嵌套闭磁场结构内CME产生和传播的数值模拟

给出了特殊类型的日冕物质抛射(CME)数值模拟定性结果,这种CME核心闭磁场结构前半部分磁力线的方向与太阳整体偶极场磁力线的方向相反．计算结果表明,这种CME核心闭磁场结构磁力线与太阳整体偶极场反向磁力线之间存在过渡磁场结构,在向外传播时过渡磁场结构所占的面积逐渐增大．这一结果可以用来解释飞船为什么能够观测到一类双极磁云,这类磁云前半部分磁场方向与太阳整体偶极场方向相反．为了模拟这一数值结果,强调需要采用包含嵌套闭磁场的冕流背景结构,并在合适的位置触发CME．     

嵌套闭磁场日冕背景结构对触发CME特征的影响

在子午面内,研究具有嵌套闭磁场结构冕流背景对触发日冕物质抛射(CME)特征的影响.在冕流背景磁场结构内有三个小尺度的闭磁场结构,其中中间小尺度闭磁场结构的磁场方向和冕流整体偶极磁场方向相反.CME触发模型在这个小尺度闭磁场结构下方浮出,它具有同心圆形磁场结构,半径为a=0.1Rs(Rs为太阳半径);CME触发模型前半部分磁场方向和触发位置处小尺度闭磁场结构的磁场方向相反,与冕流整体偶极磁场方向相同.数值模拟结果表明,当CME触发模型中心等离子压力与边界压力之比m≥2时,上浮CME触发模型可以触发CME;当m＜2时,上浮CME触发模型不能触发CME,计算结论的误差小于1%.      

太阳风速度及日球电流片对CME渡越时间的影响

基于1996-2005年88个引起重大地磁暴的CME(日冕物质抛射)事件、1996-2000年的47个CME事件以及1997-2002年的29个全晕状CME事件,结合ACE卫星在1AU处的太阳风和行星际磁场观测资料以及Wilcox Solar Observatory(WSO)天文台的太阳光球层磁图,分析了背景太阳风速度和日球电流片对CME到达1AU处渡越时间预报误差的影响.结果表明,背景太阳风速度与CME渡越时间误差并没有明显的相关性,在考虑了磁云通量管轴相对黄道面夹角的影响后相关性依然不明显.然而日球电流片对CME渡越时间却有明显的影响,对于初速度较小的异侧CME事件,其渡越时间大于同侧事件;而对于具有较大初速度的CME事件,异侧事件的渡越时间明显小于同侧事件.研究结果表明,CME与太阳风以及日球电流片的相互作用并不是简单的对流相互作用,造成高速CME异侧事件快于同侧事件到达地球的因素非常复杂,有待深入研究.      

较小尺度磁螺旋线管相互作用的数值研究

在子午面内,偶极子场和六极子场适当叠加得到势磁场,势磁场与太阳风长时间相瓦作用得到特殊的冕流背景结构.在这种背景结构下,两个较小尺度的磁螺旋线管模型能够连续浮入到计算域,在计算域内相互作用,触发了日冕物质抛射(CME).在数值模拟这一过程时,较小尺度的磁螺旋线管模型具有同心圆形磁场结构,模型中心等离子压强与边界压强之比m=2,模型的半径分别取为a=0.07 R.和a=0.1 Rs(Rs为太阳半径).在这两种情况下,得到了两种典型的计算结果.当a=0.07 Rs时,两个磁螺旋线管模型相瓦作用,在7 Rs内融合成一个磁螺旋线管模型,向外传播;当a=0.1 Rs时,两个磁螺旋线管模型相互作用,作为一个整体向外传播,在计算域内没有融合到一起,基本上保持各自的磁场结构.      

1998年5月日冕三维结构的数值模拟

采用三维理想磙流体力学（MHD）模式，内边界条件把二维投影特征线边界方法推广应用到三维计算，有效地稳定了数值计算并保证稳态解的自洽性；初始猜解磁场由1935卡林顿周光球磁场观测数据得到，这样计算得到的1998年5月份期间日冕三维结构比较符合实际，计算结果表明：（1）计算得到的源表面非径向磁场量值在磁中性线附近不超过2μT，表明源表面磁场基本径向。（2）模拟得到的源表面径向磁场量值除了在磁中性线附近的区域外变化不大，这和观测一致。（3）由源表面磁场按平方反比的规律计算出1AU处磁场量值更接近观测值。（4）计算得到的日冕结构和观测定性一致，三维数值模拟结果表明，日冕的三维大尺度背景结构主要是由磁场决定的，在闭磁场处或者电流片附近，太阳风的密度高，速度低；在开场区，太阳风的密度低，速度高。     

磁云边界层中的重联慢激波观测分析

在Petschek模型中，排空区边界处的一对慢激波是能量耗散的重要机制.已有大量行星际空间的Petschek型磁场重联排空区观测事件被报道，但是只有少量的排空区边界处观测到了慢激波.针对一例位于磁云边界层中的Petschek型磁场重联排空区观测事件，在排空区靠近磁云一侧边界处证认了一例慢激波.激波跃变层两侧的磁场和等离子体参数满足Rankine-Hugoniot关系，且激波上下游的中间马赫数均小于1，上游的慢马赫数为2.94（>1），下游的慢马赫数为0.65（<1），符合慢激波的观测特征.磁云内部的等离子体β值很低，局地阿尔芬速度高，同时磁云边界层中可能发生丰富的磁场重联活动，这可能是磁云前边界处慢激波形成的原因.      

第24太阳活动周地球附近磁云与非磁云事件的统计分析

为研究第24太阳活动周中磁云（Magnetic Clouds,MC）与非磁云（Non-Magnetic Clouds,non-MC）的等离子体性质及其对空间天气的影响,使用1AU处的观测数据对2008-2015年168个ICME事件进行统计与分析,其中认证出磁云事件68个,占总数的40.48%.通过分析磁云与非磁云等离子体参数对空间天气环境的影响及与太阳活动的关系,整体性质的对比及在第23和24太阳活动周中性质的对比,可以发现:在第24太阳周中,磁云引起的磁暴强度普遍大于非磁云,南北向磁场分量是引起磁暴的重要参数;磁云数和太阳黑子数有很好的相关性,非磁云数与行星际日冕物质抛射总数及黑子数的相关性稍弱,磁云数在太阳周的不同阶段表现出不同的分布特性;磁云的磁场强度和南向磁场分量整体强于非磁云,两者质子温度、密度等参数差异不大.第24周磁云事件引起的地磁效应整体上弱于第23周磁云事件,这与第24周磁云事件最大南向磁场分量、传播速度以及质子温度整体小于第23周磁云事件有关.      

2011年8月4日螺旋状日冕物质抛射爆发事件

利用多卫星多波段的综合观测数据,通过追踪光球表面等离子体速度分析计算了耀斑爆发前后磁螺度的变化,发现耀斑爆发前活动区中光球表面存在强的水平剪切运动,活动区磁螺度的注入主要由这种剪切运动所产生;使用CESE-MHD-NLFFF重建了耀斑爆发前后活动区的磁场位形,推测出耀斑过程中存在磁绳结构的抛射.基于这些分析,给出了这一螺旋状抛射结构的形成机制:爆发前暗条西侧足点的持续剪切运动驱动磁通量绳增加扭转,高度扭缠的通量绳与东侧足点附近的开放磁力线重联并与东侧足点断开,进而向外抛出并伴随解螺旋运动.另外,利用1AU处WIND卫星的观测数据在对应的行星际日冕物质抛射中找到典型磁云的观测特征.这表明除了传统上双足点均在太阳表面的磁云模型,这种单足点固定于太阳表面的磁通量绳爆发图景同样可能在行星系际空间形成磁云结构.研究结果对进一步认识磁云结构具有重要意义.      

二维磁流体动力学平衡日冕(Ⅱ)

基于解析和数值相结合的方法,进一步讨论了非均匀引力场中日冕的二维磁流体动力学平衡。对临界点进行了比较仔细的处理。得到了包含闭场区、中性片和开场区的大尺度日冕磁场位形,闭场区和中性片构成冕流结构。在高纬和低纬地区几个太阳半径之外,等离子体径向流动速度超过了局地声速和局地Alfvén速度。在1AU处,太阳风速度可达到400kms_-1以上      

磁云边界层中的复合重联喷流观测分析

太阳风中的磁场重联通常与行星际日冕物质抛射有关.本文分析了1995年10月18日WIND飞船观测到的一例磁云前边界层中的复合重联喷流事件.该复合排空区由相邻两个不同方向的喷流构成，这两个喷流分别经过Walén关系的证认，符合行星际磁场重联排空区等离子体喷流的特征.结果表明，在磁云前端可能存在众多重联点，从而将磁云本体的磁场剥离，形成比单一重联喷流区更复杂的三维边界层结构.磁云边界层中可能发生多点多次重联，从而不表现出单点重联的排空区特征，这可能是行星际磁场重联排空区较少在ICME前端被观测到的原因之一.      

Multi-scale reconnections in a complex CME

A series of three flares of GOES class M, M and C, and a CME were observed on 20 January 2004 occurring in close succession in NOAA 10540. Types II, III, and N radio bursts were associated. We use the combined observations from TRACE, EIT, Hα images from Kwasan Observatory, MDI magnetograms, GOES, and radio observations from Culgoora and Wind/ WAVES to understand the complex development of this event. We reach three main conclusions. First, we link the first two impulsive flares to tether-cutting reconnections and the launch of the CME. This complex observation shows that impulsive quadrupolar flares can be eruptive. Second, we relate the last of the flares, an LDE, to the relaxation phase following forced reconnections between the erupting flux rope and neighbouring magnetic field lines, when reconnection reverses and restores some of the pre-eruption magnetic connectivities. Finally, we show that reconnection with the magnetic structure of a previous CME launched about 8 h earlier injects electrons into open field lines having a local dip and apex (located at about six solar radii height). This is observed as an N-burst at decametre radio wavelengths. The dipped shape of these field lines is due to large-scale magnetic reconnection between expanding magnetic loops and open field lines of a neighbouring streamer. This particular situation explains why this is the first N-burst ever observed at long radio wavelengths.     

Numerical MHD modeling of the solar driver for the destabilization of a coronal helmet streamer

We investigate the forms of the solar driver which cause the destabilization of helmet streamers. Two forms of solar drivers are considered; (i) emergence of a flux-rope from sub-photospheric levels and (ii) application of a photospheric shear motion to a streamer-flux rope system. Numerical results showed that both cases exhibit the characteristics of commonly observed coronal mass ejections (CMEs), but the propagation speed of the CME is higher than the background solar wind speed when the solar driver is the emerging magnetic flux and is the same as the solar wind speed when the photospheric shear is used as the solar driver. The energy constraint allowing the magnetic field transition from a closed to an open configuration is also addressed.     

Ionospheric storm due to solar Coronal mass ejection in September 2017 over the Brazilian and African longitudes

Coronal mass ejection (CME) occurs when there is an abrupt release of a large amount of solar plasma, and this cloud of plasma released by the Sun has an intrinsic magnetic field. In addition, CMEs often follow solar flares (SF). The CME cloud travels outward from the Sun to the interplanetary medium and eventually hits the Earth’s system. One of the most significant aspects of space weather is the ionospheric response due to SF or CME. The direction of the interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind speed, and the number of particles are relevant parameters of the CME when it hits the Earth’s system. A geomagnetic storm is most geo-efficient when the plasma cloud has an interplanetary magnetic field southward and it is accompanied by an increase in the solar wind speed and particle number density. We investigated the ionospheric response (F-region) in the Brazilian and African sectors during a geomagnetic storm event on September 07–10, 2017, using magnetometer and GPS-TEC networks data. Positive ionospheric disturbances are observed in the VTEC during the disturbed period (September 07–08, 2017) over the Brazilian and African sectors. Also, two latitudinal chains of GPS-TEC stations from the equatorial region to low latitudes in the East and West Brazilian sectors and another chain in the East African sector are used to investigate the storm time behavior of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). We noted that the EIA was disturbed in the American and African sectors during the main phase of the geomagnetic storm. Also, the Brazilian sector was more disturbed than the African sector.     

两冕流间的对称径向膨胀日冕物质抛射事件

本文讨论了发生在冕流对之间的1980年5月6日日冕物质抛射事件。提出了一种描述事件外环运动的经验模型,把环的观测外形表达为在运动坐标系中的Cassini函数。环的发展过程分为两个阶段:在前一阶段,外环处于冕流对盔状结构之间,事件的发展以角宽度膨胀为主,其对称轴从赤道向北纬方向移动;径向膨胀和上升速度较低,加速效应明显。在后一阶段,外环越过冕流盔状结构所在高度,角膨胀趋于停止;运动接近于等角宽度和纯径向匀速的膨胀和上升运动。当外环向外运动时,其顶部和几何中心的高度均随时间而增加,但其底部高度基本上保持不变。根据上述观测特征,讨论了事件形成的可能机制。      

Energetic oxygen ions in the magnetosheath in the negative BZ phase of the CME on January 10, 1997

Energetic oxygen ion flux intensifications were observed by the HEP/LD instrument on board the GEOTAIL satellite thoughout the Bz negative phase of the CME event on January 10, 1997. At this time, the spacecraft was moving in the magnetosheath at 1500 LT on a magnetopause skimming segment of its orbit. The very steady southward magnetic field in the magnetosheath (negative Bz of the CME) was highly inclined forming an angle of 45° with respect to the north direction. The observed oxygen enhancements in the magnetosheath show anisotropic angular distributions which occupy a varying fraction of the unit sphere. These distributions became particularly narrow during the passage of a solar wind pressure pulse between between 1050 and 1113 UT. The details of the angular distributions in the magnetosheath favour a leakage model, although the reconnection model cannot be denied.     

Research on a complex CME event including Hα, LASCO, radio and MDI observations

We present our research on a fast and decelerating partial halo coronal mass ejection (CME) event detected in multi-wavelengths in the chromosphere and the corona on 14 October, 1999. The event involved a whole complex active area which spanned more than 40° of heliolongitude. It included a strong solar flare (XI/1N) and a complex eruptive filament within an active region of the entire complex. Especially, several radio sources were detected in the decimetric range prior to the CME by the Nançay Radioheliograph (NRH). A linear force-free field extrapolation of the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) magnetogram was performed to calculate the magnetic topology of the complex prior to the triggering of the event. The presence of a coronal null point combined with the occurrence of two distant and nearly simultaneous radio sources put strong arguments in favor of the generalized breakout model for the triggering of the eruption. The analysis of the subsequent development of the event suggests that large interconnecting loops were ejected together with the CME.     

CME dynamics using coronagraph and interplanetary ejecta data

In this work, we present a study of the coronal mass ejection (CME) dynamics using LASCO coronagraph observations combined with in-situ ACE plasma and magnetic field data, covering a continuous period of time from January 1997 to April 2001, complemented by few extreme events observed in 2001 and 2003. We show, for the first time, that the CME expansion speed correlates very well with the travel time to 1 AU of the interplanetary ejecta (or ICMEs) associated with the CMEs, as well as with their preceding shocks. The events analyzed in this work are a subset of the events studied in Schwenn et al. (2005), from which only the CMEs associated with interplanetary ejecta (ICMEs) were selected. Three models to predict CME travel time to Earth, two proposed by Gopalswamy et al. (2001) and one by Schwenn et al. (2005), were used to characterize the dynamical behavior of this set of events. Extreme events occurred in 2001 and 2003 were used to test the prediction capability of the models regarding CMEs with very high LASCO C3 speeds.