一种适用于高轨空间的GNSS矢量跟踪方案设计

高轨空间中全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）信号可用性严重变差，对GNSS接收机的跟踪性能提出更高要求。利用GNSS信号传播链路模型分析了高轨空间GNSS信号特点，对比了标量跟踪和矢量跟踪这2类典型跟踪环路在高轨空间的适用性，进而设计了一种适用于高轨空间的GNSS矢量跟踪方案。该方案通过估计载噪比确定量测噪声方差阵，以对各通道量测信息进行加权处理来获得高精度的导航参数；并根据高轨航天器的动态性能确定过程噪声方差阵，利用轨道动力学模型对导航参数进行一步预测，从而实现了对各通道信号跟踪参数的准确预测及联合跟踪。仿真验证表明:所设计的跟踪方案可实现高轨空间中强信号对弱信号的辅助跟踪，从而提高了高轨空间中弱信号的跟踪性能及可用性，并对中断信号具有一定的桥接能力。      

基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号模拟

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）共视（CV）技术应用中需要对GNSS共视信号进行模拟仿真,可以降低对共视接收机和共视算法进行测试过程中的成本。为此,提出了一种基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号的双路信号模拟方法。首先,对GNSS共视技术原理进行了分析。然后,根据GNSS直射信号的模拟思路,设计了基于GNSS直射信号模拟器的GNSS共视信号模拟方法,对共视信号传播过程中可能产生的误差进行了分析。最后,对零基线、短基线、长基线3种场景下仿真的共视信号,以及实场采集的试验数据进行了验证分析。验证的结果表明,仿真的GNSS共视信号定位准确,定位精度在米级;共视比对结果均方根值（RMS）精度优于12 ns,可以进行共视法时间传递,证明了提出的共视信号模拟方法能够有效地用于GNSS共视信号生成。对GNSS共视信号模拟器、共视接收机的研制和共视算法的研究具有一定的理论参考意义和实际应用价值。      

涌浪及降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号建模

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）海面反射信号的模拟仿真采用的海浪谱多为风驱模型，而忽略了真实复杂环境中涌浪、降雨的影响。为此，提出了一种涌浪、降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号模型。首先，对Elfouhaily海浪谱、涌浪谱、降雨谱分别进行仿真，从海浪谱的角度分析涌浪、降雨对GNSS反射信号的影响。然后，设计了引入涌浪、降雨影响因子后的GNSS反射信号建模的方法，并建立噪声模型。最后，对星载场景下仿真得到的二维时延-多普勒相关功率分布图像（DDM）、时延相关功率波形（DW）进行分析，并与英国技术演示卫星（UK TDS-1）实测数据的处理结果进行了对比验证。结果表明:涌浪主要形成对GNSS反射信号影响较大的大尺度粗糙海面，而降雨对GNSS反射信号影响较小；仿真的DDM与实测数据结果的波形有很好的一致性，DW对比的相关系数达到0.92，优于未修正模型的对比结果，模拟的反射信号更为真实，证明了提出的GNSS反射信号建模方法的可行性、有效性。对真实复杂环境下的GNSS反射信号建模及GNSS反射信号星载探测应用研究具有一定的参考意义和实用价值。      

基于BDS/GPS的KBLMS信道补偿多径缓减算法

在全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）中，针对城市峡谷单系统无法定位及信号失锁后重新捕获及跟踪性能表现不佳的问题，提出了一种基于BDS/GPS的卡尔曼最小均方估计（KBLMS）的信道补偿技术。首先，建立双系统模型。其次，设计基于卡尔曼估计的最小均方误差的延迟估计模块，补偿接收信号上的多径失真。最后，设计视距（LOS）最佳估计块以在反馈回路中产生控制误差信号，用于自适应地更新补偿矩阵系数。通过实测数据与实验仿真，分析KBLMS的信道补偿多径缓减算法的性能。结果表明:KBLMS的信道补偿多径缓减技术相较于最小均方（LMS）算法在多径信道中能快速收敛，且码跟踪误差在ENU三个维度误差减少了0.1 chip，载波跟踪误差减少了约0.125 cm，有效降低了多径效应引起的误差，最终残余误差比LMS降低了0.035 chip，说明所提多径缓减算法可以进行更为精准的估计，从而验证了算法的有效性。      

强信号下GNSS接收机前端处理引起的相关损耗

在全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）信号质量监测及GNSS射频（RF）信号模拟器测试等应用中,有用信号功率往往远高于噪声功率。针对二进制相位移位键控（BPSK）和二进制偏移载波（BOC）调制信号,首次研究了这种强信号条件下接收机带限滤波、采样和量化（BSQ）引起的相关损耗。首先分析了不考虑量化作用时由滤波和采样引起的损耗;然后分析了不考虑前端滤波时由量化和采样引起的损耗,推导了相关损耗的解析表达式并得到了量化器的最佳量化间隔;最后,对于滤波、采样、量化共同作用引起的损耗,采用蒙特卡罗方法仿真分析了GPS L1 C/A信号在不同滤波带宽和量化比特数下的归一化相关功率,探讨了根据仿真结果拟合相关损耗解析表达式的方法以简化分析。      

融合高斯过程回归的UKF估计方法

高精度滤波估计是SINS/GNSS组合导航系统的关键技术之一,其估计精度直接影响了导航精度。传统滤波估计方法一般只基于惯导误差模型,未考虑惯导误差模型不确定性的影响。针对此问题,提出了一种采用高斯过程回归（GPR）增强无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）预测和估计能力的高精度滤波估计方法。一方面,能在有限的训练数据条件下通过UKF估计误差状态量;另一方面,高斯过程既考虑了噪声,也考虑了UKF的不确定性。将所提方法应用于SINS/GNSS组合导航系统中,车载实验结果表明,所提方法能有效提高滤波估计精度。      

基于速度观测的双余度电液舵机系统容错同步控制

考虑飞机电液舵机活塞杆运动速度不易测量的情况，提出一种基于速度观测的容错同步控制策略，解决了双余度电液舵机系统（DREHAS）内泄漏共模故障（IL-CMF）下的位置跟踪控制问题。首先，通过引入2组参考轨迹并对模型进行线性变换，实现舵面位置跟踪与两舵机力输出同步控制解耦；其次，在扩展状态观测器（ESO）中加入故障参数自适应项，设计一种自适应扩展状态观测器（AESO）估计两通道舵机活塞杆速度和扰动，从而克服了故障条件下利用原系统模型设计ESO带来的估计结果不准确问题；最后，基于AESO的估计结果及故障参数在线更新结果，利用反步法设计了一种非线性容错同步控制器。Lyapunov稳定性分析结果表明，该控制方法可确保IL-CMF故障及时变干扰条件下，闭环系统所有信号有界，系统输出满足规定的性能要求。IL-CMF故障及常值干扰条件下，系统跟踪误差渐进收敛于零。仿真实验进一步验证了所提方法的有效性。      

基于EMD的MEMS陀螺仪随机漂移分析方法

为了抑制微机械电子系统（MEMS）陀螺仪的随机漂移，基于经验模态分解（EMD）和模态集合选择标准，结合时间序列建模滤波法，提出了一种改进的MEMS陀螺仪随机漂移分析方法。首先，通过EMD将MEMS陀螺仪原始数据分解为多个本征模态函数（IMF），利用模态集合选择标准将IMF分为噪声IMF、噪声与信号混合IMF和信号IMF三类；然后，对混合IMF进行重构、时间序列建模及自适应卡尔曼滤波（AKF）；最后，将3类信号重构，实现MEMS陀螺仪信号去噪。实验表明:所提方法有更好的去噪效果和实时性，提高了MEMS陀螺仪的使用精度。      

基于可变遗忘因子的渐消记忆变分贝叶斯自适应滤波算法

针对全球卫星导航系统/捷联惯性导航系统（GNSS/SINS）组合导航中GNSS信号易受干扰，造成量测噪声突变的问题，提出一种基于可变遗忘因子的渐消记忆变分贝叶斯自适应Kalman滤波（VBAKF）算法。针对自适应滤波中突变噪声难以准确探测，构建基于初值的噪声突变检验准则；为解决自适应滤波估计突变噪声的拖尾现象，将变分贝叶斯自适应滤波的超参数传递结构转化为协方差阵修正结构，通过构造可变遗忘因子函数动态调节自适应滤波中的遗忘因子。仿真和实测数据表明：所提算法可在GNSS/SINS噪声突变时快速估计量测噪声，提高组合导航精度。     

无人机组合导航直接法与间接法滤波方式比较

全球导航卫星系统/惯性导航系统（GNSS/INS）组合导航可以提供连续、高精度的位置、速度、姿态信息，被广泛应用于无人机的状态估计。其中滤波算法的构建是其组合关键。不同组合导航的模式会对导航定位结果产生相应的影响。针对直接法和间接法这2种常见的组合模式，分别构建了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）的全球定位系统/惯性导航系统（GPS/INS）松组合模式，并将其运用于不同飞行场景下无人机（UAV）的实时动态状态估计。仿真场景以及实际数据验证结果表明，间接法在精度和稳定性方面优于直接法，直接法在滤波计算速率方面优于间接法。因此，当系统具有较高的计算性能，且面向高精度的应用情况下可选择间接法作为无人机导航的技术方案；对于快速求解但精度要求不高的应用情况下，选择直接法作为无人机导航的技术方案可以在一定程度上降低系统的成本。      

GNSS carrier phase ambiguity resolution based on integrity restriction in ambiguity domain

Carrier phase ambiguity resolution of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a key technology for high-precision navigation and positioning, and it is a challenge for applications which require both high accuracy and high integrity. This paper proposes efficient ambiguity resolution methods based on integrity restriction using Fixed Failure rate Ratio Test (FF-RT) and Doubly Non-central F-distribution Ratio Test (DNF-RT), and derives the related processing models and numerical algorithms compared with the traditional Ratio Test (RT) method. Firstly, the integer ambiguity resolution and validation procedures, especially the Least squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) estimation and RT validation are analyzed. Then the quality evaluation using success rate, the FF-RT method using Integer Aperture (IA) estimation and the NDF-RT method are proposed. Lastly, the simulation and analysis for LAMBDA using RT, FF-RT and DNF-RT methods are performed. Simulation results show that in case of unbiased scenario FF-RT and DNF-RT have similar performances, which are significantly better than RT. In case of biased scenario it is difficult for FF-RT to predict the biased success rate thus it should not be used for bias detection, while DNF-RT can detect biases in most cases except for the biases are approximate or equal to integer, which has the important benefit for early detection of potential threat to the position solution.     

一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差估算方法

GNSS不同频点间的码伪距作差会引入信号的差分码偏差(DCB),包括GNSS卫星及地面接收机的DCB.本文提出一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差参数估算方法,首先由电离层文件参数作线性插值,计算出电离层延迟误差.之后对IGS站观测文件进行加权最小二乘法估计,得到GPS卫星和地面GNSS接收机的L1C频点和L2P频点间码偏...     

Enhanced multipath mitigation method based on multi-resolution CNR model and adaptive statistical test strategy for real-time kinematic PPP

This study proposes an enhanced multipath mitigation method based on multi-resolution carrier-to-noise-ratio (CNR) model and adaptive statistical test strategy for real-time kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) applications. The multi-resolution CNR model is established with GPS observation data collected from DOY 152 to 181 of 2019 by 230 globally distributed IGS stations, which used to analyze the relevant factors affecting CNR. Statistical results indicate that the CNR is not only related to the satellite elevation, but also closely related to the receiver types and specific satellite. The maximum difference between different receivers can reach 20 dB for the same satellite at the same elevation. In addition, the performance of the CNR is also obviously different between each satellite, and the maximum difference between different satellites is about 10 dB for the same receiver at the same elevation. Hence, in terms of the method which is based on CNR information for multipath detection and mitigation, the independence of receiver types, satellite and frequency must be considered. With the above analysis, this study developed a multi-resolution CNR model based on different receiver types, different satellites and different elevation firstly. Then, combined with the adaptive statistical test strategy which is based on the difference of CNR between inter-frequency and the difference of CNR between adjacent epochs, the multipath can be detected effectively. For the epoch which affected by multipath, the down-weighted strategy based on CNR is adopted to mitigate the influence of multipath on positioning. Real-time kinematic PPP data are collected to assess the proposed method, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method can detect the multipath effectively, and the detection rate can reach 90.28%. Moreover, after adopting the mitigation strategy, the RMS bias of the east, north and up components are improved about 19.95%, 17.89% and 23.07% compared to the original results, respectively. It is worth noting that this proposed method is also suitable for other GNSS, such as GLONASS and BDS, but the corresponding CNR model must be established simultaneously.     

基于DDMR辅助的GNSS-R载波相位差测高方法

提出了一种基于时延-多普勒映射接收机（DDMR,Delay-Doppler Map Receiver）辅助的载波相位差提取方法,给出了系统结构及信号处理方法.该方法将DDMR中所观测到的码相位差作为直射信号与反射信号的码相位延时量,将完成跟踪的直射信号扩频码进行对应的延时用于完成对反射信号的开环码跟踪.该方法省去了码相位延时搜索的过程,且可以准确地对反射信号扩频码进行同步.为了验证系统的可行性及实际性能,进行了针对水面高度测量的岸基试验并给出了试验结果.岸基试验证明采用该方法的GNSS-R（Global Navigation Satellite System Reflection）接收机可以稳定地对反射信号进行跟踪并提取直射与反射信号的载波相位差,测高精度约为2.5 cm,经过0.5 s的数据平均后精度可达0.6 cm.      

CSK调制信号的跟踪方法

CSK调制信号能够满足GNSS厘米级高精度服务的高信息速率播发需求，正受到广泛关注。针对CSK调制信号只能用于播发数据，而不能用于提供测量观测量的问题，对CSK调制信号的跟踪方法进行了研究。通过权衡性能和实现复杂度，提出了两种跟踪方法，方法一跟踪精度高但实现复杂度高，方法二以损失跟踪精度为代价降低了实现复杂度。理论和仿真分析结果表明，所提方法一在CSK调制信号载噪比高于40dB-Hz时，可提供与BPSK信号相当的跟踪性能。方法二相比方法一所需相关器资源降低一半，性能损失约4dB。论文的研究成果可为CSK调制信号在GNSS高精度信号体制中的应用提供支持。     

Differential code bias estimation based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard GPS observations

Differential Code Bias (DCB) is an essential correction that must be provided to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users for precise position determination. With the continuous deployment of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, DCB estimation using observations from GNSS receivers onboard the LEO satellites is drawing increasing interests in order to meet the growing demands on high-quality DCB products from LEO-based applications, such as LEO-based GNSS signal augmentation and space weather research. Previous studies on LEO-based DCB estimation are usually using the geometry-free combination of GNSS observations, and it may suffer from significant leveling errors due to non-zero mean of multipath errors and short-term variations of receiver code and phase biases. In this study, we utilize the uncombined Precise Point Positioning (PPP) model for LEO DCB estimation. The models for uncombined PPP-based LEO DCB estimation are presented and GPS observations acquired from receivers onboard three identical Swarm satellites from February 1 to 28, 2019 are used for the validation. The results show that the average Root Mean Square errors (RMS) of the GPS satellite DCBs estimated with onboard data from each of the three Swarm satellites using the uncombined PPP model are less than 0.18 ns when compared to the GPS satellite DCBs obtained from IGS final daily Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) products. Meanwhile, the corresponding average RMS of GPS satellite DCBs estimated with the conventional geometry-free model are 0.290, 0.210, 0.281 ns, respectively, which are significantly larger than those obtained with the uncombined PPP model. It is also noted that the estimated GPS satellite DCBs by Swarm A and C satellites are highly correlated, likely attributed to their similar orbit type and space environment. On the other hand, the Swarm receiver DCBs estimated with uncombined PPP model, with Standard Deviation (STD) of 0.065, 0.037 and 0.071 ns, are more stable than those obtained from the official Swarm Level 2 products with corresponding STD values of 0.115, 0.101, and 0.109 ns, respectively. The above indicates that high-quality DCB products can be estimated based on uncombined PPP with LEO onboard observations.     

Low-cost precise measurement of oscillator frequency instability based on GNSS carrier observation

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers can be used in time and frequency metrology by exploiting stable GNSS time scales. This paper proposes a low-cost method for precise measurement of oscillator frequency instability using a single-frequency software GNSS receiver. The only required hardware is a common radio frequency (RF) data collection device driven by the oscillator under test (OUT). The receiver solves the oscillator frequency error in high time resolution using the carrier Doppler observation and the broadcast ephemeris from one of the available satellites employing the onboard reference atomic frequency standard that is more stable than the OUT. Considering the non-stable and non-Gaussian properties of the frequency error measurement, an unbiased finite impulse response (FIR) filter is employed to obtain robust estimation and filter out measurement noise. The effects of different filter orders and convolution lengths are further discussed. The frequency error of an oven controlled oscillator (OCXO) is measured using live Beidou-2/Compass signals. The results are compared with the synchronous measurement using a specialized phase comparator with the standard coordinated universal time (UTC) signal from the master clock H226 in the national time service center (NTSC) of China as its reference. The Allan deviation (ADEV) estimates using the two methods have a 99.9% correlation coefficient and a 0.6% mean relative difference over 1–1000 s intervals. The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness and high precision of the software receiver method.     

基于高轨航天器的GNSS接收机技术

全球导航卫星系统（GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem,GNSS）应用于高轨航天器时,因轨道高于导航卫星,可见星数量急剧减少,空间信号功率微弱,信号的快速捕获和跟踪十分困难。文章对高轨地球同步轨道（GeosynchronousEarthOrbit,GEO）接收技术进行了研究。以中国实践十七号卫星为研究对象,采用官方正式发布的发射天线方向图对GEO下GNSS信号特征及可用性开展研究分析,并针对高轨道航天器GNSS信号微弱的特点,采用长时间积分处理的梳状滤波方法、差分相干累加比特同步算法和基于动力学模型补偿的扩展卡尔曼滤波自主定轨算法设计GNSS接收机,并在半物理仿真平台进行了测试验证。试验结果表明：GNSS接收机捕获灵敏度优于-173dBW,跟踪灵敏度优于-175dBW,定轨位置精度优于50m,速度精度优于0.01m/s。