层板内冷通道辐射换热影响

分析了层板换热过程,使用了"去除复杂表面"和"无限大平板" 等假设,给出了该假设下层板内腔辐射换热计算公式.又以一特定几何结构的层板模型为例,使用了3维流体力学计算程序求解了流-固耦合情况下的层板内部换热过程,研究了其在4种航空发动机典型工作状态下,内冷通道中的对流和辐射换热情况,得到了辐射与对流换热强度之比θ随冷气入口Re数和燃气加热功率的变化曲线,并对该曲线进行了指数拟合.建立了一套快速简捷计算层板内腔辐射状况的方法,为层板内腔换热研究是否应该忽略辐射,以及对层板冷却效果的修正,提供了一定的判断和计算依据.      

时变热辐射环境下高温合金蜂窝板三维热变形测量

轻质、高强和隔热性能优良的蜂窝合金板结构已广泛用于航空航天领域,其在模拟瞬态气动热环境下的热变形是高速飞行器热防护结构设计的重要参数之一.首先,用自行研制的红外辐射瞬态气动热实验模拟系统模拟与其服役环境类似的时变热辐射环境,用新型"主动成像"三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)测量方法对高温合金蜂窝板结构试件在时变热辐射环境下不同时刻的三维热变形进行了测量.其次,为保证三维数字图像相关测量方法能有效实施,提出一种制作稳定的大面积高温散斑新方法,该方法制作的高温散斑能在整个实验过程中保持稳定,可作为高温变形的有效载体.最后,用Hoff等效刚度理论计算高温合金蜂窝板在稳态时的最大翘曲位移.研究结果表明:210 mm×210 mm的高温合金蜂窝板在单侧面辐射加热条件下其面内变形为均匀热变形,而离面变形为轴对称的翘曲变形,在900℃时其最大离面翘曲位移约为1.6 mm;Hoff等效刚度理论计算结果与实验结果相吻合.      

金属蜂窝板高温环境下的隔热性能试验与计算

采用红外辐射加热式气动热模拟试验系统,进行了高温环境下的金属蜂窝板隔热性能试验研究,试验温度最高达到800℃;采用有限元的方法进行了金属蜂窝板传热特性数值模拟,计算中考虑了蜂窝板内部金属蜂窝芯结构的导热,蜂窝腔内壁面间的辐射换热和蜂窝腔内空气的传热.研究结果显示,金属蜂窝板后表面的试验测试数据与数值模拟结果吻合的很好.金属蜂窝板在高达800℃高温热环境下的隔热性能数值计算和试验结果将为航天航空器的防热结构研究提供参考依据.     

火星表面热环境对航天器热控影响分析

火星大气对太阳辐射产生吸收和散射作用，同时还将与火星表面航天器发生对流换热。热设计时难以直接评估对流、辐射和导热三种换热对航天器的影响，从而确定主要的控温途径。在调研火星表面辐射、大气等热环境的基础上，从线性化传热系数和对流辐射比的角度对比分析了辐射、对流和导热对航天器的影响。器表辐射传热系数随光学属性和温度的变化范围为0.3～1.4W/(m2·℃)，对流传热系数随风速变化为0.2～1.5W/(m2·℃)，器内导热传热系数可控制在0.25W/(m2·℃)以下。结果表明，太阳辐射较火星表面和天空辐射而言是主要外热源，航天器表面的辐射和对流换热为两条并联换热途径，两者均可成为主要换热途径，器内导热传热是控制航天器内外隔热的主要可控因素。     

加热器喷管热-流耦合传热分析

针对加热器喷管中复杂的气、固、液多相流动传热问题,建立了三维热流耦合换热计算模型,分别对燃气、冷却剂和喷管室壁建立不同的控制方程,将辐射热量作为源项加入到方程中,进行流动和传热的耦合计算.采用此方法对美国AEDC(Arnold Engineering Development Center)喷管的流动传热过程进行了计算,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.在此基础上对某超燃冲压发动机试验台水冷式加热器喷管的换热问题进行了三维数值模拟,并定量分析了辐射换热对加热器喷管壁面温度分布的影响.结果表明:冷却水流量取2.0 kg/s时,加热器喷管气壁最高温度为660K,膜温度为430 K,加热器能可靠冷却,其热效率满足试验要求,对于含有H2O和CO2这样的高温燃气,辐射热量对喷管壁面温度分布有较大影响,必须引入到温度场的求解之中.     

用热敏电阻测量气流速度的研究

提出了一种用球形热敏电阻测量气流速度的方法。从加有恒定电流的热敏电阻在气流中的流动换热基本方程出发,建立了热敏电阻恒流式风速测量的理论模型。由风速标定实验研究,获得了热敏电阻的实际风速标定公式。实验结果表明,该方法可用于流速范围为（０．１～２．５）ｍ／ｓ,气流温度范围为（２９３．１～３０２．１）Ｋ的低速气流的速度测量,测量误差为±５％。该方法有体积小、流场干扰小、结构简单等优点,适合于多点布置进行空间低速气流速度分布的测量。     

星载微带阵天线的热变形分析及实验验证

文章对星载微带阵天线的结构特性进行了研究，针对非对称蜂窝夹层板建立了具有拉-弯耦合效应的力学方程，进行了热变形分析。为了验证分析结果，设计了常压高温下的热变形实验，介绍了实验方法、数据采集设备及实验步骤等。实验结果表明，计算结果与实际变形情况相符性较好，从而验证了天线板设计的合理性和有限元模型的正确性。     

高温燃气风洞加热特性仿真分析

提出了利用亚音速高温燃气流进行近空间高超飞行器热环境地面模拟的试验方案,在试验装置试验段,通过高温高速的燃气流引射低速的冷气流,达到仅使飞行器头锥驻点附近区域产生局部高温而其余头锥蒙皮表面低温的目的.对某型高超音速飞行器的头锥利用高温燃气进行加热并利用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法对13种模拟工况进行了数值仿真分析.将数值模拟计算结果与飞行器在高超音速飞行状态下对应机体部位气动热的理论计算值进行了对比,证实了亚声速高温燃气热环境模拟方法的可行性,为高温燃气地面模拟设备技术方案论证提供了依据.      

“接触-导热”式热管辐射散热器设计与分析

针对空间核反应堆电源中的热排散系统，新设计出“接触-导热”式热管辐射散热器结构，根据此散热器结构提出了“划分节点-分层耦合”的传热计算模型，计算了其辐射散热特性，并以JIMO(木星冰卫星轨道器)空间探测任务为背景，对散热系统整体进行了性能分析与对比。结论如下：为提升单块辐射板以及系统整体的散热性能，除可通过增加NaK⁷⁸入口温度途径外，还可采用增大NaK⁷⁸循环流量的方法；对于单块辐射板而言，散热面积固定情况下当NaK⁷⁸流量由1 kg/s增加至10 kg/s,辐射板散热量可增大14.14%,而对于系统整体而言，散热量固定工况下当NaK⁷⁸流量由1 kg/s增加至10 kg/s,所需辐射板总面积可减小67.73%;为提高系统循环流量，可采用“串-并联”相结合的辐射板连接方式实现；JIMO散热系统采用新型辐射板结构，散热总面积最大可减小59.06%,散热板总质量最大可减小4.24%,新型散热板结构具有一定的高效与轻质性。研究结果对空间堆电源系统热管式辐射散热器设计具有指导意义。     

空间飞行器再入大气层的防热问题

空间再入飞行器再入星球大气层时,周围空气由于受到压缩和摩擦,温度可高达一万度以上,炽热高温气体以对流和辐射两种方式向飞行器蒙皮传递大量的热量。因此,如果没有完善的防热措施保护,舱内有效载荷必将化为灰烬。对于防热问题来说,至关重要的是要充分了解再入飞行器周围的热环境,即搞清高温气流的流动状态(层流或是湍流),准确予计飞行器表面压力分布和剪切力,计算高温气体对蒙皮的辐射加热率、对流加热率以及再入飞行的总加热量。凭借多年的理论研究和反复实践,目前人们对这种再入物理现象已有相当程度的认识,利用高速电子计算机     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

绳驱动并联机器人张力约束工作空间分析

绳驱动三自由度机器人可以实现空间的自由转动.由于绳索只可拉伸不可压缩的单向特性,研究驱动绳索张力对机器人的控制具有重要意义.运用几何和矩阵的方法可以分析绳索的张力分配情况;在存在张力约束的条件下,提出张力系数作为评价张力分配优劣状况的指标,通过计算可以得到张力系数分布图,从而对机器人工作空间有直观的认识,进而提出有效的张力优化算法;通过对最小预紧力影响因素及选取方法的讨论,可以得到动态最小预紧力实时计算公式,保证绳索时刻处于张紧状态;通过样机的力检测系统张力反馈的实验可以验证理论推导.通过对以上几部分的分析和研究,可以对四绳驱动三自由度机器人的张力问题有综合全面的认识.      

火卫二地形地貌探测综述

火卫二（Deimos）是火星自然卫星之一，研究人员利用火星探测器对其地形地貌开展了大量研究。首先对火卫二的基本参数及起源假说进行了介绍，进而全面梳理了与火卫二相关的航天探测活动，重点对地形地貌探测活动进行了详细介绍，并对围绕火卫二地形地貌的研究成果进行了归纳分析，结果表明火卫二表面分布有撞击坑、风化层、明亮的反射物质及块状物，并存在物质移动。最后针对火卫二探测不全面的情况，给出了中国关于火卫二探测的建议。     

测试有效性对软件可靠性验证测试量的影响

针对传统软件可靠性验证测试方法均不考虑软件测试性可能会对验证测试用例数量产生影响的现状,提出一种引入测试有效性对软件可靠性验证测试最小量进行改进的方法.分析了软件测试性的定义及其对软件可靠性测试集合的影响,提出软件测试有效性的概念.比较了考虑测试有效性前后软件可靠性验证测试集合在数量上的差异,证明经典统计方法和无先验知识的Bayesian统计推断方法确定的均为假定测试有效性为零情况下的保守估计.提出结合测试有效性的验证测试量的量化表示模型和验证测试方案的改进方法,基于统计故障注入的原理,提出测试有效性的定量评估方法,最后通过示例给出定量评估过程和方法.      

H2 and H∞ control options for the combined attitude and thermal control system (CATCS)

The combined attitude and thermal control system (CATCS) combines the conventional attitude control and thermal control subsystems. Its principle is based on circulating a heat conducting fluid inside a closed duct wielding the excess onboard heat in order to produce the attitude control torques. Previously only the proportional-integral (PI) controller has been tested for CATCS. In this paper two other control options for CATCS were designed based on the H₂ and H_∞ control methods to improve the attitude control performance of a small satellite. The control gain matrix with the minimum cost function is obtained by solving the Riccati equation and fed back to the system in order to achieve the system’s performance. The designed controllers can efficiently control the roll, pitch and yaw satellite attitudes. Simulations for the two techniques were carried out using Matlab and Simulink for ideal and non-ideal system models. Results show that the H₂ controller has a better attitude control performance over the H_∞ controller and PI controller itself.     

From Titan’s tholins to Titan’s aerosols: Isotopic study and chemical evolution at Titan’s surface

In the present work, we focused on the possible isotopic fractionation of carbon during the processes involved in the formation of Titan’s tholins. We present the first results obtained on the ¹²C/¹³C isotopic ratios measured on Titan’s tholins synthesized in laboratory with cold plasma discharges. Measurements of isotopic ratio ¹²C/¹³C, done both on tholins and on the initial gas mixture (N₂:CH₄ (98:2)) used to produce them, do not show any evident deficit or enrichment in ¹³C relatively to ¹²C in the synthesized tholins, compared to the initial gas mixture. This observation allows to go further in the analyses of the ACP experiment data, including part of the Cassini–Huygens mission.     

Hemisphere-coupled modeling of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances

Nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs), which have tilted frontal structures in the midlatitude ionosphere, are investigated by the midlatitude ionosphere electrodynamics coupling (MIECO) model in this study. It has been proposed that the electrodynamic coupling between the E and F regions plays an important role in generating MSTIDs within a few hours. An intriguing aspect of MSTIDs is that they were simultaneously observed at magnetic conjugate locations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In order to study the hemisphere-coupled electrodynamics, the MIECO model has been upgraded to consist of two simulation domains for both hemispheres in which the electrostatic potential is solved by considering electrodynamics in both hemispheres. The simultaneous occurrence of MSTIDs at the magnetic conjugate stations has clearly been reproduced when the F-region neutral wind satisfies the unstable condition in both hemispheres and a sporadic-E layer is given only at the Northern (summer) Hemisphere. Even if the unstable condition is satisfied in the summer hemisphere, an unfavorable F-region neutral wind in the winter hemisphere largely suppresses the growth of MSTIDs in both hemispheres.     

Nostoc sphaeroides Kützing,an excellent candidate producer for CELSS

Some phytoplankton can be regarded as possible candidates in the establishment of Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) for some intrinsic characteristics, the first characteristic is that they should grow rapidly, secondly, they should be able to endure some stress factors and develop some corresponding adaptive strategies; also it is very important that they could provide food rich in nutritious protein and vitamins for the crew; the last but not the least is they can also fulfill the other main functions of CELSS, including supplying oxygen, removing carbon dioxide and recycling the metabolic waste. According to these characteristics, Nostoc sphaeroides, a potential healthy food in China, was selected as the potential producer in CELSS. It was found that the oxygen average evolution rate of this algae is about 150 μmol O₂ mg⁻¹ h⁻¹, and the size of them are ranged from 2 to 20 mm. Also it can be cultured with high population density, which indicated that the potential productivity of Nostoc sphaeroides is higher than other algae in limited volume. We measured the nutrient contents of the cyanobacterium and concluded it was a good food for the crew. Based on above advantages, Nostoc sphaeroides was assumed to a suitable phytoplankton for the establishment of Controlled Ecological Life Support System. We plan to develop suitable bioreactor with the cyanobacterium for supplying oxygen and food in future space missions.     

Sensor calibration impacts on dust detection based on MODIS and VIIRS thermal emissive bands

Dust detection using remotely sensed measurements has been one of the challenging problems encountered by atmospheric scientists. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra (T) and Aqua (A) platforms have been a versatile sensor for well over 21 and 18 years respectively, and have been extremely useful in the retrieval of aerosol information over the entire globe. The MODIS radiances from the Level 1B in general are expected to be within 5% accuracy in the reflective wavelengths and within 1% in the thermal emissive wavelengths. In this paper, we evaluate the sensitivity of previously developed dust detection technique based on thermal emissive wavelengths, which correspond to MODIS bands 20, 29, 31, and 32 respectively. The Thermal Emissive Dust Index (TEDI) performed very comparably to the traditional Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) retrievals by MODIS reflective channels. Since the MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands (TEB) are well calibrated on-orbit using a BlackBody (BB) source, the calibration of these long wave infrared bands is quite robust. As A-MODIS continues to perform well beyond its designed lifetime of 6 years, the instrument has undergone various levels of degradation during its mission time. As a consequence, it is imperative to check the impacts of calibration on the higher-level retrievals. In this paper, we rigorously analyze the sensitivity of TEDI due to the impact of calibration by the afore-mentioned TEB. The perturbation of the dominant (linear) calibration term demonstrated the following: first, there was a correlation in the sensitivity of the TEDI due to the uncertainty in the linear calibration term. Based on a perturbation in the linear calibration term for all aforementioned bands over a range of ±5% yielded the TEDI sensitivity to vary from approximately ?3.2% to about ?3.6%. When considering the uncertainty in each individual band significant changes were observed. The least change was observed for the perturbation in the calibration of band 20 with the TEDI sensitivity and the largest sensitivity in TEDI was observed in the perturbation of band 31 calibration. Thus, in the case of TEDI, noticeable sensitivity due to calibration uncertainty was observed in bands 29, 31, and 32, reiterating the importance of the TEB calibration in these bands. Also, the dust detection scheme based on A-MODIS was successfully transferred to the follow-on sensors such as Suomi (SNPP) and NOAA 20 (N20) VIIRS. The results presented in this paper would be extremely helpful in understanding impacts of calibration on the higher-level products for both current and future missions based on the MODIS heritage. Finally, the work also identifies the importance of radiometric fidelity in maintaining the accuracy of the dust detection. Results presented will show drastic improvement of the Saharan dust detection after the reduction of the electronic crosstalk in the 8.5 µm channel of T-MODIS.     

Attempt to identify a source mechanism of Mercury’s sodium exosphere by a spectrometer using Fabry–Perot etalon

The Mercury’s Sodium Atmosphere Spectral Imager (MSASI) on BepiColombo (BC) will address a range of fundamental scientific questions pertaining to Mercury’s exosphere. The measurements will provide new information on regolith–exosphere–magnetosphere coupling as well as new understanding of the dynamics governing the exosphere bounded by the planetary surface, the solar wind and interplanetary space. MSASI is a high-dispersion visible spectrometer working in the spectral range around sodium D2 emission (589 nm). A tandem Fabry–Perot etalon is used to achieve a compact design. We presents a design of the spectral analyzer using Fabry–Perot interferometer. We conclude that: (1) The MSASI optical design is practical and can be implemented without new or critical technology developments; (2) The thermally-tuned etalon design is based on concepts, designs and materials that have good space heritage.