublimation from water-ice with magnetite inclusions, and (ii) elevated color temperature, which frequently coexists with a 10 μm-silicate peak, as the thermal emission of obsidian contaminated by small magnetite inclusions.     

Interplanetary field enhancements in the solar wind: Evidence for cometesimals at 0.72 and 1.0 AU?

A new class of interplanetary magnetic disturbance has been identified which consists of a nearly symmetric rise and fall of the magnetic field surrounding a cusp-shaped maximum. These disturbances have been hypothesized to be caused by the mass-loading of the solar wind by small outgassing bodies. The clustering of these events in space suggests that not all the events are independent. Clustering is greatest at 0.72 AU because of one very strong family of events associated with the orbit of the asteroid 2201 Oljato. The events are larger at 0.72 AU than at 1 AU. The timing of the disturbances at both 1 AU and 0.72 AU relative to Oljato suggests the presence of outgassing debris both in front of and behind the asteroid.     

Helios飞船观测到的行星际日冕物质抛射事件

根据异常低的质子温度判据，从Heliosl和2飞船等离子体观测数据中(0．3-1AU)识别出大约160个行星际日冕物质抛射事件(ICME)，并在统计意义上分析了ICME在内日球空间的传播和演化规律．     

太阳风粘性效应的重新考察

利用Helios飞船对太阳风高速流的等离子体和磁场观测,本文考察了0.3-1AU作用在高速流上各种体积力的径向分布.结果表明:普遍采用的在碰撞为主等离子体中导出的经典粘性系数表式不适用于太阳风高速流;为使惯性力与各体积力之和相等,必须有大小跟这一空间范围内的太阳重力相近的粘性减速力.本文提出一种新的方法,导出了太阳风高速流中实际粘性力的径向分布,并求出了实际粘性系数的径向分布.结果发现,相对于经典粘性系数,1AU处太阳风高速流的粘性系数的减小不小于十分之一.      

Dynamics of solar cosmic ray events: Processes at large heliocentric distances (⪢1 AU)

Observations of solar cosmic ray events far from the sun (?1 AU) became possible after the launch of Pioneer 10 in 1972. Four spacecraft have now travelled beyond the orbit of Jupiter - Pioneer 10/11 and Voyager 1/2 — and are producing a growing body of distant observations of solar cosmic ray events. Initial studies using Pioneer 10/11 data out to ～6 AU interpreted flare particle observations in terms of a diffusion model, including the effects of convection and adiabatic energy loss. This model enjoyed general success in explaining the time-intensity profiles in cases where the spacecraft connection longitude at the sun did not change significantly with time. The results implied that the radial diffusion coefficient (K_r) increased slowly with distance over that radial range. More recent results at larger distances imply that K_r may begin to decrease beyond ～5 AU. It is not yet clear whether the standard diffusion model will be adequate to explain solar events well beyond 5 AU. The fact that large events at very large distances can last up to two solar rotations implies that solar wind stream structure will also play a role in the event dynamics. In general, however, observations at large distances offer perhaps the best hope of separating interplanetary propagation effects from coronal storage and propagation effects which frequently dominate observed event profiles at 1 AU.     

The interplanetary dust environment beyond 1 AU and in the vicinity of the ringed planets (tutorial talk)

The dust population at 1 AU is known for all sizes between μm and cm to an accuracy better than one order of magnitude. It was observed by Helios that the fine grained dust (μm to 100 μm) decreases with increasing sun distance ∞ r^?1.3, at least between 0.3 and 1 AU /1/.Two Pioneer $\text{10}\text{11}$ dust experiments observed the dust distribution beyond 1 AU in the 10 to 100 μm diameter size range for the first time directly with contradicting results. The penetration experiment saw a constant flux out to 20 AU while the optical experiment observed a decrease of the dust number densities until 3.3 AU, but no scattered light was recorded further out. An attempt is made to explain these observations on the basis of the socalled ‘Greenberg’-particles: cometary core/mantle grains with organic mantle material. The observed enhancement of the dust flux by 1 or 2 orders of magnitudes near Jupiter and Saturn are interpreted as being caused by gravitational focussing, ejecta from jovian/saturnian satellites and electrostatic fragmentation products.     

黄道面内行星际激波相互碰撞作用过程研究—能量效应

本文用两维半MHD数值模型,数值模拟研究了两邻近扰动源所产生的激波在行星际空间黄道面内不同能量时的相互碰撞过程。在内边界(18R_s)两扰动中心的间距取为36°。结果表明:两弱激波(速度在500km/s左右以下)不会产生汇合,而是各自独立地传播;两中等强度激波(速度在1000km/s左右)将发生汇合,但在IAU尚可分辨;两强激波(速度在2000km/s以上)则在1AU以内已发生汇合,汇合后形成一个新激波,其磁场结构与单激波明显不同。激波能量越大,两激波汇合的越快。     

太阳宁静及耀斑期间1AU附近等离子体轫致辐射研究

在太空等离子体中，尤其在等离子体内部磁场较弱时，轫致辐射是等离子体能量损失的主要机制．本文对太阳宁静及耀斑期间1AU处等离子体轫致辐射计算表明，等离子体辐射强度If的变化与辐射的电磁波频率有直接的关系．当辐射频率，接近于等离子体频率，fpe时，辐射强度显著增大．随着电磁波辐射频率的增大，辐射强度随频率增大作缓慢对数下降．辐射亮温Tb与等离子体电子温度Te、介质光深成正比．Tb与If随辐射频率变化的整体趋势一致．在相同的辐射频率情况下，太阳宁静期间If值、Tb值低于太阳耀斑期间If值、Tb值．     

Probing the galactic halo with ROSAT

We discuss the current status of ROSAT shadowing observations designed to search for emission from million degree gas in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy. Preliminary results indicate that million degree halo gas is observed in the 1/4 keV band in some directions, most notably toward the Draco cloud at (ℓ, b) = (92°, +38°), but that the halo emission is patchy and highly anisotropic. Our current understanding of this halo emission is based on a small handful of observations which have been analyzed to date. Many more observations are currently being analyzed or are scheduled for observation within the next year, and we expect our understanding of this component of the galactic halo to improve dramatically in the near future.     

Evolution of solar wind structures from 0.72 to 1 AU

Understanding the evolution of solar wind structures in the inner heliosphere as they approach the Earth is important to space weather prediction. From the in situ solar wind plasma and magnetic field measurements of Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) at 0.72 AU (1979–1988), and of Wind/Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) missions at 1 AU (1995–2004), we identify and characterize two major solar wind structures, stream interaction regions (SIRs) and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). The average percentage of SIRs occurring with shocks increases significantly from 3% to 24% as they evolve from 0.72 to 1 AU. The average occurrence rate, radial extent, and bulk velocity variation of SIRs do not change from 0.72 to 1 AU, while peak pressure and magnetic field strength both decrease with the radial evolution of SIRs. Within the 0.28 AU distance from the orbit of Venus to that of Earth, the average fraction of ICMEs with shocks increases from 49% to 66%, and the typical radial extent of ICMEs expands by about a fraction of 1.4, with peak pressure and magnetic field strength decreasing significantly. The mean occurrence rate and expansion velocity of ICMEs do not change from 0.72 to 1 AU.     

Relationships between energetic storm particle events and interplanetary shocks driven by full and partial halo coronal mass ejections

We have analysed energetic storm particle (ESP) events in 116 interplanetary (IP) shocks driven by front-side full and partial halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with speeds $>$400 km s^?1during the years 1996–2015. We investigated the occurrence and relationships of ESP events with several parameters describing the IP shocks, and the associated CMEs, type II radio bursts, and solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Most of the shocks (57 %) were associated with an ESP event at proton energies $>$1 MeV.The shock transit speeds from the Sun to 1 AU of the shocks associated with an ESP event were significantly greater than those of the shocks without an ESP event, and best distinguished these two groups of shocks from each other. The occurrence and maximum intensity of the ESP events also had the strongest dependence on the shock transit speed compared to the other parameters investigated. The correlation coefficient between ESP peak intensities and shock transit speeds was highest (0.73 $\pm$ 0.04) at 6.2 MeV. Weaker dependences were found on the shock speed at 1 AU, Alfvénic and magnetosonic Mach numbers, shock compression ratio, and CME speed. On average all these parameters were significantly different for shocks capable to accelerate ESPs compared to shocks not associated with ESPs, while the differences in the shock normal angle and in the width and longitude of the CMEs were insignificant.The CME-driven shocks producing energetic decametric–hectometric (DH) type II radio bursts and high-intensity SEP events proved to produce also more frequently ESP events with larger particle flux enhancements than other shocks. Together with the shock transit speed, the characteristics of solar DH type II radio bursts and SEP events play an important role in the occurrence and maximum intensity of ESP events at 1 AU.     

太阳耀斑行星际激波传播中的追赶效应

本文采用二维MHD模型对具有不同间隔时间的2个耀斑先后爆发,模拟研究它们所对应的行星际激波间的追赶效应,并和单个耀斑所产生的行星际激波相比较。研究结果表明,间隔时间一天以内的2个耀斑激波在行星际空间向外传播时,激波之间有明显的相互作用发生,间隔时间的长短决定了激波传播过程中追赶效应的强弱。根据数值试验结果,追赶效应可归纳为4类,(1)强追赶效应,(2)中等追赶效应,(3)弱追赶效应,(4)无追赶效应。属于强追赶效应的2个耀斑激波传播至1AU处,产生的行星际扰动非常相似于单个耀斑激波的扰动。     

两冕流间CME事件数值模拟的改进

通过偶极子场和六极子场适当叠加，改进猜解磁场，使猜解磁场在太阳南北极符号相反，然后采用理想磁流体力学方程组(MHD)，由猜解磁场与太阳风流动相互作用计算出稳态自洽解，得到定性上与观测比较接近的具有两个冕流的背景结构．在两个冕流间采用具有同心圆磁场位形的触发模型触发CME事件，研究CME的日冕传播特征．模拟结果表明，CME被约束在两冕流间传播，CME闭磁场位形和磁云横截面磁场位形相似，可以解释1AU处观测磁云的部分特征；在CME附近，存在压力和Lorentz力起主要作用的区域，这可以为分析1AU处CME事件的观测数据提供帮助．     

Halo轨道族延拓方法及特性研究

对Halo轨道周期和运动范围等特性的研究是平动点任务设计的首要前提。针对大幅值Halo轨道和完整Halo轨道族的应用需求及其数值计算问题,面向当前应用广泛的地月系和日-地月系共线平动点,基于延拓法研究了圆型限制性三体问题下的Halo轨道族数值计算和运动学特性,给出了Halo轨道族延拓计算方法。数值仿真了族参数选择对轨道族计算的影响,得到了地月系和日-地月系共线平动点的大范围南北Halo轨道族,同时给出了轨道族的轨道周期变化和空间位置变化特性。研究结果表明,固定延拓步长下,L1点Halo轨道族应选择会合坐标系x坐标作为族参数,L2点Halo轨道族应选择y方向速度或者周期T作为族参数。方法适用于任意三体系统平动点的周期轨道族计算,特别是对其中的状态转移矩阵简单修改后可用于完整力模型下的Halo轨道（族）的数值设计。     

Acceleration and transport of energeticparticles at CME-driven shocks

Historically, solar energetic particle (SEP) events are classified in two classes as “impulsive” and “gradual”. Whether there is a clear distinction between the two classes is still a matter of debate, but it is now commonly accepted that in large “gradual” SEP events, Fermi acceleration, also known as diffusive shock acceleration, is the underlying acceleration mechanism. At shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), particles are accelerated diffusively at the shock and often reach > MeV energies (and perhaps up to GeV energies). As a CME-driven shock propagates, expands and weakens, the accelerated particles can escape ahead of the shock into the interplanetary medium. These escaping energized particles then propagate along the interplanetary magnetic field, experiencing only weak scattering from fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). In this paper, we use a Monte-Carlo approach to study the transport of energetic particles escaping from a CME-driven shock. We present particle spectra observed at 1 AU. We also discuss the particle “crossing number” at 1AU and its implication to particle anisotropy. Based on previous models of particle acceleration at CME-driven shocks, our simulation allows us to investigate various characteristics of energetic particles arriving at various distances from the sun. This provides us an excellent basis for understanding the observations of high-energy particles made at 1 AU by ACE and WIND.     

Bennett彗星的Na彗发

本文对Rahe等的Bennett(1970Ⅱ)彗星Na彗发单色光度观测资料作了初步理论分析。借助Haser的理论模型求得Na原子及其母分子的标高,估算出它们的寿命;用Dolginov等的理论模型及其它公式和资料,估算出Na原子的外流速度和运动温度。最后作了简单讨论。      

两个临近脉冲型太阳能量电子事件的观测与拟合

WIND飞船在2010年11月15日观测到两个临近的脉冲型太阳能量电子事件, 这两个事件在1AU处呈现出不同类型的通量-时间曲线. 事件一的通量表现出快速上升及快速下降的特性; 事件二则表现为缓慢上升, 更缓慢下降, 事件二的持续时间是事件一的5～17倍. 以往的解释认为事 件二中的电子在行星际受到了更强的散射. 本文引入等腰三角形的释放函数并 求解电报方程, 利用得到的解对1AU处的观测进行拟合. 根据最佳拟合结果 反推两事件在太阳上的释放函数和在行星际传播的平均自由程, 发现造成两事 件在1AU处能谱和通量-时间曲线形状不同的原因是太阳上电子 加速过程的不同而非行星际散射. 结合SOHO卫星的白光观测, 发现两事件可能 与一个CME (日冕物质抛射)相关, 并进一步推测了这两个太阳电子事件可能 的加速图像.