星载GNSS-R海面风场观测载荷关键技术设计与验证

目前海面风场观测手段有限,基于全球导航卫星系统反射信号处理(global navigation satellite system reflection,GNSS-R)的天基观测为全球风场信息获取提供了全新的手段.GNSS-R海面风速探测技术具有全天时、全天候、低功耗、宽覆盖、多信号源、低成本等特点,日益获得了广泛的关注...     

涌浪及降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号建模

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）海面反射信号的模拟仿真采用的海浪谱多为风驱模型，而忽略了真实复杂环境中涌浪、降雨的影响。为此，提出了一种涌浪、降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号模型。首先，对Elfouhaily海浪谱、涌浪谱、降雨谱分别进行仿真，从海浪谱的角度分析涌浪、降雨对GNSS反射信号的影响。然后，设计了引入涌浪、降雨影响因子后的GNSS反射信号建模的方法，并建立噪声模型。最后，对星载场景下仿真得到的二维时延-多普勒相关功率分布图像（DDM）、时延相关功率波形（DW）进行分析，并与英国技术演示卫星（UK TDS-1）实测数据的处理结果进行了对比验证。结果表明:涌浪主要形成对GNSS反射信号影响较大的大尺度粗糙海面，而降雨对GNSS反射信号影响较小；仿真的DDM与实测数据结果的波形有很好的一致性，DW对比的相关系数达到0.92，优于未修正模型的对比结果，模拟的反射信号更为真实，证明了提出的GNSS反射信号建模方法的可行性、有效性。对真实复杂环境下的GNSS反射信号建模及GNSS反射信号星载探测应用研究具有一定的参考意义和实用价值。      

GNSS-R open-loop difference phase altimetry: Results from a bridge experiment

The paper explores a method to obtain accurate lake surface heights using measurements of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier phase reflected from the lake surface. The method is referred to as Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflection (GNSS-R) open-loop difference phase altimetry method. It consists of two key technologies: one is the open-loop tracking method to track the GNSS-R signals, where the direct GNSS signal’s frequency is used as a reference frequency to obtain the carrier phases of the GNSS-R signals; the other key technology is time difference phase altimetry method to invert the lake surface heights using two or more carrier phases of GNSS-R signals received simultaneously. A validation experiment is carried out on the SANYING bridge over GUANTING lake using a GNSS-R receiver developed by the Center for Space Science and Applied Research (CSSAR), processing the data with GNSS-R open-loop difference phase altimetry method. The lake surface height results are consistent with the height results of GPS dual-frequency differential positioning altimetry. The results show that we can achieve centimeter level height in one minute average, by using 11 minutes carrier phase data of three GNSS-R signals received simultaneously.     

The impact on tsunami detection from space using GNSS-reflectometry when combining GPS with GLONASS and Galileo

The devastating Sumatra tsunami in 2004 demonstrated the need for a tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean. Such a system has been installed within the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) project. Tsunamis are a global phenomenon and for global observations satellites are predestined. Within the GITEWS project a feasibility study on a future tsunami detection system from space has therefore been carried out. The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative way of using GNSS signals for remote sensing. It uses ocean reflected GNSS signals for sea surface altimetry. With a dedicated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites equipped with GNSS-R receivers, densely spaced sea surface height measurements could be established to detect tsunamis. Some general considerations on the geometry between LEO and GNSS are made in this simulation study. It exemplary analyzes the detection performance of a GNSS-R constellation at 900 km altitude and 60° inclination angle when applied to the Sumatra tsunami as it occurred in 2004. GPS is assumed as signal source and the combination with GLONASS and Galileo signals is investigated. It can be demonstrated, that the combination of GPS and Galileo is advantageous for constellations with few satellites while the combination with GLONASS is preferable for constellations with many satellites. If all three GNSS are combined, the best detection performance can be expected for all scenarios considered. In this case an 18 satellite constellation will detect the Sumatra tsunami within 17 min with certainty, while it takes 53 min if only GPS is considered.     

Deformation monitoring using GNSS-R technology

GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been widely studied in recent years for various applications, such as soil moisture monitoring, biomass analysis, and sea state monitoring. This paper presents the concept of a novel application of using GNSS-R technology for deformation monitoring. Instead of installing GNSS on the deformation body to sense the movement, GNSS-R deformation monitoring system estimates the deformation from receiving GNSS signal reflected by the deformation body remotely. A prototype of GNSS-R deformation monitoring system has been developed based on GNSS software receiver technology. A 3D geometrical model of GNSS signal reflection has been used to reveal the relationship between the change of carrier phase difference and deformation. After compensating the propagation path delay changes caused by satellite movement, the changes in the remaining carrier phase difference are linked to the deformation. Field tests have been carried using the GNSS-R system developed and the results show sub-centimeter level deformation can be observed with the new technology. Unlike other GNSS deformation monitoring methods, GNSS-R receivers are not installed on the slope which makes this new technology more attractive.     

机载GNSS海洋反射信号的建模与仿真

由于全球导航卫星系统反射(GNSS-R)机载试验耗费大和重复性差,需研制GNSS-R信号模拟器,但没有相应的反射信号模型。提出了一种基于数据拟合的机载GNSS海洋反射信号建模方法。首先,对复杂的GNSS海面反射信号进行近似简化。然后利用ZV模型生成的时延相关功率曲线,通过最小二乘拟合和非线性拟合,建立了多条等时延间隔的海洋反射信号功率衰减模型,从而得到机载GNSS海洋反射信号的时延、功率、多普勒频率参数。最后,对多条反射信号的合路信号进行相关的仿真验证。验证的结果表明模拟的14条反射信号的相关功率曲线与ZV模型理论曲线的相关系数优于0.99,能够有效地用于GNSS海洋反射信号的生成。该方法可根据海面风场、浪高、波高等海面信息,模拟不同海况的海洋反射信号,为GNSS-R信号模拟器的研制奠定基础。     

直反信号协同的GNSS-R BSAR距离多普勒成像算法

针对目前基于全球导航卫星系统反射信号的双基地合成孔径雷达（GNSS-R BSAR)在一站固定模式下的大斜视,斜距历程复杂,回波信号方位空变导致回波信号难以处理的问题,提出改进的距离多普勒成像新算法。所提算法采用GNSS信号作为辐射源,根据一站固定模式下GNSS-R BSAR合成孔径时间长的特点,引入高阶等效斜视距离模型,得到导航卫星与目标斜距相对时间变化的精确描述。先通过直射信号与回波信号时域对消进行距离徙动校正,实现全场景目标距离徙动的精确校正;再通过方位向分块混合相关处理来克服回波信号方位向的移变性质,实现全场景高效精确成像。所提算法的成像效率优于传统后向投影时域（BP）算法,成像精度与BP算法相当,且可根据需要通过调整方位分块的宽度来提升聚焦效果。最后,用GPS-L5信号进行仿真和实验,仿真和实验结果验证了所提算法的可行性和高效性。     

基于DDMR辅助的GNSS-R载波相位差测高方法

提出了一种基于时延-多普勒映射接收机（DDMR,Delay-Doppler Map Receiver）辅助的载波相位差提取方法,给出了系统结构及信号处理方法.该方法将DDMR中所观测到的码相位差作为直射信号与反射信号的码相位延时量,将完成跟踪的直射信号扩频码进行对应的延时用于完成对反射信号的开环码跟踪.该方法省去了码相位延时搜索的过程,且可以准确地对反射信号扩频码进行同步.为了验证系统的可行性及实际性能,进行了针对水面高度测量的岸基试验并给出了试验结果.岸基试验证明采用该方法的GNSS-R（Global Navigation Satellite System Reflection）接收机可以稳定地对反射信号进行跟踪并提取直射与反射信号的载波相位差,测高精度约为2.5 cm,经过0.5 s的数据平均后精度可达0.6 cm.      

空间同频电子侦察信号的盲分离

空间电子侦察等应用中,经常会遇到如何分离同频信号的问题,传统的时域和频域处理方法很难解决这一难题。文中提出了利用并行FastICA(快速独立分量分析)盲信号分离技术解决这一难题的方法,该方法利用盲信号分离技术不需要知道信号及信道环境先验信息的特性,符合电子侦察的实际情况,具有广泛的适用范围。通过仿真实验证明,文中介绍的并行FastICA盲分离算法,不仅能分离功率相差十万倍以上的频域混叠信号,而且收敛速度快,分离效果良好,在多个领域具有较好的应用前景。     

Statistical evaluation of GLONASS amplitude scintillation over low latitudes in the Brazilian territory

The ionospheric scintillation, generated by the ionospheric plasma irregularities, affects the radio signals that pass through it. Their effects are widely studied in the literature with two different approaches. The first one deals with the use of radio signals to study and understand the morphology of this phenomenon, while the second one seeks to understand and model how much this phenomenon interferes in the radio signals and consequently in the services to which these systems work. The interest of several areas, particularly to those that are life critical, has increased using the concept of satellite multi-constellation, which consists of receiving, processing and using data from different navigation and positioning systems. Although there is a vast literature analyzing the effects of ionospheric scintillation on satellite navigation systems, the number of studies using signals received from the Russian satellite positioning system (named GLONASS) is still very rare. This work presents for the first time in the Brazilian low-latitude sector a statistical analysis of ionospheric scintillation data for all levels of magnetic activities obtained by a set of scintillation monitors that receive signals from the GLONASS system. In this study, data collected from four stations were used in the analysis; Fortaleza, Presidente Prudente, São José dos Campos and Porto Alegre. The GLONASS L-band signals were analyzed for the period from December 21, 2012 to June 20, 2016, which includes the peak of the solar cycle 24 that occurred in 2014. The main characteristics of scintillation presented in this study include: (1) the statistical evaluation of seasonal and solar activity, showing the chances that an user on similar geophysical conditions may be susceptible to the effects of ionospheric scintillation; (2) a temporal analysis based on the local time distribution of scintillation at different seasons and intensity levels; and (3) the evaluation of number of simultaneously affected channels and its effects on the dilution of precision (DOP) for GNSS users are also presented in order to alert the timetables in which navigation will be most susceptible to such effects, as well as statistics on simultaneously affected channels. Relevant results about these statistical characteristics of scintillation are presented and analyzed providing relevant information about availability of a navigation system.     

An experiment to study solar flare effects on radio-communication signals

The occurrence of radio signal fading events caused by ionospheric absorption plays an important role in the performance of radio-communication systems. It is necessary to know the magnitude and time-scale of such events in order to specify technical parameters of the communication system to be used. Generally, fading events are associated with solar flares, which are characterized by sudden increase in the solar X-ray flux that causes an increase in the ionization in the lower ionosphere. The abrupt increase of ionization causes the absorption of radio waves propagating in the Earth–ionosphere wave-guide and is reported as radio signal fading events. A simple experiment to monitor the behavior of lower ionosphere has been carried out at the Southern Space Observatory-SSO/INPE (29.43°S, 53.8°W), located in southern Brazil. The experiment is basically a computer controlled radio receiver that records the received signal strength of Amplitude Modulated (AM) radio signals in the HF (High Frequencies) range. We analyzed data of the 6 MHz beacon signal that has been transmitted by a broadcasting radio station located about 400 km from the observation site. In this work we present initial results of daily variation of the received signal strength and fading events associated with solar flares observed in the 6 MHz signal monitored by the experiment during 2001. X-ray solar flux data from the GOES-8 satellite were used to identify X-ray solar bursts associated with solar flares. Based on the one-year data collected by the experiment, a statistical summary of fading occurrences and their correlation with solar flares, as well as the distributions of time-scales and magnitudes of such events are presented.     

一种基于北斗三号系统的GNSS-R海面干涉测高技术

GNSS-R干涉测高技术可用于中尺度海面高度观测，具有空间分辨率高、测量精度高等优势。与传统的GNSS-R本地码测高技术相比，GNSS-R干涉测高技术可以有效提升高度测量精度。虽然GNSS-R干涉测高技术已有一些研究，但是基于北斗三号的干涉测高应用还很少。本文根据GNSS-R干涉测高技术优势，针对北斗三号系统在干涉测高技术上的应用，研发了支持北斗三号的GNSS-R干涉测高接收机并描述了整体架构及实现。利用所研发的接收机进行水面干涉测高试验，首次获取了北斗三号B1和B2干涉测高波形，与传统GPS L1和北斗B1本地码测高波形进行对比。对两种方法计算出的水面高度进行对比，结果显示北斗三号干涉测高精度明显优于GPS L1和北斗B1传统本地码测高精度。      

GNSS-Reflectometry: Forest canopies polarization scattering properties and modeling

Nowadays, GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) can be a new promising remote sensing tool in the ocean, snow/ice and land surfaces, e.g., vegetation biomass monitoring. Although GNSS-R provides a potentially special L-band multi-angular and multi-polarization measurement, the theoretical vegetation scattering properties and mechanisms for GNSS-R are not understood clearly. In this paper, the GNSS-R vegetation polarization scattering properties are studied and modeled at different incidence angles (specular direction). The bistatic scattering model Bi-mimics is employed, which is the first-order radiative transfer equation. As a kind of forest stand, the Aspen’s crown layer is composed of entire leaves, and its parameters in Mimics handbook are used as model input. The specular circular polarizations (co-polarization RR and cross-polarization LR) are simulated. For cross-polarization, the received polarization is assumed as a linear (horizontal and vertical) polarizations and ±45° linear polarizations. Therefore, the HR VR, +45R and −45R polarizations are simulated here. Contributions from different scattering components at RR, LR and VR polarization are also presented. For co-polarization, it is large in the whole specular angles (10–80°). The scattering trends of the other cross polarization (HR, LR, +45R and −45R) are a little similar when compared to the RR and RV. Therefore, the RHCP and V polarizations are more favorable to collect the reflected signals. The trunk heights and crown depths do not affect the scattering trends of RR, RV and RL, while the trunk height has some effect on the scattering amplitude of different polarizations. The azimuth angle has more effects on RR, RL and RV scattering, especially in lower than 50°. The observation angles and polarization combinations are extremely important for GNSS-R remote sensing.     

基于双基雷达原理的GNSS海面反射信号建模方法

全球导航卫星系统反射(GNSS-R)技术应用过程中接收机的测试验证需要反射信号产生源,以降低成本。信号的模型是GNSS-R信号产生源中的核心。针对缺乏相应模型的问题,提出了一种根据双基雷达原理建立GNSS海面反射信号模型的方法。首先,在分析GNSS海面反射信号特征的基础上,选取了恰当的海面反射点。然后,计算了雷达方程中的散射系数和散射面积,从而得到相应反射点的反射信号功率。最后,对所求得的反射信号参数进行仿真验证。验证的结果表明,反射信号的相关功率曲线与ZV模型理论曲线的相关系数优于0.98,能够有效地用于GNSS海面反射信号的生成。因此,该方法可为GNSS-R信号产生源的研制提供一定的理论支撑。     

Improved specular point prediction precision using gradient descent algorithm

Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R) utilizes GNSS signals reflected off the Earth surface for remote sensing applications. Due to weak power of reflected signals, GNSS-R receiver needs to track reflected signals by open loop. The first step is to calculate the position of specular point. The specular point position error of the existing algorithm—Quasi-Spherical Earth (QSE) Approach—is about 3 km which may cause troubles in data post-processing. In this paper, gradient descent algorithm is applied to calculate position of specular point and the calculation is based on World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) ellipsoid in geodetic coordinate. The benefit of this coordinate is that it is easy to investigate the effect of real surface’s altitude. Learning rate—the key parameter of the algorithm—is adaptively adjusted according to initial error, latitude and gradient descent rate. With self-adaptive learning rate strategy, the algorithm converges fast. Through simulation and test on Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder II (GNOS II), the performances of the algorithm are validated. The specular point position error of the proposed algorithm is about 10 m. The speed of the proposed algorithm is competitive compared with the existing algorithm. The test on GNOS II shows that the proposed algorithm has good real-time performance.     

基于Casper和Simulink的射电谱仪信号处理系统设计与实现

基于Casper硬件平台的射电望远镜数字系统正在被广泛应用.在Simulink中通过调用Casper模块可以实现复杂的数字信号设计，加快FPGA开发射电望远镜系统的效率.利用Casper模块和Simulink中Xilinx模块设计射电望远镜单元样机的数字信号处理单元，完成子带的抽取、下变频和整体频谱分析等功能.在Casper通用硬件平台ZYNQ7020上进行相关功能的仿真，验证了利用Casper模块和Xilinx模块设计基于FPGA的射电望远镜单元样机信号处理系统的可行性和高效性.