Characteristics of GOCE orbits based on Satellite Laser Ranging

The Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) was the first European Space Agency’s (ESA) Earth Explorer core mission. Through its extremely low, about 260?km above the Earth, circular, sun-synchronous orbit, the satellite gained high spatial resolution and accuracy gravity gradient, and ocean circulation data. Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, mounted on the spacecraft, allowed the determination of reduced-dynamic and kinematic GOCE orbits, whereas Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) dedicated to Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) allowed an independent validation of GPS-derived orbits. In this paper, residuals between different GPS-based orbit types and SLR observations are used to investigate the sensitivity and the influence of solar, geomagnetic, and ionospheric activities on the quality of kinematic and reduced-dynamic GOCE orbits. We also analyze the quality of data provided by individual SLR sites, by detecting time biases using ascending and descending sun-synchronous GOCE orbit passes, and the residual analysis of the measurement characteristics, i.e., the dependency of SLR residuals as a function of nadir and horizontal angles. Results show a substantial vulnerability of kinematic orbit solutions to the solar F10.7 index and the ionospheric activity measured by the variations of the Total Electron Content (TEC) values. The sensitivity of kinematic orbits to the three-hour-range KP index is rather minor. The reduced-dynamic orbits are almost insensitive to indices describing ionospheric, solar, and geomagnetic activities. The investigation of individual SLR sites shows that some of them are affected by time bias errors, whereas other demonstrate systematics, such as a dependency between observation residuals and the satellite nadir angle or the horizontal azimuth angle from the SLR station to the direction of the satellite.     

On transmissivity of low energy cosmic rays in disturbed magnetosphere

Access of low energy cosmic rays to any position on the Earth depends on the state of the magnetosphere. Anisotropy of cosmic rays, deduced from the neutron monitor network, must assume the variable transmissivity of the magnetosphere especially during the geomagnetic disturbances. We illustrate that computations based on different available models of geomagnetic field during selected strong geomagnetic disturbances in 2003 and 2004 imply different profiles of cut-off rigidities in time, different transmissivity functions and different asymptotic directions. Using of cosmic ray records by neutron monitors at middle and low latitudes during geomagnetically active periods, in addition to cosmic ray anisotropy in interplanetary space deduced from high and low energy cosmic ray ground based measurements, may be used for checking validity of geomagnetic field models.     

地磁测量卫星的矢量磁场在轨标定算法仿真

以SWARM为代表的高精度地磁测量卫星对地球磁场探测精度经过标定之后优于0.5 nT,对于开展地磁科学研究具有重要意义。地磁测量卫星通过安装在伸展杆上的矢量磁通门磁强计、标量磁强计和高精度星敏感器,获取测量方向的惯性空间姿态的地磁信息,其中高精度标量磁强计主要用于对磁通门矢量磁强计进行标定。针对地磁测量卫星,研究了矢量磁强计在轨测量误差的校正方法。考虑到矢量磁强计非正交角、标度因子以及偏差的影响,建立磁场矢量线性输出模型;结合标量磁强计的测量值分别设计基于小量近似的线性校正算法和基于参数辨识更新的非线性校正算法;校验两种算法的标定精度,并通过Tukey权重函数改善算法的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,两种算法校正结果相似,磁场三轴误差可校正至0.5 nT以内,在标量磁强计存在异常值时仍具有较好的校正效果。      

基于电磁力与力矩的航天器运动控制的研究进展

电磁力与力矩是一种非接触式的相互作用力与力矩.将通电线圈或磁铁放在磁场中会受到电磁力与力矩的作用.多个通电线圈或磁铁相互作用时，在彼此构成的磁场中也会受到电磁力与力矩的作用.作为一种非接触的力与力矩，电磁力与力矩在航天器的姿态与相对位置控制系统中已有了广泛和深入的应用.本文主要介绍近年来由航天器上电磁装置受到地磁场作用产生电磁力矩在姿态控制中的应用，和带有电磁机构的多航天器间相互作用控制多航天器间相对位姿的应用等.     

基于稀疏地磁数据的中低纬度磁暴感应地电场的算法研究

强磁暴产生的地磁感应电流是诱发电力系统灾害性事故的关键因素,预防与控制地磁感应电流的必要途径是评估其在系统中的水平.掌握磁暴感应地电场的时空分布是评估所在区域电网地磁感应电流的基础,可为研究与防治电网磁暴灾害提供参考.在中国现有稀疏分布的地磁台观测数据基础上,建立了电离层等效球面元电流系统模型,并将其与复镜像法结合,建立了磁暴感应地电场和地磁场的计算模型.利用磁暴期间实测的地磁台站数据进行了计算,算例结果与平面波理论计算结果的对比证明了算法的正确性与有效性.计算结果可直接应用于电力系统的地磁感应电流计算,为分析电力系统磁暴灾害风险提供参考.      

基于实时观测数据的大气密度模式修正

针对国际大气密度模式NRLMSISE-00, 以中国神舟飞船探测数据为基础, 提出一种基于实时大气密度观测数据的模式修正方法. 通过计算分析模式计算结果与探测数据的误差分布特征, 针对地磁相对平静期(Ap≤ 30)模式计算的误差特点, 建立了一种平均误差修正方法, 即认为在相对平静期, 在相同纬度和地方时, 模式误差基本相同, 某一时刻模式预测误差可以近似用与其相同纬度和地方时的平均误差来替代, 从而对模式预测结果进行修正. 以神舟4号探测数据为基础, 通过对模式预测结果采用两种方式进行修正, 可以看到模式误差得到了一定的改善. 采用误差库累积准实时修正, 修正后的误差由原来的20 %降至6 %; 采用误差库5天滑动预报修正后, 模式提前1, 2, 3天的预测误差由原来的20 %分别降至7.8 %, 9.4 %和10.5%.      

Modeling solar proton access to geostationary spacecraft with geomagnetic cutoffs

Solar energetic particle (SEP) cutoffs at geosynchronous orbit are sensitive to moderate geomagnetic activity and undergo daily variations due to the day–night asymmetry of the magnetosphere. At geosynchronous orbit, cutoff rigidity also has a large directional dependence, with the highest cutoff rigidity corresponding to ions arriving from magnetic east and lowest cutoff rigidity corresponding to ions incident from the west. Consequently, during geomagnetically quiet periods, the SEP flux observed by an eastward facing particle detector is significantly lower than observed by a westward facing particle detector. During geomagnetically disturbed periods the cutoff is suppressed allowing SEPs access well inside of geosynchronous, so that the east–west SEP flux ratio approaches unity. Variations in the east–west SEP flux ratio observed by GOES Energetic Particle Sensors (EPS) have recently been reported by Rodriguez et al. (2010). In NOAA’s operational processing of EPS count rates into differential fluxes, the differential flux is treated as isotropic and flat over the energy width of the channel. To compare modeled SEP flux with GOES EPS observations, the anisotropy of the flux over the EPS energy range and field of view must be taken into account. A technique for making direct comparisons between GOES EPS observations and SEP flux modeled using numerically computed geomagnetic cutoffs is presented. Initial results from a comparison between modeled and observed flux during the 6–11 December 2006 SEP event are also presented. The modeled cutoffs reproduce the observed flux variations well but are in general too high.     

Halo轨道探测器的姿态描述与建模

日地系Halo轨道位于平动点附近,且不存在以地球为中心的轨道平面,这使得Halo轨道探测器的姿态描述和建模问题完全不同于近地卫星.针对三轴稳定方式的探测器,给出了2种姿态描述方案:对日定向方案(方案I,基于日、地敏感器)和旋转坐标系下定向方案(方案II,基于星敏感器).依据两者所定义的不同轨道坐标系,分别建立了姿态动力学模型.分析2类描述方案的相对误差,发现方案I的上限不超过5%,而方案II的上限不超过0.005%.并就方案I设计了姿态镇定控制器,以验证所提出的姿态描述方案的合理性.结果表明:具体工程应用中应以方案II为正常工作模式,并定期修正星历表的误差;方案I作为备份,保证探测器的正常运行.      

Maps of hydrogen isotopes at low altitudes in the inner zone from sampex observations

The PET instrument aboard the SAMPEX satellite has provided us with long-term intra-calibrated observations of geomagnetically trapped protons and deuterons in the inner zone, suitable for use in constraining the low-altitude portions of radiation belt models being developed as successors to AP-8. These observations have been summarized elsewhere (Looper et al., 1996). Here we report a detection of geomagnetically-trapped tritium at energies from 14 to 35 MeV/nuc below L = 1.2, at about 1/8 the flux of deuterium previously reported at that location and at similar energy per nucleon. We also demonstrate the utility of the SAMPEX/PET observations for measuring the east-west anisotropy in the trapped particle flux at low altitudes, which is due to displacement of particle gyrocenters from the position of observation in a region of strong flux gradients. This anisotropy is implicitly ignored in omnidirectional radiation-flux models, but it can be important to mission planners considering how to distribute shielding over the surface of oriented spacecraft in low Earth orbit.     

Observations of wave activity in the ionosphere over South Africa in geomagnetically quiet and disturbed periods

The present paper deals with observations of wave activity in the period range 1–60 min at ionospheric heights over the Western Cape, South Africa from May 2010 to July 2010. The study is based on the Doppler type sounding of the ionosphere. The Doppler frequency shift measurements are supplemented with measurements of collocated Digisonde DPS-4D at SANSA Space Sciences, Hermanus. Nine geomagnetically quiet days and nine geomagnetically active days were included in the study. Waves of periods 4–30 min were observed during the daytime independent of the level of geomagnetic activity. Amplitudes of 10–30 min waves always increased between 14:00 and 16:15 UT (16:00–18:15 LT). Secondary maxima were observed between 06:00 and 07:00 UT (08:00–09:00 LT). The maximum wave amplitudes occurred close to the time of passage of the solar terminator in the studied region which is known to act as a source of gravity waves.     

1998年4月下旬至5月上旬地磁暴的日地事件认证

综合运用SOHO／LASCO、SOHO／EIT关于CME的观测结果和WIND飞船关于太阳风的观测记录，识别了1998年4月下旬至5月上旬发生的磁暴的CME源，分析了与5月初强磁暴群相联系的日地事件。结果表明，所用日地扰动事件关系认证的方法是可行的，本文就上述日地事件所涉及的磁暴群与活动区的关系、CME地磁效应的日面东西不对称性以及磁云与高速流的作用等问题进行了讨论。     

冷而密的等离子体片及其对磁尾等离子体片分布特性的影响

地球磁尾等离子体片在太阳风-磁层耦合过程中起着重要的作用，其中冷而密的等离子体片是地磁活动平静期太阳风等离子体进入磁层的重要区域.以往的研究通常没有利用局地探测数据针对冷而密的等离子体片发生率在地心太阳磁层坐标系（GSM）中xy平面分布的统计分析.本文利用GEOTAIL卫星1996-2016年的局地测量数据，给出了等离子体片密度、温度及冷而密的等离子体片发生率的二维分布.与温度具有晨昏对称分布不同，等离子体片数密度呈现明显的晨昏不对称性，并且冷而密的等离子体片发生率在晨侧较高.      

基于神经网络的磁平静期赤道电集流预测

利用BP神经网络技术分别对2008年后磁平静期印度扇区、秘鲁扇区以及CHAMP卫星的赤道电集流（EEJ）变化进行预测，其中神经网络训练数据为对应的2000—2007年磁平静期EEJ观测数据，输入参量为天数、地方时、太阳天顶角、太阳活动指数（F_10.7）、太阴时以及卫星地理经度，输出参量为EEJ.对EEJ预测结果进行了统计学分析，并且与实际观测结果进行对比.结果表明:BP神经网络对事件中EEJ的变化具有很好的预测能力，预测结果能够反映EEJ的重要分布特征；EEJ预测值与观测值之间具有很好的相关性，其中地磁台站观测值与预测值相关性系数可达85%以上.此外，将BP神经网络模型的预测结果与Yamazaki提出的经验模型结果进行对比，结果显示BP神经网络与其经验模型性能相当.研究结果表明，BP神经网络技术在平静期EEJ变化预测方面性能优异，具有良好的应用前景.      

磁控小卫星周期时变的比例微分控制设计方法

在极地圆轨道上工作的对地定向磁控小卫星,其动力学方程是一个线性周期系统。根据极地轨道地磁场变化的特性,利用卫星的姿态角和姿态角速度作为反馈信号,提出也一种采用磁力矩器的比例微分控制规律设计方法。     

The relationship between TEC and Earth’s magnetic field during quiet and disturbed days over Istanbul,Turkey

In this study, the impact of Earth’s magnetic field on total electron content (TEC) was studied by using statistical multiple linear regression model and co-integration method. TEC values were measured over the Turkey-Istanbul (ista) station using date of global positioning system (GPS), and the magnetic field components of the Earth were measured from Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Geomagnetic observatory Istanbul (ISK) station. This examination has been carried out during the dates of March 14–19, 2015 covering the dates of March 17–18, 2015 known in the literature as St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm. The three days before the storm (March 14–16) were named as quiet days, whereas the other days (March 17–19) were named as disturbed days after which the two periods were examined separately. It was observed as a result of the examination that the x-component (south-north direction) of the magnetic field had a negative impact on TEC on quiet days, whereas the impact was positive on disturbed days. However, the y-component (east–west direction) of the magnetic field had an inverse relationship of the x-component on the quiet and disturbed days. In addition, it was deduced that the impact coefficient of the x and y-component of the magnetic field was higher on disturbed days in comparison with those on quiet days. The correlation coefficient between the TEC and the components of the Earth’s magnetic field was 0.11 on quiet days and 0.95 on disturbed days. Therefore, it can be stated that the relationship of the TEC values with the geomagnetic field are higher on disturbed days.     

On the association of quiet-time Pi2 pulsations with IMF variations

The association of quiet-time Pi2 pulsations with the variations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has been examined by using three reported events, occurring during extremely quiet intervals, of which the first was on 10 March 1997, the second 27 December 1997, and the third 11 May 1999. For the first event, the onset time of ground Pi2s maps to the IMF structure bearing a variation cycle of north-to-south and north again as seen by Wind in the upstream region and Geotail in the magnetosheath. Likewise, the second and the third events have respectively, four and three recurrent turnings propagating to the Earth sensed by multiple satellites. The comparison of geomagnetic perturbations, auroral brightenings, and energetic particle data in the magnetotail with the IMF observations shows successive substorm-like activations accompanied by ground Pi2 onsets. For a clear variation cycle, the first Pi2 burst appears 36 ± 8 min after southward turning of the IMF and the second one follows14 ± 4 min after a northward turning. Moreover, ground Pi2 onsets recur under low IMF clock angle conditions. These observational results can be interpreted with the prevailing models of externally triggered substorm. But the solar wind coupling to the magnetosphere under quiet conditions proceeds in a less efficient way than under substorm time conditions. Consequently, we suggest that recurrent quiet-time Pi2s can be associated with IMF variations and their cause can be the same as those for substorm times.     

Comparisons of foF2 with IRI model and equatorial vertical drifts

Measurements of the critical frequency, foF2 recorded over Ibadan: 7.4°N, 3.9°E (geographic), 6°S (dip angle) have been compared with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2007) model for solar maximum geomagnetically quiet conditions, with a view to determining what modifications might bring about better predictions for the model. Our results reveal that the present version of IRI essentially reproduces diurnal trends and the general features of the experimental observations for all seasons, except for nighttime June solstice periods, which the model seriously overestimated. The model errors ranging from 50% to 125% over the four seasons considered in this study. It is also indicated that the percentage relative deviations between the observed and the modeled values vary approximately from −11% to 12% (March), −34% to 11% (June), −16% to 12% (September), and −10% to 13% (December). An unexpected feature of foF2 is obvious and remarkable reduction in values during nighttime June solstice periods compared to that in other seasons. Relationship between equatorial vertical drift and foF2 is also investigated. However, cross correlation analysis reveals strong anti-correlation between vertical drift and critical frequency during the daytime hours, but exceptionally opposite is the case for the nighttime sector. The discrepancies which are noted, particularly during June solstice season are attributed to processes most likely within the thermosphere and from meteorological influences during quiet magnetic conditions.     

地球静止轨道卫星扫描镜运动补偿

研究地球静止轨道卫星的扫描镜运动补偿问题,以消除卫星姿态偏差和扫描镜法线偏移引起的光轴指向偏差.给出了带有两自由度扫描镜的航天器姿态动力学方程以及光轴指向误差的描述.以欧拉角描述卫星姿态,以欧拉轴/角参数来描述扫描镜法线偏移,并推导了这2种影响因素对光轴指向的误差传递关系.针对法线偏移不易测量的特点,利用扫描镜在特定工作模式下的准确定向能力和法线偏移的长周期特性,给出了一种偏移参数的估计算法,每隔一定的时间段对法线偏移估计值进行更新.在此基础上给出了一种基于卫星姿态和法线偏移信息的运动补偿算法,对扫描镜的扫描角和步进角分别进行补偿.数值仿真结果验证了补偿算法的有效性.      

Longitudinal variations of geomagnetic and ionospheric parameters in the Northern Hemisphere during magnetic storms according to multi-instrument observations

We present a joint analysis of longitude-temporal variations of ionospheric and geomagnetic parameters at middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere during the two severe magnetic storms in March and June 2015 by using data from the chains of magnetometers, ionosondes and GPS/GLONASS receivers. We identify the fixed longitudinal zones where the variability of the magnetic field is consistently high or low under quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. The revealed longitudinal structure of the geomagnetic field variability in quiet geomagnetic conditions is caused by the discrepancy of the geographic and magnetic poles and by the spatial anomalies of different scales in the main magnetic field of the Earth. Variations of ionospheric parameters are shown to exhibit a pronounced longitudinal inhomogeneity with changing geomagnetic conditions. This inhomogeneity is associated with the longitudinal features of background and disturbed structure of the geomagnetic field. During the recovery phase of a storm, important role in dynamics of the mid-latitude ionosphere may belong to wave-like thermospheric disturbances of molecular gas, propagating westward for several days. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the time interval for studying the ionospheric effects of strong magnetic storms by a few days after the end of the magnetospheric source influence, while the disturbed regions in the thermosphere continues moving westward and causes the electron density decrease along the trajectories of propagation.