基于脉冲星和紫外敏感器的自主定轨定姿授时研究

为提高深空探测器的自主导航能力, 利用脉冲星导航的脉冲到达时间和脉冲星 角位置测量值、紫外敏感器中心天体质心相对于探测器的方向矢量和距离测量 值以及紫外敏感器输出的航天器姿态角, 以探测器在惯性坐标系下的位置和速度、 探测器本体坐标系相对于惯性坐标系的姿态角、星载时钟钟差为系统状态变量, 通过联邦扩展卡尔曼滤波器估计组合导航系统的系统状态, 并利用火星环绕段 轨道数据进行仿真实验. 仿真结果表明, 该组合导航方法能够使火星轨道器 在环绕段飞行中同时进行定轨、定姿和授时, 且具有较高的导航精度和授时能力.      

Halo轨道族延拓方法及特性研究

对Halo轨道周期和运动范围等特性的研究是平动点任务设计的首要前提。针对大幅值Halo轨道和完整Halo轨道族的应用需求及其数值计算问题,面向当前应用广泛的地月系和日-地月系共线平动点,基于延拓法研究了圆型限制性三体问题下的Halo轨道族数值计算和运动学特性,给出了Halo轨道族延拓计算方法。数值仿真了族参数选择对轨道族计算的影响,得到了地月系和日-地月系共线平动点的大范围南北Halo轨道族,同时给出了轨道族的轨道周期变化和空间位置变化特性。研究结果表明,固定延拓步长下,L1点Halo轨道族应选择会合坐标系x坐标作为族参数,L2点Halo轨道族应选择y方向速度或者周期T作为族参数。方法适用于任意三体系统平动点的周期轨道族计算,特别是对其中的状态转移矩阵简单修改后可用于完整力模型下的Halo轨道（族）的数值设计。     

基于精密时间的星敏感器绝对姿态基准的建立

根据星敏感器外场试验的实际需要,提出一种用于建立星敏感器参考姿态基准的方法.介绍星敏感器参考姿态基准建立的基本原理;分别求取从赤道惯性坐标系i系到地球坐标系w系的转换矩阵Cw1（依靠原子钟精密计时）、从w系到地理坐标系t系的转换矩阵Ctw、从t系到平台坐标系p系的转换矩阵Cpt,从p系到星敏感器坐标系s系的转换矩阵Csp,从而得到i系到s系的转化矩阵Cs1;根据Csi求取星敏感器的姿态角,作为参考姿态基准;编制求解星敏感器参考姿态基准的电算化程序,并绘制星敏感器3个姿态角的误差曲线,最大误差小于0.25″.仿真结果表明,通过精密时间得到的姿态可以作为星敏感器外场试验的参考姿态基准.     

短消息

正6月14日,我国探月工程嫦娥四号任务中的鹊桥中继星成功实施轨道捕获控制,进入环绕距月球约6.5万公里的地月拉格朗日L2点的Halo使命轨道,成为世界首颗运行在地月L2点Halo使命轨道的卫星。后续,鹊桥中继星将在此轨道陆续开展在轨测试和中继通信链路联试,为今年年底择机发射的嫦娥四号月球探测器提供地月中继测控通信。     

日地系L2点与日火系L1点转移轨道设计

将太阳-地球-火星-飞行器组成的四体问题分解成由太阳-地球-飞行器和太阳-火星-飞行器两个共面圆形限制性三体问题,设计日地系L2点与日火系L1点Lyapunov轨道之间的转移轨道,该转移轨道可以作为探测火星时的低能中间转移轨道.采用Richardson三阶近似解作为初始值,运用微分修正方法分别得到两个不同三体系统下拉格朗日点的精确Lyapunov轨道.基于Lyapunov轨道不变流形以及微分修正方法,设计了日地系L2点与日火系L1点间的转移轨道.将所得结果与基于Halo轨道不变流形设计的转移轨道进行了对比.结论表明:利用Lyapunov轨道不变形设计探火中间转移轨道相较于利用Halo轨道不变流形设计探火中间转移轨道在能量消耗以及飞行时间上都存在优势.     

高精度模型下Halo轨道设计研究

针对未来地月L2点Halo轨道空间站长期停泊任务,研究了高精度模型下Halo轨道设计方法。首先,详细推导了圆型限制性三体问题(Circular Restricted Three Body Problem,CR3BP)质心会合坐标系与高精度模型地心J2000坐标系之间的转换关系,并在此基础上,将CR3BP下的闭合Halo轨道转换到地心J2000坐标系得到了高精度模型下Halo轨道迭代初值。其次,采用序列二次规划(Sequence Quadratic Program,SQP)构造多层迭代格式,在高精度模型下对初值进行逐层修正。最后,通过仿真测试,验证了该方法的可行性与有效性。该研究结果可为未来平动点任务标称轨道设计方案的制定提供参考。     

基于引力场不对称性的三体系统轨道自主导航

以月球背面的中继通信为背景,提出了基于三体系统引力场不对称特性的星–星测距自主定轨方案。该方案以环月极轨卫星和地–月L2点Halo轨道卫星组成中继通信网,以实现对月球两极和背面的覆盖。通过采集极轨卫星与Halo轨道卫星的测距信息,结合卡尔曼滤波在日–地–月动力学模型下获得两颗卫星的绝对轨道。数值仿真结果表明:本文方法能将导航的位置精度和速度精度分别提高到百米和厘米/秒量级。该自主导航方法还可以扩展到不规则引力场小天体附近星群运动的自主导航。     

利用摆动地球敏感器两个探测器输出的姿态确定

摆动地球敏感器是地球同步通信卫星控制系统的重要部件。这种敏感器主要用于卫星的姿态测量,测量量作为控制系统的输入信号计算控制输出量。摆动地球敏感器有4个探测器,目前在轨卫星的基本使用方法均为至少使用3个探测器的测量信息进行姿态确定。本文给出了使用2个探测器测量确定卫星姿态的计算方法,并结合实际情况给出了使用策略。这种姿态确定方法大大拓宽了地球敏感器的使用范围,增加了地球敏感器的冗余性,延长了部件的使用寿命。     

“嫦娥4号”中继星应急轨道控制策略设计与分析

"嫦娥4号"中继星作为"嫦娥4号"任务的重要组成部分,不同于其它月球探测器,首次选择绕地月L2平动点运行的Halo轨道以保证为月球背面的着陆器和巡视器提供连续的中继通信服务,这面临诸多技术挑战。基于任务需求和工程约束,梳理了中继星全寿命与轨道控制相关的故障类型,制定了多级应急控制目标,给出了分阶段应急轨道控制方案,提出将Lissajous轨道作为应急备选使命轨道,分析了推进剂消耗、中继测控条件和可行性,研究成果直接应用于中继星任务工程实践。     

轨道姿态误差对TDI-CCD相机行周期及偏流角的影响分析

与其他文献的几何方法不同,本文从运动学角度出发,选定合适的参考系后,按照一系列不同坐标系的坐标转换,完成星下点运动速度矢量在敏感器坐标系的推导,把姿态、轨道、安装偏差作为相关参数,经过一系列坐标变换,表征在最终的偏流角公式及行转移频率动态公式中;在通常的对地稳定指向模式下,姿态参数和安装偏差很小,仅保留一阶小量.根据矢量表达,解析地给出行转移频率及偏流角与轨道、姿态的关系,从而方便分析误差的影响,并以几个典型的低轨为实例作了说明.     

Adaptive predefined-time control for liquid-filled flexible spacecraft attitude stabilization during orbit maneuver

A predefined-time attitude stabilization for complex structure spacecraft with liquid sloshing and flexible vibration is investigated under input saturation during orbital maneuver. First, the attitude dynamics model of liquid-filled flexible spacecraft is constructed. Meanwhile, the influence of solar panel vibration and liquid sloshing is treated as a disturbance in the controller design. Next, an adaptive predefined-time control scheme is proposed by applying sliding mode control theory. A predefined-time convergent sliding surface and reaching law are designed to ensure the predefined-time fast convergence rate. Furthermore, a novel adaptive algorithm is developed to handle the disturbances from liquid sloshing and flexible vibration, ensuring that the system converges to a small neighborhood of the equilibrium. Additionally, a new auxiliary system is constructed to deal with the effects of input saturation. At last, one simulation case is performed to verify the feasibility and advantages of the proposed algorithm.     

极低频超大型航天器姿态机动与物理试验验证

针对具有0.01 Hz极低频主模态的超大型航天器的姿态机动问题,给出利用经典的Bang-Bang轨迹规划方法、滤波轨迹规划方法和传统的相平面控制方法进行姿态机动的方案,构建了极低频超大型航天器姿态机动地面物理试验系统,对不同的姿态机动控制方法进行了试验验证.针对不同的姿态机动轨迹规划方法,采用喷气发动机或控制力矩陀螺作...     

带有两个飞轮的欠驱动航天器姿态稳定控制研究

在系统总角动量不为零的前提下,仅带两个飞轮的航天器无法实现本体系相对于惯性系三轴姿态角为零的稳定控制,而已实现的角速度稳定控制和自旋稳定控制也无法满足姿态控制任务的多样化需求。于是在系统总角动量不为零时,首次提出存在最大程度姿态稳定形式为航天器本体三轴角速度稳定,同时固连于航天器的某一特定视线轴指向任意给定惯性方向。利用一种新的姿态描述形式推导出了角速度为零时航天器的目标姿态,然后基于线性化后的系统设计了线性二次型最优控制器。数值仿真表明利用此控制器能实现所提出的姿态稳定形式,这对于无须实现本体系相对惯性系三轴姿态角为零,而只需对固连于本体的天线或相机进行惯性空间定向控制的航天器将完全满足其姿态控制要求,同时也能提高欠驱动航天器的可靠性。     

Event-triggered attitude control of spacecraft

The problem of spacecraft attitude stabilization control system with limited communication and external disturbances is investigated based on an event-triggered control scheme. In the proposed scheme, information of attitude and control torque only need to be transmitted at some discrete triggered times when a defined measurement error exceeds a state-dependent threshold. The proposed control scheme not only guarantees that spacecraft attitude control errors converge toward a small invariant set containing the origin, but also ensures that there is no accumulation of triggering instants. The performance of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated through numerical simulation.     

Robust H∞ controller design for attitude stabilization of flexible spacecraft with input constraints

This paper addresses the attitude stabilization and vibration suppression problem for flexible spacecraft subject to model parameter uncertainty, controller perturbations, external disturbances and input constraints. The attitude model of flexible spacecraft is described and converted into a state space form in terms of passive and active vibration suppression schemes. A novel state feedback controller is proposed based on the exactly available expectation of a new variable, which is introduced to model a randomly occurring controller gain perturbation. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, sufficient conditions for the existence of the nonfragile H_∞ controller considering input constraints are given based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) in terms of additive perturbation and multiplicative perturbation. Then, the developed controller subject to required constraints can be obtained, where the nonfragile property is fully considered to improve the tolerance to uncertainties in the controller. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control strategy in attitude stabilization and vibration suppression, where it should be noted that the passive vibration suppression scheme is superior for high natural frequencies while the active vibration suppression scheme is superior for low natural frequencies. Moreover, the low natural frequencies have more influence on the performance of attitude stabilization and vibration suppression.     

飞轮控制的欠驱动刚体航天器姿态控制器设计

针对"三正交加斜装"反作用轮系统中某两个本体轴上的飞轮失效的欠驱动情况,研究了航天器的姿态控制问题.在系统初始角动量为零的条件下,设计分段解耦控制律,实现了姿态稳定.采用欧拉角描述法建立了欠驱动航天器的姿态动力学方程和运动学方程.在系统初始角动量为零的条件下,通过分析方程的解耦特性,设计了分段解耦控制律.该方法经过6次机动控制,可实现姿态稳定.数值仿真验证了方法的有效性.     

A deorbiter CubeSat for active orbital debris removal

This paper introduces a mission concept for active removal of orbital debris based on the utilization of the CubeSat form factor. The CubeSat is deployed from a carrier spacecraft, known as a mothership, and is equipped with orbital and attitude control actuators to attach to the target debris, stabilize its attitude, and subsequently move the debris to a lower orbit where atmospheric drag is high enough for the bodies to burn up. The mass and orbit altitude of debris objects that are within the realms of the CubeSat’s propulsion capabilities are identified. The attitude control schemes for the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission are specified. The objective of the deorbiting maneuver is to decrease the semi-major axis of the debris orbit, at the fastest rate, from its initial value to a final value of about 6471?km (i.e., 100?km above Earth considering a circular orbit) via a continuous low-thrust orbital transfer. Two case studies are investigated to verify the performance of the deorbiter CubeSat during the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission. The baseline target debris used in the study are the decommissioned KOMPSAT-1 satellite and the Pegasus rocket body. The results show that the deorbiting times for the target debris are reduced significantly, from several decades to one or two years.     

Simulation of long-term rotational dynamics of large space debris: A TOPEX/Poseidon case study

Accurate knowledge of the rotational dynamics of a large space debris is crucial for space situational awareness (SSA), whether it be for accurate orbital predictions needed for satellite conjunction analyses or for the success of an eventual active debris removal mission charged with stabilization, capture and removal of debris from orbit. In this light, the attitude dynamics of an inoperative satellite of great interest to the space debris community, the joint French and American spacecraft TOPEX/Poseidon, is explored. A comparison of simulation results with observations obtained from high-frequency satellite range measurements is made, showing that the spacecraft is currently spinning about its minor principal axis in a stable manner. Predictions of the evolution of its attitude motion to 2030 are presented, emphasizing the uncertainty on those estimates due to internal energy dissipation, which could cause a change of its spin state in the future. The effect of solar radiation pressure and the eddy-current torque are investigated in detail, and insights into some of the satellite’s missing properties are provided. These results are obtained using a novel, open-source, coupled orbit-attitude propagation software, the Debris SPin/Orbit Simulation Environment (D-SPOSE), whose primary goal is the study of the long-term evolution of the attitude dynamics of large space debris.     

基于反馈摄动的航天器姿态正规矩阵控制

研究三轴稳定的挠性航天器姿态的鲁棒控制问题．由混合坐标方程导出姿态动力学逆传递函数矩阵,并分析其正规性．基于正规性分析结果,使用系统不确定性反馈摄动描述对姿态控制系统的正规矩阵设计方法进行研究．研究结果表明,逆传递函数矩阵可视为正规矩阵,且动力学参数的摄动不影响其正规性．利用这一特性,提出一种适用于航天器姿态控制的正规矩阵设计方法．在该方法中,航天器姿态的鲁棒控制可以通过增加参数约束达成对三轴姿态的独立控制,从而提高设计的可继承性．计算机仿真验证了该设计方法的有效性．     

基于GNSS测量的天宫二号质心确定

由于轨道机动燃料消耗，科学载荷加载、分离，以及伴飞小卫星在轨释放等原因引起天宫二号空间站质心(COM)发生位移，从而影响天宫二号的动力学质心定轨精度。针对这一问题，提出了基于全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测量数据的简化动力学质心估计方法。燃料消耗是引起天宫二号质心发生位移的主要原因，质心在本体坐标系X轴方向位移最为显著。利用GNSS测量数据对天宫二号进行质心估计和精密定轨，在三轴对地稳定姿态下，本体坐标系X轴方向与轨道切向重合，定轨结果对本体坐标系X轴方向的质心位移并不敏感。但在连续偏航模式下，本体坐标系X轴在轨道法向上有较大分量，X轴方向的质心位移对基于GNSS测量计算的精密定轨结果有较大影响。定性和定量分析结果表明:偏航姿态模式下天宫二号本体坐标系X轴方向质心位移估计具有可行性。天宫二号实测数据计算结果表明:与未做质心估计的定轨结果进行对比，质心估计后表征轨道动力学建模误差的经验加速度补偿水平在轨道径向、切向和法向上分别降低62%、50%和65%；载波相位后验残差标准差降低0.04 cm；精密轨道与全球激光测距数据比较精度提高0.86 cm。所提方法可以应用于大型低轨航天器在轨质心估计。